Deck 22: Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

The digestive sac of a jellyfish has ______ openings.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Digestion begins in the ______.

A) oral cavity
B) esophagus
C) pharynx
D) stomach

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following mechanisms helps prevent gastric juice from digesting the stomach lining?

A) mucus coating the inside surface of the stomach
B) mitosis generating enough new cells to replace the stomach lining every few days
C) the continuous secretion of gastric juice
D) the inactivation of pepsin by hydrochloric acid

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The four stages of food processing are,in order:

A) ingestion, absorption, elimination, digestion
B) ingestion, elimination, digestion, absorption
C) ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
D) digestion, absorption, ingestion, elimination

Question 5

Muscular action propels food through the alimentary canal by a process called ______.

A) circular contractions
B) active transport
C) peristalsis
D) progurgitation

Question 6

The esophagus and trachea are both open to the ______.

A) pharynx
B) posterior oral cavity
C) posterior nasal cavity
D) larynx

Question 7

Spiders are ______.

A) herbivores
B) filter feeders
C) carnivores
D) omnivores

Question 8

Movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine is regulated by ______.

A) peristalsis
B) reverse peristalsis
C) the epiglottis
D) a sphincter

Question 9

The stomach's gastric glands secrete ______.

A) digestive enzymes only
B) hydrochloric acid only
C) digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid
D) mucus, digestive enzymes, and hydrochloric acid

Question 10

Which of the following choices lists the organs of the alimentary canal in the correct order?

A) pharynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine
B) oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
C) esophagus, pharynx, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
D) oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

Question 11

What is the epiglottis?

A) a muscle that moves the esophagus into line with the pharynx during swallowing
B) a muscle that moves the trachea out of line with the pharynx during swallowing
C) a flap that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing
D) a muscular sphincter that closes off the entry to the trachea during swallowing

Question 12

The main function of salivary amylase is to ______.

A) moisten food
B) break down proteins
C) absorb nutrients
D) break down starch

Question 13

When the wall of the stomach fails to protect itself from erosion by gastric juice,the result is ______.

A) heartburn
B) a duodenal ulcer
C) GERD
D) a gastric ulcer

Question 14

The stomach mixes food with the secretions of the stomach wall to form ______.

A) gastric juice
B) a food ball
C) chyme
D) acid gastrin

Question 15

A food ball moves through the esophagus by ______.

A) peristalsis
B) segmentation
C) mastication
D) regurgitation

Question 16

Digestion is ______.

A) the absorption of nutrients
B) breakdown of food into small nutrient molecules that the body can absorb
C) churning of food in the stomach and intestine
D) eating

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion?

A) the breakdown of proteins into amino acids
B) peristalsis
C) the digestion of fats by lipases
D) chewing

Question 18

Which of the following is the usual cause of heartburn?

A) backflow of chyme from the stomach into the esophagus
B) retention of food at the bottom of the esophagus by a sphincter that is reluctant to open
C) irritation of the lower esophagus by substances in spicy food
D) compression of the lower esophagus by an overfilled stomach

Question 19

An digestive tube is best defined as ______.

A) the compartment in which an animal digests its food
B) a tube-shaped digestive compartment with either one or two openings
C) a tube-shaped digestive compartment that has two openings and through which food moves in one direction
D) a tubelike digestive compartment that has two openings and consists, at minimum, of a mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and anus

Question 20

The tongue does all of the following except ______.

A) taste food
B) shape food into a ball
C) secrete saliva
D) push food into the pharynx

Question 21

How does Helicobacter pylori cause gastric ulcers in humans?

A) It neutralizes the acids of the stomach.
B) It causes the production of excess acid in the stomach.
C) It damages the stomach's mucus coat.
D) It causes the stomach to produce stronger acids.

Question 22

On a global scale,the most significant type of malnutrition is _____.

A) vitamin A deficiency
B) calcium deficiency
C) iron deficiency
D) protein deficiency

Question 23

Which mineral is needed for the proper functioning of nerves,muscles,and bones?

A) calcium
B) phosphorus
C) sodium
D) salt

Question 24

Vitamins are ______.

A) organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amounts
B) nutrients that we can synthesize from simpler molecules
C) important supplements for children, but not adults
D) required to synthesize most amino acids

Question 25

Which structure stores feces until they can be eliminated?

A) rectum
B) appendix
C) anus
D) colon

Question 26

Most nutrient absorption occurs in which part of the digestive system?

A) stomach
B) duodenum
C) the several meters of the small intestine that come after the duodenum
D) large intestine

Question 27

Altogether,the body secretes about 7 liters of water into the alimentary canal each day. About what percentage of this water gets reabsorbed?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 90%

Question 28

Anorexia and bulimia ______.

A) occur when the body does not receive enough vitamin C
B) occur when there is a protein-deficient diet
C) occur mainly in affluent countries where thinness is idealized
D) occur when a person does not obtain all the essential amino acids

Question 29

Your metabolic rate depends on ______.

A) your age
B) your activity levels
C) genetics
D) all of these

Question 30

Bile from the liver is stored in the ______ before entering the intestine.

A) pancreas
B) gallbladder
C) spleen
D) bile duct

Question 31

The figure below shows ______.

A) the chemical digestion of a protein
B) the building of a protein by the enzyme pepsin
C) the mechanical digestion of a protein
D) the addition of a water molecule to add an amino acid to a protein

Question 32

Most human need about ______ kcal per day.

A) 500-700
B) 1,300-1,800
C) 2,500-3,000
D) 20,000-30,000

Question 33

Which of the following nutrients begins undergoing digestion only when it reaches the small intestine?

A) fat
B) protein
C) starch
D) complex carbohydrate

Question 34

______ the direct source of energy for cells.

A) Fats are
B) Glucose is
C) ATP is
D) Amino acids are

Question 35

What is the main digestive function of the pancreas?

A) It produces digestive enzymes and bile.
B) It produces bile.
C) It produces digestive enzymes and neutralizes stomach acids.
D) It secretes mucus into the small intestine.

Question 36

The epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase the area for absorption.These projections are called ______.

A) villi
B) cilia
C) microvilli
D) rugae

Question 37

Certain amino acids are called essential because they ______.

A) are required for making protein
B) cannot be made by the body from other compounds
C) store energy
D) are required for making nucleic acids

Question 38

Someone with liver failure will,in particular,have problems with the digestion and absorption of ______.

A) minerals
B) fats
C) carbohydrates
D) proteins

Question 39

Absorption of water is one major function of which of the following structures?

A) small intestine
B) colon
C) rectum
D) appendix

Question 40

You must obtain ______.

A) essential nutrients
B) fuel to power all body activities
C) organic raw materials to make your own molecules
D) all of the above

Question 41

Use the following information to answer the following question(s).
Several years ago, scientists discovered a mutation in zebrafish larvae that prevented the absorption of lipids from dietary fat. Larvae carrying this mutation died shortly after they hatched because all cells need fat to carry out their normal functions. More recent studies have determined that the mutation leading to this disorder occurs in a single gene on chromosome 10. When a normal gene is inserted into embryos carrying the mutation, these fish are able to process fats normally when they hatch. To discover more about the gene's function, researchers examined and compared cells from normal and mutant fish larvae under a microscope. A major difference was noticed in the intestinal cells. The Golgi apparatus in the intestinal cells of mutant larvae are much larger than those of normal larvae. As the Golgi apparatus processes fats and proteins, the lipids become trapped, resulting in the abnormally large size of the organelle.
Which portion of the digestive tract is specialized for absorption of the nutrients?

A) stomach
B) small intestine
C) large intestine
D) pharynx

Question 42

The figure below shows that ______.

A) peristalsis moves food down the esophagus
B) when the epiglottis closes the trachea, air cannot get into the trachea
C) the trachea is open when you are not swallowing
D) the trachea is closed when you are not swallowing

Question 43

Examine the graph below.A person with a BMI of 27 would be described as _____.

A) overweight
B) normal weight
C) underweight
D) It depends on the person's height.

Question 44

Use the following information to answer the following question(s).
Several years ago, scientists discovered a mutation in zebrafish larvae that prevented the absorption of lipids from dietary fat. Larvae carrying this mutation died shortly after they hatched because all cells need fat to carry out their normal functions. More recent studies have determined that the mutation leading to this disorder occurs in a single gene on chromosome 10. When a normal gene is inserted into embryos carrying the mutation, these fish are able to process fats normally when they hatch. To discover more about the gene's function, researchers examined and compared cells from normal and mutant fish larvae under a microscope. A major difference was noticed in the intestinal cells. The Golgi apparatus in the intestinal cells of mutant larvae are much larger than those of normal larvae. As the Golgi apparatus processes fats and proteins, the lipids become trapped, resulting in the abnormally large size of the organelle.
Before fats can be digested by enzymes,what substance is needed?

A) chyme
B) bile
C) lipase
D) pepsin

Question 45

The function of the structure shown below is ______.

A) to digest proteins
B) to absorb nutrients into the body
C) to aid in mechanical digestion of food
D) to break fats into smaller droplets