Deck 3: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby

Question 1

Jalynn is in the last half of the first month of her pregnancy. Which of the following is developing the fastest?

A) circulatory system
B) endocrine system
C) nervous system
D) skin

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The ectoderm becomes the __________.

A) muscles and skeleton
B) nervous system and skin
C) circulatory system and other internal organs
D) amniotic fluid

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The force of blood flowing through the __________ keeps it firm.

A) amnion
B) umbilical cord
C) yolk sac
D) embryonic disk

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Irina is in her first week of pregnancy. During this time, __________.

A) heart muscles begin to develop
B) the zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst
C) a primitive brain and spinal cord appear
D) the embryo can move

Question 5

During the second month of pregnancy, __________.

A) the umbilical cord first appears
B) touch sensitivity extends to most of the body
C) the heart develops separate chambers
D) the heartbeat can be heard through a stethoscope

Question 6

An ovum bursts from one of a woman's two __________ and is drawn into one of two __________.

A) ovaries; testes
B) fallopian tubes; ovaries
C) corpus luteum; fallopian tubes
D) ovaries; fallopian tubes

Question 7

What is one of the functions served by amniotic fluid?

A) It delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism.
B) It helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.
C) It delivers nutrients and removes waste products.
D) It produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function.

Question 8

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum shrinks, and the __________.

A) cells begin to duplicate
B) one-celled zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst
C) germinal period begins
D) lining of the uterus is discarded

Question 9

Which statement about the embryonic disk is true?

A) It becomes the new organism.
B) It is the outer ring of cells on a blastocyst.
C) It has a good chance of survival outside the womb.
D) It is a protective membrane that surrounds the amnion.

Question 10

The __________, which forms during the period of the embryo, will become the __________.

A) mesoderm; nervous system, lungs, internal organs, and skin
B) chorion; endocrine system, muscles, placenta, and skeleton
C) yolk sac; circulatory system, skin, skeleton, and internal organs
D) endoderm; digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

Question 11

Which statement is true about the corpus luteum?

A) It is where fertilization usually takes place.
B) It secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.
C) It is one of two long, thin structures that lead to the hollow, softly lined uterus.
D) It is one of two walnut-sized organs located deep inside a woman's abdomen.

Question 12

The __________ folds over to form the __________, or primitive spinal cord.

A) mesoderm; amnion
B) ectoderm; neural tube
C) endoderm; neural tube
D) ectoderm; chorion

Question 13

Which statement about the yolk sac is true?

A) It forms during the third trimester of pregnancy.
B) It is the outer ring of cells that surrounds the blastocyst.
C) It produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function.
D) It contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste.

Question 14

Which statement about a blastocyst is true?

A) It consists of a single cell.
B) It is a structure that feeds the developing organism.
C) Between the seventh and ninth days, it burrows deep into the uterine lining.
D) It is a membrane that helps to keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.

Question 15

The male produces sperm in the __________, two glands located in the __________.

A) penis; scrotum
B) scrotum; penis
C) testes; penis
D) testes; scrotum

Question 16

When the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining, __________.

A) implantation occurs
B) pregnancy does not occur
C) it stops growing
D) the cells of the zygote first duplicate

Question 17

Which statement about the placenta is true?

A) It forms in the second trimester of pregnancy.
B) It encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid.
C) It contains one large vein that delivers nutrients to the embryo.
D) It permits food and oxygen to be delivered to the developing organism.

Question 18

The germinal period __________.

A) occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy
B) lasts about six weeks
C) lasts about two weeks
D) is the final period of a 38-week pregnancy

Question 19

By the twelfth week of pregnancy, __________.

A) the sex of the fetus can be detected with ultrasound
B) the mother can feel the movements of the fetus
C) the fetus is viable and can survive if born early
D) synchrony between fetal heart rate and motor activity peaks

Question 20

By the end of Greta's first month of pregnancy, her embryo __________.

A) can sense its world
B) is about ¼ inch long
C) can suck its thumb
D) can bend its arms

Question 21

The best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is __________.

A) depression
B) respiratory distress at birth
C) low birth weight
D) delayed language development

Question 22

In the eighth month of pregnancy, __________.

A) fetal growth doubles
B) neuron production increases
C) the eyes, ears, nose, jaw, and neck form
D) the fetus receives antibodies from the mother's blood

Question 23

A baby born between the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy __________.

A) is typically just as healthy as a full-term baby
B) usually needs oxygen assistance to breathe
C) will not be viable
D) is considered small-for-date

Question 24

In the last weeks of pregnancy, __________.

A) the fetus usually loses a pound or two
B) most fetuses assume an upside-down position
C) fetal growth increases dramatically
D) the fetus begins relying on its own well-developed immune system

Question 25

A 20-week-old fetus can __________.

A) be stimulated as well as irritated by sounds
B) survive, if born early
C) breathe without oxygen assistance, if born early
D) control its own body temperature

Question 26

Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment. What can you tell her about passive smoking?

A) The negative effects of smoking are only evident in children born to heavy smokers.
B) Passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses.
C) Smoke-filled environments are harmful to expectant mothers, but not to their unborn children.
D) The effects of passive smoking are not yet known.

Question 27

Liz is 36 weeks pregnant. A rise in her baby's heart rate is probably followed within five seconds by a __________.

A) burst of motor activity
B) period of sleep
C) rise in Liz's heart rate
D) drop in Liz's body temperature

Question 28

In the __________ period, teratogens rarely have any impact.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) prenatal

Question 29

During her pregnancy, Padma increased her intake of coffee and tea. Her doctor is likely to tell her that high doses of caffeine contained in coffee and tea increase the risk of __________.

A) premature labor
B) limb deformities
C) respiratory distress at birth
D) low birth weight

Question 30

Which statement about prenatal marijuana exposure is true?

A) It is linked to impulsivity and overactivity.
B) Lasting consequences are well-established.
C) Studies show no negative effects of exposure.
D) It is linked to an array of physical malformations.

Question 31

The term teratogen refers to __________.

A) any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
B) a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly
C) a rapid period of prenatal neurological development
D) a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage

Question 32

Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is __________.

A) aspirin
B) diethylstilbestrol (DES)
C) thalidomide
D) isotretinoin

Question 33

Lanugo __________.

A) permits food and oxygen to reach the organism
B) provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother's movements
C) helps regulate the fetus's body temperature
D) helps the vernix stick to the skin

Question 34

Mateo was born prematurely to Yvonne, a cocaine addict. Mateo's caregivers can expect that __________.

A) he will be very attentive to the environment
B) his cries will be abnormally shrill and piercing
C) he will overcome the harmful effects of drug exposure by age 3
D) his motor development will be especially rapid during the first year

Question 35

Which statement about the harm done by teratogens is true?

A) Passive smoking is rarely harmful to the developing fetus.
B) The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role.
C) The negative impact of teratogens is usually reversible.
D) The most serious defects occur in the germinal period.

Question 36

__________ increases tenfold from the twentieth week until birth.

A) Amniotic fluid
B) Brain weight
C) Fetal length
D) Neuron production

Question 37

Katie wonders when she will first be able to hear her fetus's heartbeat through a stethoscope. You tell her that this should happen by the __________.

A) fourth week of pregnancy
B) third month of pregnancy
C) end of the second trimester
D) beginning of the third trimester

Question 38

The harm done by teratogens __________.

A) is straightforward and predictable
B) is usually apparent at birth
C) rarely goes beyond physical damage
D) depends on age at the time of exposure

Question 39

During the second trimester, a white, cheeselike substance called __________ emerges on the skin.

A) lanugo
B) corpus luteum
C) vernix
D) chorion

Question 40

Newborns of smoking mothers __________.

A) are more attentive to sounds
B) display more muscle tension
C) less often have colic
D) are less excitable when visually stimulated

Question 41

The effects of stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if the expectant mother __________.

A) has access to social support during stressful periods
B) takes a low dose of anti-anxiety medication
C) takes a folic acid supplement early in pregnancy
D) is placed on bed rest during the last trimester

Question 42

The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy, the __________.

A) higher the birth weight of the child
B) greater the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS
C) poorer the child's achievement test scores during the school years
D) greater the child's speed of information processing

Question 43

__________ supplementation early in pregnancy reduces the risk of abnormalities of the neural tube.

A) Vitamin A
B) Folic acid
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin C

Question 44

Maternal high blood glucose __________.

A) can cause Rh factor incompatibility
B) is linked to poorer memory in early childhood
C) is linked to low birth weight
D) can cause the mother's blood pressure to decrease sharply

Question 45

Which expectant mother has the greatest risk of a baby born with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A) Chloe, a Caucasian American
B) Latima, an African American
C) Yvonne, a Native American
D) Ming, an Asian American

Question 46

Which statement about the Nurse-Family Partnership is true?

A) It is an international program designed to reduce the risk of teratogens.
B) One of its goals is to promote competent early caregiving.
C) It is a series of childbirth classes offered at many U.S. hospitals.
D) It provides family planning and genetic counseling to couples.

Question 47

Which statement about prenatal rubella is true?

A) The greatest damage occurs when rubella strikes during the fetal period.
B) The organ damage inflicted by prenatal rubella can lead to lifelong health problems.
C) Routine vaccination has virtually eliminated rubella outbreaks in developing African and Asian countries.
D) Infection during the embryonic period is less harmful than during other prenatal periods.

Question 48

Low-level radiation resulting from industrial leakage or medical X-rays __________.

A) is harmful only when combined with other teratogens
B) can increase the risk of childhood cancer
C) rarely causes lasting damage
D) is safe during the last trimester

Question 49

Terrance, whose birth mother drank heavily throughout pregnancy, has a thin upper lip, short eyelid openings, a small head, and a smooth philtrum. His physical growth has been slow, and he shows impairment in memory, attention span, motor coordination, and social skills. Terrance has __________.

A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) partial fetal alcohol syndrome
C) alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
D) cytomegalovirus

Question 50

Samantha is a first-time expectant mother at age 35. You can tell her that healthy women in their thirties have __________ as those in their twenties.

A) lower rates of miscarriage
B) higher rates of pregnancy complications
C) lower rates of pregnancy complications
D) about the same rates of pregnancy complications

Question 51

Shamona, a pregnant mother in Flint, Michigan, is concerned about the drinking water, which shows high levels of lead. Shamona should know that high levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to __________.

A) facial abnormalities and heart defects
B) defects of the genitals and urinary tract
C) low birth weight and brain damage
D) a variety of childhood cancers

Question 52

Chinara is Rh-negative and Savon, her first child, is Rh-positive. Chinara's doctor will probably __________.

A) give Savon a vaccine to prevent heart damage and intellectual disabilities
B) advise Chinara not to have another child, due to Rh incompatibility
C) give Chinara a vaccine to prevent the buildup of antibodies to the foreign Rh protein
D) do nothing, because firstborn children are not affected by Rh incompatibility

Question 53

Which statement about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is true?

A) In developing countries, about 30 percent of all new HIV infections affect women.
B) In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.
C) About 30 percent of new HIV infections occur in developing countries.
D) Untreated HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the virus to the developing organism 30 percent of the time.

Question 54

Adolescent children of mothers who were home-visited as part of the Nurse-Family Partnership __________ than comparison-group agemates.

A) scored lower in impulsivity and overactivity
B) had lower academic achievement scores
C) showed more aggressive behavior
D) reported less alcohol and drug use

Question 55

Pregnant women are wise to avoid eating __________, which are heavily contaminated with __________.

A) long-lived predatory fish; mercury
B) freshwater fish; lead
C) long-lived predatory fish; lead
D) freshwater fish; radiation

Question 56

Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception __________.

A) can alter gene expression
B) can cause fetal alcohol syndrome
C) is linked to blood vessel abnormalities
D) has no negative effect on the developing organism

Question 57

Men with even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father __________.

A) nearly twice as many girls as boys
B) nearly three times as many boys as girls
C) more twins and triplets than unaffected men
D) fewer children than unaffected men

Question 58

To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis, Kaye should ask other family members to __________.

A) stop smoking
B) pick up after the dog
C) change the litter box
D) feed the fish

Question 59

A restrictive diet that prevents weight gain in the mother during pregnancy can __________.

A) lead to higher birth weight and greater brain weight in the newborn
B) reduce the risk of pregnancy-induced maternal diabetes
C) distort the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas in the newborn
D) lead to fewer physical discomforts in the final weeks

Question 60

Dana is pregnant with her first child and wonders how much weight she should gain during the pregnancy. You should recommend a healthy diet that results in a weight gain of __________ pounds.

A) 10 to 15
B) 15 to 20
C) 25 to 30
D) 35 to 40

Question 61

Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had __________.

A) taught women to fear the birth experience
B) helped women develop breathing techniques to lessen the pain of labor
C) taught women that medical intervention was unnecessary in childbirth
D) helped women focus on child rearing rather than childbirth

Question 62

The most common approach to controlling pain during labor is __________.

A) an anesthetic
B) anoxia
C) fetal monitoring
D) epidural analgesia

Question 63

Regarding a baby's adaptation to labor and delivery, stress hormones __________.

A) endanger the newborn
B) arouse the infant into alertness
C) cause the cervix to thin and the uterine wall to contract
D) temporarily reduce the infant's oxygen supply

Question 64

Before the late 1800s, childbirth in Western nations usually took place __________.

A) at home and was a family-centered event
B) at home but away from other family members
C) in a hospital with trained midwives
D) in the home of a medical professional or in a hospital

Question 65

Which statement about certified nurse-midwives in the U.S. is true?

A) They cannot legally deliver babies at home in most states.
B) They have degrees in nursing and additional training in childbirth management.
C) They can perform cesarean deliveries and administer medication to control pain.
D) Although not medical professionals, they are trained in labor and delivery support.

Question 66

During the third stage of labor, __________.

A) the cervix thins to nothing
B) uterine contractions begin
C) the placenta is delivered
D) the baby is born

Question 67

The third stage of labor lasts about __________.

A) 5 to 10 minutes
B) 20 to 50 minutes
C) 4 to 6 hours
D) 12 to 14 hours

Question 68

A combined Apgar score of __________ indicates that the infant is in good physical condition.

A) less than 3
B) 3 or 4
C) 5 or 6
D) 7 or better

Question 69

Andrew received a combined Apgar score of 5. This means that Andrew __________.

A) is in good physical condition
B) needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs
C) is in serious danger and should receive emergency medical attention
D) was in danger at birth, but quickly recovered and is now in good physical condition

Question 70

Mothers who __________ have fewer birth complications and shorter labors.

A) choose cesarean delivery
B) give birth at home
C) are supported by a trained companion during childbirth
D) are administered epidural analgesia during childbirth

Question 71

The longest stage of labor is __________.

A) delivery of the baby
B) delivery of the placenta
C) dilation and effacement of the cervix
D) release of epinephrine and cortisol

Question 72

Critics worry that fetal monitoring __________.

A) numbs the entire lower half of the body, making it difficult to feel contractions
B) is not helpful in detecting hidden problems with the baby
C) identifies babies as in danger who, in fact, are not
D) increases the likelihood of infant brain damage

Question 73

__________ are a strong type of painkiller used in labor and delivery that block sensation.

A) Anesthetics
B) Analgesics
C) Anti-inflammatories
D) Folic acids

Question 74

Which mother is most likely to have had inadequate prenatal care?

A) Lupe, age 25
B) Marissa, age 32
C) Rotunda, age 16
D) Janette, age 40

Question 75

During her labor, Renee asks for a mild dose of painkillers to help her relax. Renee will probably be given __________.

A) an anesthetic
B) an analgesic
C) folic acid
D) a Cesarean delivery

Question 76

The mother feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles during the __________ stage of labor.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 77

Which Apgar criterion is the most difficult to apply to newborns of all races?

A) pink color
B) reflex irritability
C) limp muscle tone
D) strong breathing

Question 78

Fetal monitoring is __________.

A) rarely used in U.S. hospitals
B) linked with low birth weight
C) linked with a decreased rate of cesarean deliveries
D) required in most U.S. hospitals

Question 79

Which of the following is a situational barrier to seeking early prenatal care?

A) psychological stress
B) difficulty arranging transportation
C) ambivalence about the pregnancy
D) demands of taking care of other young children

Question 80

Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause __________.

A) spina bifida
B) anencephaly
C) cerebral palsy
D) muscular dystrophy