Deck 14: China

Question 1

Between 1953 and 1957 China took steps that moved it decisively towards socialism. These included all of the following EXCEPT

A) the collectivization of agriculture.
B) implementing a planned economy.
C) the government takeover of industries.
D) virtually eliminating private property.
E) instituting a secret police organization to silence its opponents.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Confucianism includes which of the following tenets?

A) Obedience to authority
B) Respect for one's superiors and elders
C) The responsibility of rulers to govern benevolently
D) The importance of education
E) Confucianism includes all of the above tenets.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Ethnically, China is

A) generally homogenous with over 90 percent of the population being ethnically Chinese.
B) very diverse with over 200 different ethnicities represented.
C) dominated by three major ethnic groups with numerous minorities also being present.
D) equally divided between two major ethnic groups with numerous minorities also being present.
E) characterized by both homogeneity and heterogeneity with just over 60 percent of the population being ethnically Chinese and the remaining 40 percent being comprised of about 50 ethnic minorities.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The Opium War led to all of the following EXCEPT

A) China opening its borders to Western missionaries.
B) China losing parts of its territory to European powers.
C) parts of China's empire falling under foreign control.
D) China being forced to sign a number of unequal treaties.
E) China becoming a British colony.

Question 5

The Great Leap Forward

A) was an attempt to quickly propel China's economic development to the level of Western countries like the United States and Britain.
B) was initiated because Mao was unhappy with the effects of certain Soviet-style programs.
C) relied upon China's massive labor power.
D) ultimately resulted in a rural famine and an industrial depression.
E) All of the above statements are true.

Question 6

Less than _____________ percent of China's land is usable for agriculture.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 7
D) 15
E) 3

Question 7

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in

A) 1925.
B) 1918.
C) 1921.
D) 1930.
E) 1932.

Question 8

China regards Taiwan as

A) an independent country.
B) a protectorate of the United States.
C) a territory of the United States.
D) part of China.
E) a Special Administrative Region.

Question 9

All of the following help to explain the 2000 year durability of the Chinese imperial system EXCEPT

A) an effective national government.
B) the influence of Confucianism.
C) the structure of Chinese society.
D) extensive trade with Europe.
E) a merit-based bureaucracy.

Question 10

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

A) was launched by Mao who thought that the policies of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping were leading to elitism and inequality.
B) was an effort to "purify" the country of class enemies.
C) involved massive authoritarian tactics such as harassing, torturing, and killing those accused of being class enemies.
D) ended with Mao's death.
E) All of the above statements are true.

Question 11

Which of the following describes the relationship between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China?

A) The two have fought several wars.
B) The two are closely connected through a number of economic, military and political treaties.
C) The two recognize each other as independent states but generally do not interact much.
D) The two recognize each other as independent states and interact on economic matters quite extensively.
E) The two enjoy extensive economic relations despite a tense political relationship.

Question 12

The Taiping Rebellion was

A) a peasant uprising against the Chinese empire.
B) a revolt by an ethnic minority group against the Chinese empire.
C) an attempted coup against the Chinese emperor.
D) a revolt by Tibetans against the Chinese emperor.
E) a revolt against the Chinese emperor led by landlords upset over high imperial taxes.

Question 13

What became of the Nationalists?

A) They were absorbed by the communists after World War II.
B) They fled to the more remote western portion of the country.
C) They fled to Taiwan after losing to the communists.
D) They disbanded after formally surrendering to the communists.
E) They established a "government-in-exile" in the United States.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Although China and the United States are about the same size, China's population is more than four times greater.
B) China has over 100 cities with a population of a million or more.
C) The majority of China's population lives in the countryside.
D) Most of the country's ethnic minorities live in the border regions.
E) All of the above statements are true.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) China is slightly smaller than the United States.
B) China is rich in natural resources.
C) China has a diverse climate.
D) China is the third largest country in the world.
E) China's topography is diverse; some areas are mountainous and arid, while others are flatter and wetter.

Question 16

The two Special Administrative Regions that used to be European colonies and are now ruled indirectly by China are

A) Taiwan and Hong Kong.
B) Hong Kong and Macau.
C) Macau and Taiwan.
D) Shanghai and Hong Kong.
E) Shanghai and Macau.

Question 17

The Chinese Communist Party came to power in

A) 1949.
B) 1946.
C) 1947.
D) 1948.
E) 1950.

Question 18

After the collapse of the Chinese empire, _____________ became the first president of China.

A) Sun Yat-sen
B) Chiang Kai-shek
C) Mao Zedong
D) Jiang Zemin
E) Deng Xiaoping

Question 19

After their alliance between them collapsed, how did the Communists avoid the suppression of the Nationalists?

A) They allied themselves with the invading Japanese Army.
B) They undertook a 6000-mile march to a remote area of the country.
C) They initiated a guerrilla war against the Nationalists.
D) They escaped to Taiwan and established an alternative government.
E) They disbanded and faded into the population.

Question 20

What event forced China to open its borders to European influences?

A) The Taiping Rebellion
B) The Opium War
C) The Great War
D) The British-Chinese War
E) The Cultural Revolution

Question 21

The Chinese Communist Party promotes the development of a harmonious socialist society that means one in which

A) the average standard of living for all citizens increases steadily.
B) there is both a higher average standard of living for the country as a whole and a more equitable distribution of income.
C) income equality is emphasized.
D) income inequality is permitted but social inequality is not.
E) income equality is sought while political controls remain in force.

Question 22

The term floating population refers to

A) the increasingly large number of people migrating from rural to urban areas.
B) those who move from job to job in China's increasingly capitalist economy.
C) those workers who transfer from state-owned enterprises to private enterprises.
D) the large number of foreign migrant workers.
E) the increasingly large number of persons who are unemployed or underemployed in China's increasingly capitalist economy.

Question 23

The success of China's movement from a planned economy towards a free market economy can be seen in

A) the dramatic rise of the country's Gross National Product per capita.
B) the fact that the private sector is the fastest growing part of the country's economy.
C) the fact that the country has been the fastest growing economy for two decades.
D) a consumer revolution in the country.
E) All of above statements are true.

Question 24

The "Gang of Four" refers to

A) a group of radicals who sought to succeed Mao but ultimately lost to the moderates led by Deng Xiaoping.
B) the top positions in the Chinese Communist Party.
C) the advisors to Deng Xiaoping who advocated the use of force against demonstrators in Tiananmen Square.
D) Mao's term for the four great enemies of China-Taiwan, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain.
E) the top positions in the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese government.

Question 25

In the spring of 1989, Tiananmen Square was the site of

A) a large public rally celebrating the awarding of the Summer Olympics to China.
B) a series of demonstrations by students and others that was violently crushed.
C) the funeral for Deng Xiaoping.
D) a large public rally at which Deng Xiaoping denounced the harsh policies of the Mao era.
E) a series of demonstrations against public corruption that led Xiaoping to announce an anti-corruption program.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about state-owned enterprises in China is TRUE?

A) Although they are vastly outnumbered by private enterprises, they still dominate critical sectors of the economy.
B) They are universally inefficient.
C) They have never needed bailouts by the country's banks.
D) They are not required to respond to market forces.
E) All of the above statements are true.

Question 27

Since coming to power, all Chinese communist leaders have been unified in their belief that

A) socialist economic policies are the best means to develop the country.
B) China, not the Soviet Union, should be the leader of the communist bloc of countries.
C) Communist Party leadership of China should be unchallenged.
D) the communist regime should rely upon symbols of China's past to help maintain its legitimacy and authority.
E) Taiwan should become a separate independent state.

Question 28

All of the following were important parts of the economic reforms launched by Den Xiaoping EXCEPT

A) a growth of the role of private industry.
B) reducing the role of the state in the economy.
C) a large increase in foreign trade and investment.
D) the abolition of all state-owned enterprises.
E) Xiaoping policies included all of the above.

Question 29

The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution were both

A) radical utopian movements launched by Mao in order to achieve his ideological objectives for China.
B) movements to promote rapid economic development relying on mass mobilization and ideological incentives.
C) efforts by Mao to purge his adversaries from the party.
D) policies implemented by Deng Xiaoping to bring greater economic and cultural freedom to China.
E) efforts by Mao to distinguish Chinese foreign policy as being separate from that of the Soviet Union.

Question 30

All of the following have resulted from the economic reforms carried out in China since the early 1980s EXCEPT

A) a sharp increase in crime, prostitution, and drug use in the country.
B) a reduction of income, regional, and gender inequalities.
C) the creation of a floating population of labor mostly employed in low-paying temporary jobs and often living in slum-like urban villages.
D) a general improvement in the standard of living for most people in China.
E) serious negative environmental consequences.

Question 31

How did Hu and Jiang differ from earlier communist leaders of China?

A) They favored economic reforms to a more free-market economy.
B) They wanted to allow more political freedoms.
C) They were more open to the possibility of independence for Taiwan.
D) They were technocrats.
E) They favored closer ties to the United States and the West.

Question 32

Under the household responsibility system

A) villages own the farmland but contract it out to individual families who operate it chiefly according to the profit motive.
B) formerly collectively owned land has been transferred to private ownership.
C) individual households are held responsible for a certain level of agricultural output.
D) individual households and families are responsible for the provision of many social services previously guaranteed by the state.
E) individual households are permitted to own, or invest in, rural enterprises that are, in turn, are collectively managed by local authorities.

Question 33

Which of the following have been means used to enforce China's one-child policy?

A) Intensive media campaigns lauding the virtues of small families
B) Fines
C) Positive economic incentives
D) Forced sterilization and abortions
E) All of the above have been used to enforce China's one-child policy.

Question 34

Deng Xiaoping's political reforms included

A) loosening party control over writers and artists.
B) allowing for free media to flourish in China.
C) allowing for the popular election of the head of China's government.
D) allowing for the development of an "official" opposition party.
E) all of the above.

Question 35

Which of the following statement is NOT true?

A) Although foreign investment has risen dramatically in China since the 1980s, the vast majority of investors are smaller firms that produce consumer goods for export.
B) China is a net importer of oil.
C) China is much more dependent upon trade than either the United States or Japan, but less so than Germany and Canada.
D) China has had difficulty in exporting its own domestic brands.
E) Chinese domestic brands are finding a market place in the United States and elsewhere.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) China's one-child policy, along with other factors, has produced a surplus of young, unmarried males.
B) China's one-child policy, along with other factors, has led to a low population growth rate relative to the country's level of economic development.
C) China's one-child policy has been especially resisted in the rural areas of the country.
D) Given the fact that the country still has the largest population in the world, China's one-child policy must be described as unsuccessful.
E) China has made exceptions to its one-child policy, notably in cases involving ethnic minorities.

Question 37

The phrase "break the iron rice bowl" means

A) ending state policies that forced farmers to grow rice.
B) implementing policies that reduce state-guaranteed benefits to increase worker motivation.
C) ending state-funded subsidies to provide children with school lunches.
D) ending the collectivization of farms.
E) transforming the countryside's economy from agricultural production to small-scale industry.

Question 38

The difference between the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution was that the

A) former was aimed at the agricultural sector whereas the latter was aimed at the industrial sector.
B) former came about because Mao was unhappy with the country's progress whereas the latter came about because party officials close to Mao convinced him to pursue a purification program.
C) former was aimed at economic development whereas the latter was aimed at opening up the Chinese culture to foreign influences.
D) goal of the former was to quickly develop China economically whereas the goal of the latter was to purify the party of class enemies.
E) former did not involve political suppression whereas the latter did.

Question 39

During the Maoist era, the state's economic policies

A) helped to raise the education and health standards of the Chinese people.
B) established a strong industrial base for the Chinese economy.
C) led to wasted resources that diminished economic growth.
D) established a system of state-guaranteed benefits.
E) All of the above reflect the state's economic policies during the Maoist era.

Question 40

The term socialist market economy refers to the

A) mixture of state control and capitalism that is being used to promote economic development in China.
B) collectivization of the rural market economy during the Maoist era.
C) development of a stock market in China since the 1980s.
D) fact that free market forces prevail in the industrial sectors of the Chinese economy while the agricultural sector is still operated collectively.
E) gradual privatization of state-owned enterprises in China.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT true of the National Party Congress?

A) Its meetings provide an important avenue for political maneuvering by various factions within the party.
B) It is very large.
C) It meets very infrequently.
D) Its roles are largely symbolic.
E) It has more than 2100 delegates.

Question 42

Which of the following characterizes the fragmented authoritarianism model of policy-making?

A) Policy-making is ultimately under the control of the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, which is currently a balance between two coalitions.
B) Decentralization accompanying economic development has given provincial and regional leaders influence in the policy-making process.
C) Nonparty experts have become important in the policy-making process.
D) Policy decisions are made through cooperation, conflict, and bargaining among various actors.
E) All of the above characterize the fragmented authoritarian model.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT true of the Central Committee?

A) Its members are elected by the National Party Congress with a limited choice of candidates.
B) Formally, it directs party policy when the National Party Congress is not in session.
C) Its meetings, both formal and informal, provide venues for political maneuvering by various factions within the party.
D) It meets annually.
E) It consists of over 1000 members.

Question 44

Communist party-states, like China, are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) the presence of an official ideology based on Marxism-Leninism.
B) a political system dominated by a single party.
C) social institutions dominated by a single party.
D) state control of key sectors of the economy.
E) refusal to participate in international organizations.

Question 45

All of the following are TRUE of China's judicial system EXCEPT

A) citizen mediation committees often settle civil matters out of court.
B) the conviction rate for cases brought to trial is quite high.
C) judicial appointments are controlled by the Chinese Communist Party.
D) party members are often treated differently than non-party members.
E) legal reform has been undertaken because leaders recognize that a modern economy depends upon a predictable legal process.

Question 46

Which of the following BEST describes elections in China?

A) The Chinese Communist Party does not allow any free, contested elections in the country.
B) Most elections are indirect but direct elections are widely used in rural villages and there have even been experiments involving the direct election of lower-level communist party members.
C) Although candidates from the Chinese Communist Party always win indirect elections, independent candidates (who must be approved by the communist party) have on rare occasions been able to win direct elections.
D) Most subnational positions are directly elected by the citizens.
E) Elections are held only at the subnational level.

Question 47

The most powerful organizations in China's communist party-state are the

A) National Party Congress and the Central Committee.
B) Politburo and the Standing Committee.
C) Standing Committee and the Central Committee.
D) Politburo and the Secretariat.
E) Politburo and the Central Commission.

Question 48

Mao contributed to Marxism-Leninism by

A) emphasizing the crucial role of the peasants.
B) advocating the idea of a vanguard party.
C) advocating the idea of democratic centralism.
D) advancing the idea that the revolution could be nonviolent.
E) Mao contributed to Marxism-Leninism by executing all of the above.

Question 49

Which statement describes ethnic conflict in China?

A) It is limited in scope because of the relatively small size and geographic isolation of the country's minorities.
B) It is becoming more serious in some areas where there is a large Islamic population.
C) It is most extensive in Tibet.
D) China has used the "war on terror" to justify its crackdown on certain separatist movements.
E) All of the above describe ethnic conflict in China.

Question 50

All of the following are true of China's noncommunist "democratic parties" EXCEPT

A) each represents a particular group in Chinese society.
B) although they do provide advice to the Chinese Communist Party on nonpolitical matters, they also accept the "guidance" of the party, meaning that they do not challenge it for power nor contest policy.
C) new parties are allowed to form so long as they register with the Chinese central government.
D) collectively, they have a membership of just over half-a-million.
E) individual members of these parties may assume important government roles, but politically they are insignificant.

Question 51

The most powerful position in the Chinese party-state is

A) the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.
B) the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party.
C) the president of the People's Republic of China.
D) the premier of the People's Republic of China.
E) all of the above, since they are always held by the same person.

Question 52

The National People's Congress, China's legislature

A) is directly elected by voters and provides an important check on the Chinese Communist Party.
B) has recently become more influential in the country's political process but remains basically a rubber stamp for policies decided by the top leaders of the Chinese Communist Party.
C) has not met for several years because the Chinese Communist Party considers it a threat.
D) consists solely of members of the Chinese Communist Party, none of whom ever dissent from the party line.
E) is the most important source for policy in the Chinese government.

Question 53

Which of the following statements about the internal security of China is NOT true?

A) China maintains a website that allows citizens to report online activity that is dangerous to national security.
B) China maintains a system of labor camps for persons convicted of serious crimes, including political crimes.
C) China maintains a system of reeducation centers for persons considered to have disrupted social order, including religious dissidents.
D) Local public security bodies generally work independently of central control.
E) Inmates can be held for up to three years without a formal charge.

Question 54

Which of the following describes the state of religion in China?

A) Freedom of religion is guaranteed in the constitution but religious life is limited to officially approved organizations and venues.
B) China is officially an atheist state and all religion is banned.
C) Certain religions, such as Catholicism, are allowed, whereas others, such as Islam, are prohibited.
D) The official state religion of China is Buddhism.
E) Freedom of religion is guaranteed in the constitution but the number of adherents has always been small.

Question 55

How does the Chinese Communist Party exercise control over state organizations?

A) Almost all key officials are party members.
B) The party uses a cadre list system to control personnel appointments.
C) Party organizations parallel government agencies at all levels.
D) Government agencies contain "leading party groups" comprised of key officials who are also party members.
E) All of the above are used by the Chinese Communist Party to exercise control over state organizations.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) The Chinese Communist Party supports official mass organizations as a means to provide groups to express their views on policy.
B) Mass organizations are generally subordinate to the Chinese Communist Party but nevertheless do act as effective lobbies on non-political matters.
C) There has been a huge increase in the number of national and local nongovernmental organizations operating in the country since the 1990s.
D) National and local nongovernmental organizations are directly subordinate to the Chinese Communist Party.
E) The Communist Party exercises direct or indirect control over all government organizations and personnel.

Question 57

Which of the following is TRUE about the Chinese Communist Party?

A) It is not only the world's largest party and less than 10 percent of the Chinese population belongs to the party.
B) Women make up only about 20 percent of the party's membership.
C) The party has actively sought private entrepreneurs as members.
D) More than two million people, many of them young, join the party each year.
E) All of the above statements are true.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about subnational government in China is NOT true?

A) China is a unitary state.
B) Subnational executives are more accountable to party authorities than to subnational legislatures.
C) Over the last two decades, government administration in the country has become more decentralized.
D) There have been no serious efforts to reduce party interference in the administrative work of subnational governments.
E) Although subnational legislatures (people's congresses) meet infrequently, they have become increasingly active.

Question 59

Which of the following is TRUE of the Chinese military?

A) It is the largest armed force in the world and has the world's largest military budget.
B) It has not had to rely upon a draft to fill its ranks.
C) The government has steadily reduced the military budget over the last two decades.
D) It has seized power several times.
E) It is the largest armed force in the world but ranks behind the United States in terms of total size of its budget and the number of military personnel per capita.

Question 60

The official ideology of the Chinese Communist Party

A) rejects Western Marxism and is based only on the theories of Chairman Mao.
B) has totally repudiated Maoist theories.
C) is a mix of communism, capitalism, and Confucianism.
D) is adapted from Marxism-Leninism with additions by Mao.
E) pays lip service to Marxism-Leninism but in reality has adopted western-style democracy.

Question 61

What have been the major social consequences of China's rapid economic growth over the past few decades? What political impacts might these bring?

Question 62

In what ways have international forces influenced China's political development? In particular, what impact has China's role in the world of states had on the fall of the imperial system, the course of the Chinese Revolution, the radicalism of the Maoist era, and the transformation of post-Mao China?

Question 63

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) There have been very few large-scale political demonstrations in the country since 1989.
B) Workers have protested over the breaking of the rice bowl, layoffs, low wages, and unsafe conditions.
C) There has been an upsurge of rural protests over issues such as illegal land seizures and the government's failure to pay for agricultural products.
D) Generally, since 1989, protests have been localized and focused on immediate material concerns.
E) All of the above statements are true.

Question 64

Because the current Chinese regime has increasingly recognized the importance of obtaining advice from key sectors of the population while insisting on suppressing dissent, it can be described as

A) a consultative authoritarian regime.
B) a totalitarian regime.
C) an accommodative authoritarian regime.
D) a fragmented authoritarian regime.
E) a transitioning totalitarian regime.

Question 65

The text points to all of the following as potential harbingers of democracy in China EXCEPT

A) enhanced political and economic power of local governments.
B) the coming to power of a younger, better educated and more worldly leaders.
C) the partial depoliticalization of the legal system.
D) a growing middle class.
E) the increasing acceptance of democratic ideas among the older, established leaders.

Question 66

Over half of China's population lives in rural areas, which makes what happens in these areas important in the political and economic development of the country. Describe several changes in the countryside that have taken place over the past two decades and discuss their political and/or economic impact. What does this suggest about the further development: economic and political: of China?

Question 67

China is one of the few remaining communist party-states in the world. First, describe what this means in terms of the distinctive features of China's system, its most important political institutions, the distribution of power and the policy-making process. Next, explore how these features have changed over the years, paying particular attention to the models of consultative authoritarianism and fragmented authoritarianism.

Question 68

Falun Gong is

A) a spiritual movement that combines elements from Buddhism and Taoism and traditional Chinese physical exercises.
B) a labor union protesting against unfair labor conditions.
C) a political party opposed to the Chinese Communist Party.
D) a youth group that promotes good social behavior and patriotism.
E) the national Chinese soccer team.

Question 69

What is meant when China is called a Market-Leninism system?

A) The top officials are corrupt and subject to be bought by the highest bidder.
B) It is a system of increasing economic openness with one-party rule.
C) Its market only allows communist nations to trade.
D) Its system combines a command economy with Leninist-style political reforms.
E) It is a system that combines capitalist ideas with egalitarian ones.

Question 70

At the end of the Mao era, China was seen as being only peripherally engaged with the global economy. Today, the country is often viewed as a powerhouse in the global economy. First, explain what kind of political and economic transformations brought this about. Second, explore what challenges the country's leadership face in trying to sustain China's remarkable record of economic growth. Finally, discuss what the Chinese model suggests to other countries wishing to undergo rapid economic development.

Question 71

Compare and contrast the leadership of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. What do you see as the main differences between them? Do you see any similarities? What would you count as the major achievements and shortcomings of each? Finally, in what ways to Jian Zeming and Hu Jintao represent change and/or continuity with the past leadership?

Question 72

What factors suggest that China may undergo democratization? To what extent are these factors simply the result of the country's economic changes rather than meaningful political changes?

Question 73

What factors help to explain the durability of the Chinese communist party-state?