Deck 15: Cultural Change and the Future of Humanity

Question 1

Acculturation differs from other types of cultural change.Which of the following factors is involved in acculturation that accounts for this difference?

A) improvement
B) force
C) cultural decline
D) innovation

Answer 1

force

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of "cultural loss"?

A) the theft of a culture's idea by another,non-indigenous culture
B) the death of an elder who knew the culture and its traditions most thoroughly
C) when a new innovation leads to the loss of some older aspect of culture
D) the disappearance of a culture's traditions and beliefs due to colonial contact

Answer 2

when a new innovation leads to the loss of some older aspect of culture

Question 3

Which of the following statements most accurately describes Copernicus' discovery that the planets revolve around the sun?

A) It was a primary innovation that met the cultural goals and needs of his time.
B) It was a primary innovation out of step with the needs,values,and goals of his time.
C) It was a secondary innovation that applied Ptolemy's discovery that heavenly bodies moved on crystalline spheres around the earth.
D) It was a secondary innovation deliberately developed by Copernicus to destroy the Church.

Answer 3

It was a primary innovation out of step with the needs,values,and goals of his time.

Question 4

What is the term for the borrowing of cultural elements from one culture by members of another?

A) cultural loss
B) genocide
C) acculturation
D) diffusion

Question 5

The QWERTY arrangement remains the predominant pattern for computer keyboards.Why?

A) It is technologically superior to the Dvorak arrangement.
B) QWERTY can be used with any language,whereas Dvorak is limited to English and related languages.
C) Once QWERTY is learned,keyboard users are 68 percent more accurate than users of the Dvorak keyboard.
D) QWERTY had enough of a head start that users developed an inflexible commitment to it.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a primary innovation?

A) the discovery that clay heated to a certain temperature becomes permanently hard
B) the discovery that meat cooked over an open flame may cause some cancers
C) the realization that meat,when exposed to heat,becomes softer and easier to chew
D) the discovery of the principle of the wheel

Question 7

Suppose you are a Central Asian nomad.During your travels,you and your family trade two small goats to a farmer in return for a large supply of grain.You are wondering how you can carry the heavy sacks,since the horses are already overloaded.Watching your daughter playing with a small cart that moves on two little wheels made from dried roots,you suddenly jump up and shout the Central Asian equivalent of "Eureka!" Within several days,you and your family have made a crude two-wheeled cart that can be pulled by a horse.What is your wheeled cart is an example of?

A) primary innovation
B) secondary innovation
C) syncretism
D) diffusion

Question 8

Which of the following distinguishes acculturation from other forms of cultural change?

A) With acculturation,politically equal cultures freely borrow ideas from each another.
B) With acculturation,one culture is the primary technology provider,while the other culture is the primary borrower of technology.
C) With acculturation,two groups borrow ideas,but not technology,from each other.
D) With acculturation,there is always a difference in wealth and power between cultures.

Question 9

What does the term "innovation" mean?

A) the manifestation of a community's new idea
B) any practice,tool,or principle that gains widespread acceptance within a group
C) massive change through firsthand contact with another culture
D) technological advances that are advantageous to society

Question 10

Which of the following is true about cultures?

A) They often never change.
B) They are in a state of change at all times.
C) They always change by decade.
D) They are constantly progressing.

Question 11

Which term refers to the medium through which humans solve the problems of existence?

A) innovation
B) culture
C) rebellion
D) religion

Question 12

By the 6th century in the Middle East,roads had deteriorated so much that carts and chariots were replaced by camels.Which type of cultural change is this an example of?

A) primary invention
B) secondary invention
C) diffusion
D) cultural loss

Question 13

What is the term for the process whereby members of one culture borrow cultural elements from another?

A) secondary innovation
B) cultural replacement
C) diffusion
D) blending

Question 14

Which of the following statements about "modernization" is most accurate?

A) It is a Western ethnocentric term.
B) It is the adoption of necessary changes to a backward society.
C) It is progress towards a positive end.
D) It is the introduction of industrial technology to benefit the world.

Question 15

According to anthropologist Ralph Linton,what accounts for most of the content of any culture?

A) imitation
B) diffusion
C) primary innovation
D) science

Question 16

Two societies with different cultures come into prolonged firsthand contact,and one or both experience major cultural changes.What is this an example of?

A) acculturation
B) diffusion
C) innovation
D) syncretism

Question 17

What is the term for the chance discovery of some new principle that can be applied in a variety of ways?

A) primary innovation
B) primary syncretism
C) diffusion
D) millenarianism

Question 18

In Canada,efforts to maintain a distinct Canadian cultural identity separate from American culture have proven very difficult.Why?

A) American technology is superior.
B) American media are pervasive.
C) Canadian nationalism is weakly developed.
D) There are too few clear differences between Canada and the United States.

Question 19

According to your text,which of the following are involved in primary innovations?

A) predictable and determined discoveries
B) original discoveries,which are then manufactured differently by various groups
C) chance or accidental discoveries
D) discoveries made by only one person

Question 20

Which of the following cultural elements did early European settlers in the Americas NOT borrow from indigenous peoples?

A) chocolate
B) tobacco
C) potatoes
D) shamanism

Question 21

Which of the following did NOT contributed to the extinction of the Beothuk?

A) warfare between the U.S.and Great Britain
B) epidemics of tuberculosis and other diseases
C) massacres by Euro-Canadian settlers
D) hostile actions by Newfoundland fishers

Question 22

Which of the following terms refers to "a deliberate attempt by members of society to construct a more satisfying culture"?

A) secondary innovation
B) revitalization movement
C) primary innovation
D) syncretism

Question 23

In the 1950s and 1960s,termination of pregnancy was extremely difficult to obtain.What was the first step a woman had to take to obtain a termination?

A) She had to go before a hospital committee to obtain approval.
B) She had to have her father's permission.
C) She had to have permission from a minister or priest.
D) Only the father of the child could determine her right.

Question 24

As modernization occurs,which type of change is NOT likely to follow?

A) The school system expands.
B) Families become stronger and more cooperative
C) Literacy increases.
D) The role of traditional religion declines in importance.

Question 25

Which of the following terms means "the division of single traditional roles (which serves several functions)into two or more roles (each with a single specialized function)"?

A) millenarianization
B) structural differentiation
C) multi-functional assembly
D) industrialization

Question 26

Which of the following examples would NOT be considered genocide?

A) systematic killing of millions of European Jews and Roma by Nazi Germany
B) ethnic cleansing by Serb,Croatian,and Albanian extremists in Kosovo
C) the death of civilians resulting from dropping of an atomic bomb on the Japanese in 1945
D) the use of poisonous gas by the Iraqi government against the Kurds in 1988

Question 27

Which of the following was a significant feature of modern Chinese society after 1975 that contributed to its rapid economic expansion?

A) Fewer women worked outside of the home.
B) More women began to work outside of the home
C) Elderly women depend were prohibited from working outside the home.
D) Women were expected to have more children.

Question 28

In northern Brazil,at least 1,500 Yanomami Indians died premature deaths in the 1980s.What was the cause of their deaths?

A) a smallpox outbreak
B) a catastrophic earthquake
C) deliberate massacres to clear the way for ranchers and miners
D) their conscription as fighters for the war between Venezuela and Brazil

Question 29

What is the term for the extermination of one group of people by another?

A) acculturation
B) genocide
C) diffusion
D) primary innovation

Question 30

Close analysis of how Westerners define "becoming modern" reveals that the term,to them,really means becoming what?

A) agriculturally self-sufficient
B) technologically advanced
C) liberal
D) more like us

Question 31

According to the textbook,which of the following occurred in the years between 1945 and 1987?

A) As many as 16.3 million people were killed as a result of internal genocide.
B) More people were killed by war than by internal genocide.
C) Almost equal numbers of people were killed by internal genocide as by war.
D) Deaths due to war and genocide declined steadily.

Question 32

Which statement best characterizes Edward Hedican's view on anthropologists working with First Nations peoples?

A) Anthropologists should convince First Nations people to embrace changes proposed for their benefit by non-governmental development organizations.
B) Anthropologists should direct First Nations people towards modernization and industrial progress.
C) Anthropologists should seek greater involvement of Aboriginals in defining the objectives and directions of applied research.
D) Anthropologists should work with the federal government to ensure that it make positives changes in the lives of First Nations people.

Question 33

Which statement about the term "modernization" is most accurate?

A) It is a relativistic rather than an ethnocentric concept.
B) It refers to a global and all-encompassing process whereby cities eliminate poverty and homelessness.
C) It refers to the process of cultural and socioeconomic change whereby developing countries seek to acquire the characteristics of industrial societies.
D) It can be used to show that all societies go through the same stage of evolutionary development,culminating in the urban-industrial state.

Question 34

According to your text,what was the end result of the 19th-century persecution of the Beothuk First Nations peoples in Newfoundland?

A) a refugee problem in Nova Scotia
B) a massacre of all Beothuk adult males
C) the eventual extermination of the entire Beothuk Nation
D) the relocation of diverse communities to one small reserve

Question 35

What is Dr.Henry Morgentaler best known for?

A) his dedication to legalizing abortions in Quebec
B) his opposition to abortion clinics in Canada
C) his advocacy of a woman's "right to choose"
D) his crusade against the medical authorities

Question 36

In modern China,most women still work at jobs with low pay,low status,and no benefits.What is one of the main reasons why Chinese women continue to be economically exploited?

A) They lack education.
B) The control over labour allocation is in the hands of men in patrilineal households.
C) Female workers are not yet competent to take higher paying,higher status jobs.
D) China relies on low unemployment to keep the working class from rebelling.

Question 37

Canada's attempts to assimilate First Nations peoples have differed from attempts by the United States to assimilate Native Americans.What has been the main difference?

A) Canada has used less force and violence than was used in the United States.
B) Canada has made only one major,prolonged attempt to assimilate First Nations peoples,while the United States has made numerous repeated attempts.
C) Canada encouraged Christian missionaries to Europeanize First Nations peoples,but this did not occur in the United States.
D) Canada has been very successful in assimilating First Nations peoples;the United States failed to assimilate Native Americans.

Question 38

In the 1960s,many children of middle- and upper-class families,in trying to come to terms with the realities of war,poverty,and individual constraints,established communes where they tried to abolish individual property and achieve universal love.What was this an example of?

A) revolution
B) modernization
C) innovation
D) revitalization

Question 39

The development of a bureaucracy;expansion of educational opportunities;reduction in the spheres of social behaviour in which religion and kinship play a role;achievement replacing ascription as the basis for defining roles:What are all of these developments associated with?

A) revitalization
B) structural differentiation
C) modernization
D) acculturation

Question 40

In Brazil,what percentage of Yanomami land has been expropriated or unconstitutionally taken?

A) 70 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 10 percent

Question 41

It is possible today to eat a McDonald's hamburger in Japan and drink Coca-Cola in China.What does this indicate?

A) the tendency toward replacement reproduction
B) the spread of an egalitarian ideology
C) the emergence of a one-world culture
D) the development of cultural pluralism

Question 42

Reindeer were eaten by the Skolt Lapp.What was another important use for reindeer among the Skolt Lapp?

A) Reindeer provided meat for their dogs.
B) Reindeer provided hides for making their boats.
C) The Skolt Lapp sold reindeer meat for cash income to procure outside goods.
D) The Skolt Lapp engaged in competitive reindeer riding to establish male status.

Question 43

Prior to the European invasion of the Amazon,how many distinct cultural groups were there in the region? And about how many remain today?

A) 1,000 / 910
B) 700 / 180
C) 500 / 320
D) 400 / 260

Question 44

For women,which of the following tend to be among the most common consequences of modernization?

A) commercialization of agriculture,which overrides women's traditional land rights
B) an increase in women's control of economic resources
C) marginalization of women in low-paying wage employment
D) a reduced domestic workload

Question 45

According to sociologist Charles Tilley,how many sovereign jurisdictions were there in the Europe of 1500 A.D.? And how many were left by 1900 A.D.?

A) 100 / fewer than 20
B) 300 / just over 50
C) 500 / fewer than 30
D) 550 / none

Question 46

What do cross-cutting mechanisms,such as political parties,legal codes,trade unions,and common interest associations,serve to develop?

A) a fear of change among uneducated people
B) civil society
C) conformist behaviour
D) cultural dualism

Question 47

Which of the following was NOT one of the consequences of the adoption of snowmobiles?

A) a deep dependence on the outside world for snowmobiles,spare parts,and fuel
B) out-migration of Skolt men to find wage work
C) reliance on government pensions and welfare
D) a more egalitarian society with an emphasis on sharing resources

Question 48

Which statement is true of all political units over the past 5,000 years?

A) They have grown steadily smaller in size and greater in number.
B) They have grown steadily larger in size and fewer in number.
C) They have eliminated multinational corporations.
D) They have promoted individual freedoms.

Question 49

In the Western world,what percentage of the goods and services produced is consumed by the wealthiest 20 percent of the population?

A) 10 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 80 percent

Question 50

What do all large states,past and present,have in common?

A) a monotheistic religion
B) a tendency to crush neighbouring states
C) a tendency to break apart into smaller independent states
D) oppressive,militaristic governments

Question 51

Which statement best characterizes anthropologists who are trained to develop accurate predictions of the future?

A) They are holistic in perspective.
B) They are good at examining "parts" separate from the "whole."
C) They are trained to embrace a unilineal perspective.
D) They are able to see long-term trends from a shorter-term perspective.

Question 52

Which of the following is central to the Skolt Lapp definition of themselves as a people?

A) the northern Lapland environment of ice and snow
B) the walruses that they hunt
C) reindeer herding and herd management
D) their allegiance to Mother Finland

Question 53

According to Antonio Gramsci,what is the ideological glue that binds highly differentiated societies together?

A) state terrorism
B) religion
C) industrialization
D) hegemony

Question 54

Why did changes occur in Skolt Lapp society?

A) Men switched from reindeer herding to other sources of income.
B) Epidemics wiped out many reindeer herds.
C) Snowmobiles were used to herd reindeer.
D) Society became hierarchical.

Question 55

What is one of the major problems with the predictions of futurists?

A) They make projections without doing research.
B) They focus too much on inconsistencies in their models.
C) They tend to be unrealistic visionaries.
D) Their hopes for their own culture interfere with their objectivity.

Question 56

What was the impact of snowmobiles on reindeer?

A) The noise and smell of snowmobiles caused animals to lose their trust of herders.
B) The reindeer could not rely on herders to protect them from predators.
C) Reindeer males no longer had human assistance to protect their females from predators.
D) Reindeer birth rates increased rapidly.

Question 57

Anthropologists take into account many interacting factors to understand the functioning of a complex whole.Which of the following terms best characterizes their view of the future?

A) evolutionary
B) cross-cultural
C) holistic
D) relativistic

Question 58

Much future-oriented literature claims to address the large issues facing humanity.What is one of the central weaknesses of futurist literature?

A) It tends to assume that the present social order in the developed world is the best of all possible worlds.
B) It tends to treat many problematic issues as if they are related and must be studied holistically.
C) It tends to deny that modernization is the answer for the entire planet.
D) It is generally based in 19th-century racist assumptions about humans.

Question 59

What has been one of the outcomes of modernization in places such as Africa,Asia,and South America?

A) a strengthened family structure and a changing labour market
B) an increased reliance of young children on the extended family
C) a decline in parental authority and increased dependence on schools to raise children
D) an almost complete cessation of warfare

Question 60

What was one of the strategies that the Shuar of Ecuador followed in order to preserve their culture?

A) They returned to their ancestors' religion.
B) They divided up their land among families.
C) They required their schools to use their Native language.
D) They organized their communities on a kinship basis.

Question 61

Separatist movements have arisen among by French speakers in Canada,Tamils in Sri Lanka,Croats in the former Yugoslavia,and Latvians in the former Soviet Union.What do these separatist movements indicate?

A) Developing countries cannot maintain political stability.
B) Southerners are more volatile than northerners.
C) Western Europe will eventually dominate the globe.
D) All large states have a tendency to come apart.

Question 62

What are the negative consequences of multinational corporations on the international and domestic scenes?

A) They link nations together and thereby bring about global unity.
B) They have developed sophisticated ways to keep track of worldwide operations.
C) They are powerful enough to influence governments to their own benefit rather than that of the citizenry.
D) They are products of the technological revolution as well as developers of technology.

Question 63

Which of the following is exemplified by the recent Quebec sovereignty votes in Canada,Sikh separatism in India,and demands for Puerto Rican independence from the United States?

A) the tendency for large states to maintain their cohesion
B) religiously motivated conflict
C) nationalistic movements among ethnic minorities
D) ethnic cleansing

Question 64

What was the first country in the world to officially adopt multiculturalism?

A) Belgium
B) Canada
C) Australia
D) Switzerland

Question 65

What percentage of the 25,000 people who inhabit Nunavut are Inuit?

A) 85 percent
B) 70 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 30 percent

Question 66

Which of the following is similar to the structure of global society in many ways?

A) the structure of the Kula Ring
B) the system of apartheid in South Africa
C) the organization of multinational corporations
D) the trance dance of the Ju/'hoansi

Question 67

What is one of the negative consequences of ethnocentrism?

A) Ethnocentricism can be taken as a right to manipulate other cultures with impunity.
B) Ethnocentrism confers a sense of pride in,and loyalty to,one's own cultural traditions.
C) Ethnocentrism provides a sense that one is living the right kind of life.
D) Ethnocentrism contributes to a sense of personal worth.

Question 68

What is Nunavut?

A) part of Canada's Northwest Territories
B) part of Alaska
C) part of Newfoundland
D) an autonomous territory of Canada

Question 69

According to Naomi Klein's book,No Logo,what does the corporate branding culture link together?

A) work with fashion
B) Asian sweatshops with suburban malls
C) modernization with progress
D) consumers with their credit cards

Question 70

What has been one of the consequences of the development of a one-world culture?

A) the disappearance of differences between people
B) a reduction in the possibility of war
C) a resurgence of separatist movements
D) the replacement of traditional cultures by more adaptive modern cultures

Question 71

What does the term "global apartheid" refer to?

A) the prediction that in the future South Africa will dominate the world economy
B) the fact that whites have greater access to the world's resources
C) the fact that whites suffer disproportionately from hunger,pollution,and overpopulation
D) the fact that the structure of world society is very similar to that of Africa

Question 72

Which statement about the Cold War that existed from 1945 to 1990 is true?

A) It was led by the United States and the Soviet Bloc.
B) It contributed to serious political instability throughout the Western world.
C) It caused France and Germany to withdraw their support from the United States.
D) It encouraged the imperialist ambitions of both superpowers.

Question 73

Which category of women do multinational corporations especially prefer to hire?

A) married women
B) unmarried women
C) older women
D) highly skilled women

Question 74

Which countries own most of the world's weapons of mass destruction?

A) Middle Eastern countries
B) North Korea and Iran
C) United States,France,Britain,and Russia
D) China and Taiwan

Question 75

Which of the following is a Canadian multinational corporation?

A) the Hudson's Bay Company
B) Walmart
C) Shell Oil
D) the Gap

Question 76

Which statement about multinational corporations is true?

A) They have been widespread in Western culture since medieval times.
B) They were very common during the colonial period.
C) They have become a major force in the world today since the 1950s.
D) They promote relativistic rather than ethnocentric ideas.

Question 77

When did multinational corporations become common in the world?

A) 1890s
B) 1920s
C) 1950s
D) 1980s

Question 78

Which of the following terms best characterizes the ideology that supported South Africa's policy of apartheid?

A) ethnocentrism
B) cultural pluralism
C) capitalism
D) multiculturalism

Question 79

Which of the following terms refers to "the social and political interaction of people with different ways of living and thinking within the same society or multinational state"?

A) acculturation
B) cultural pluralism
C) modernization
D) global unity

Question 80

Which group have multinational corporations tended to employ most often as cheap labour?

A) women
B) children
C) South Americans
D) Mexicans