Deck 12: Associations and Interest Groups

Question 1

Which of the following is a universally ascribed quality?

A) sex
B) class
C) ethnicity
D) education

Answer 1

sex

Question 2

Which of the following is a common feature of a voluntary military association?

A) experience in war
B) high military rank
C) membership in an upper caste
D) study of the history of warfare

Answer 2

experience in war

Question 3

Which functions are performed by the members of the senior generation-set among the Karimojong?

A) judicial
B) warriors
C) police
D) agricultural

Answer 3

judicial

Question 4

In relatively non-stratified societies, associations tend to be based on __________.

A) age or sex
B) voluntary interest groups
C) ethnic group
D) achieved qualities

Question 5

Which of the following nations has a particularly complex organizational life, with most individuals expected to be active in at least a couple of associations?

A) Norway
B) England
C) Spain
D) Germany

Question 6

Which associations are likely to have dramatic initiation ceremonies?

A) both age-set and unisex associations
B) age-set associations
C) unisex associations
D) neither age-set nor unisex associations

Question 7

When did most Chinatowns in the United States and Canada develop?

A) since the mid 19th century
B) in the early 19th century
C) in the early 20th century
D) since the mid 20th century

Question 8

What forms the basis of organization and administration of most noncommercial societies?

A) kinship
B) neighborhood
C) political views
D) school cohort

Question 9

What particular characteristic of the Mae Enga of Papua New Guinea has gathered a lot of anthropological attention?

A) the active hostility toward women that runs through their culture
B) their tradition of performing manhood ceremonies for infants
C) the frequency and acceptance of homosexual relationships among men
D) their territorial disputes and history of head-hunting

Question 10

The Alaskan Federation of Natives was formed as a response to __________.

A) economic development that threatened native peoples' subsistence resources
B) professional and academic discrimination encountered by native peoples
C) dwindling population of native peoples in the United States and Canada
D) low levels of representation of native peoples in U.S. and Canadian governments

Question 11

What function does the age-set system of the Shavante serve for young women?

A) It provides participation with males at certain ceremonies.
B) It serves as a lifelong association between women of a similar age.
C) It determines whom they are permitted to marry.
D) It provides a mentorship system for young wives and mothers.

Question 12

What hypothesis has S. N. Eisenstadt developed to explain the creation of age-set associations?

A) Age-set systems arise when kinship groups fail to carry out important political or economic functions.
B) Age-set systems serve as an intermediate organization between egalitarian and socially stratified societies.
C) Only societies with age-set systems can maintain traditional subsistence patterns in an age of territorial disputes.
D) Age-set systems are a natural expression of a high degree of gender stratification.

Question 13

Entry into an age-set system is generally __________.

A) nonvoluntary
B) competitive
C) temporary
D) optional

Question 14

What was the primary function of the regional associations for Filipino migrants to Hawaii during the plantation period?

A) mutual aid societies
B) religious services
C) language connections
D) women's organizations

Question 15

Secret associations like the Poro and Sande typically __________.

A) strengthen the hand of existing political authority
B) have a higher authority than existing political councils
C) focus on secular concerns, leaving religious concerns to priests
D) provide associations for men but ignore the roles of women

Question 16

What happened to the rotating credit association, described by Nici Nelson, that was started up by women living in a Nairobi slum?

A) The members became wealthy enough to open their own bank accounts.
B) The men joined the association and forced the founding women out.
C) The organization grew and developed into a formal bank.
D) The members lost their money and the association disbanded.

Question 17

Associations are different types of groups based on __________.

A) neither kinship nor territory
B) kinship, but not territory
C) both kinship and common territory
D) a common territory, but not kinship

Question 18

A Karimojong age-set comprises all of the men who __________.

A) were initiated into manhood within the same five- to six-year span
B) were born in the same month
C) fought together in the most recent territorial dispute
D) progressed through their adolescent training together

Question 19

Membership in the Poro and Sande associations __________.

A) includes scarification for both male and female members
B) is voluntary for all men and women
C) is illegal in most African nations
D) has been found in all societies in Africa

Question 20

Which type of society is most likely to incorporate nonvoluntary associations?

A) egalitarian
B) highly stratified
C) nomadic pastoralist
D) post-industrial

Question 21

What keeps members contributing to a rotating credit association?

A) There is strong social pressure to keep paying regularly.
B) They complete legal paperwork requiring a steady commitment.
C) If members quit after receiving their payment, they have to pay the money back.
D) Membership in a rotating credit association is nonvoluntary.

Question 22

Some scholars suggest that the development of street gangs in Mexican-American neighborhoods is a response to __________.

A) the absence of male models in the household
B) increasing high school dropout rates
C) language and cultural immersion programs
D) domineering parents and high social stress

Question 23

Why are NGOs sometimes more powerful than government organizations?

A) They can raise money privately.
B) They are usually bigger.
C) NGOs have more fluid leadership.
D) Only NGOs can enforce laws.

Question 24

The term senior citizen would designate what type of group?

A) age-grade
B) age-set
C) age association
D) age alliance

Question 25

Upon receiving a master's degree, it could be said that a student had gained a(n) __________ quality.

A) achieved
B) ascribed
C) partial
D) universal

Question 26

How do voluntary girls' clubs affect elementary and junior high school girls' attitudes toward or performance in science?

A) They are more likely to express an interest in scientific careers.
B) They exceed boys' scores in science and mathematics.
C) Their interest in science decreases once in gender-specific classrooms.
D) There is no significant difference between these girls and those in traditional classrooms.

Question 27

The more stratified and complex a society is, the __________.

A) more voluntary associations it is likely to have
B) fewer voluntary associations it is likely to have
C) less important associations become
D) more associations based on universally ascribed characteristics it is likely to have

Question 28

In societies like the United States, membership in voluntary associations, such as a political party, charity, or trade union, is usually based on __________.

A) common, achieved interests
B) universally ascribed qualities
C) variably ascribed qualities
D) commonly ascribed qualities

Question 29

What is the primary exception to the rule that, in American society, membership in an association is voluntary?

A) military draft
B) college recruitment
C) sorority rush
D) job interviews

Question 30

Which relatively recent development could be viewed as a form of association or interest group?

A) Facebook
B) reality television
C) music downloads
D) e-readers

Question 31

Where would you be most likely to encounter a wealth of ethnic associations?

A) urban centers of West Africa
B) urban centers of Europe
C) rural areas of Europe
D) rural areas of West Africa

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of a nongovernmental organization?

A) World Bank
B) Internal Revenue Service
C) Democratic Party
D) Google

Question 33

Which is true of the descendants of people who started Chinatowns?

A) Many go to college and move away for a good job.
B) Many have moved back to their homeland.
C) Most stay to work in the family business.
D) Most have moved into other urban centers to start up new Chinatowns.

Question 34

Which of the following voluntary associations has members with both achieved and ascribed qualities?

A) fraternity
B) university
C) political party
D) honors society

Question 35

American society has an abundance of __________ that display the general characteristics of an association.

A) interest groups
B) community circles
C) neighborhoods
D) fraternities

Question 36

As societies grow in size and complexity, the trend is for more __________ organizations to be replaced by more __________ organizations.

A) broadly based; narrowly based
B) voluntary; nonvoluntary
C) broadly based; nonvoluntary
D) voluntary; narrowly based

Question 37

What effect do NGOs operating in different countries have on those countries' relationships?

A) It makes war between the two countries less likely.
B) It creates an unequal relationship between the two countries.
C) It allows for easier migration between the two countries.
D) It encourages the poorer country to borrow money from the richer one.

Question 38

What does it mean to say that Nigerian tribal associations are extraterritorial?

A) They recruit members who have left their tribal areas.
B) They carefully defend the borders of their tribal lands.
C) They are particularly concerned about where members come from.
D) They are interested in alien life forms.

Question 39

What function do the nonvoluntary women's associations of the Ijaw serve?

A) mediators in disputes
B) initiation into adulthood
C) spiritual guidance
D) alliances during warfare

Question 40

The Chinatowns in many large cities in the United States and Canada are an example of __________, which function to bring together migrants from a common geographical background and help them adapt to new conditions.

A) regional associations
B) complementary societies
C) religious clubs
D) geographical sets

Question 41

Describe an association in which you participate. How does it fit the characteristics of an association as defined by anthropologists?

Question 42

Which type of association has most often been involved with independence movements throughout the world?

A) multiethnic
B) rotating credit
C) military
D) age-set

Question 43

In what way does an urban street gang differ from an age-set association?

A) Street gang members do not "graduate" through stages together.
B) Street gang members are of a wide variety of ages.
C) Membership in an age-set association is voluntary.
D) Membership in an age-set association centers around violence and warfare.

Question 44

Compare and contrast ethnic associations with multiethnic associations.

Question 45

Male-female hostility in the Mae Enga seems to reflect __________.

A) the broader interclan hostility
B) their belief in a fierce, powerful god
C) a high level of natural aggression
D) the unusually high status of Mae Enga women

Question 46

Friendly societies differ from tribal unions in that their objectives __________.

A) are confined for the most part to mutual aid
B) are less stressful to the membership
C) are more commonly known to the community
D) cause less dissension in the wider community

Question 47

The Kafaina groups of Papua New Guinea are considered to be multiethnic associations as well as savings-and-loan associations because they link thousands of women from __________.

A) different tribal areas
B) different clans
C) areas around the globe
D) a variety of social classes

Question 48

Cross-cultural research indicates that women's associations __________.

A) do not appear to increase women's status and access to positions of authority
B) are typically found in technologically advanced societies
C) often include transgender men
D) are most common in subtropical environments

Question 49

Why do West African occupational clubs also fall under the category of ethnic associations?

A) West African trade unions are organized along tribal as well as craft lines.
B) There is a strict caste system determining an individual's occupation.
C) These societies offer only a very limited number of possible occupations.
D) West Africans pass careers on from father to son for many generations.

Question 50

How do men's associations differ from age-sets in noncommercial societies?

A) There are more stages in age-sets than in men's associations.
B) Age-sets are open to both men and women.
C) Only men's associations follow an individual throughout his life span.
D) One may change the age-set membership, but not membership in a men's association.

Question 51

Which of the following is a common characteristic of associations?

A) a common purpose among members
B) kinship ties among members
C) members also share other common associations
D) fluid membership allowing anyone to participate

Question 52

Why are rotating credit associations common in societies with a traditional sharing system?

A) You are obliged to help when others ask for money, so it's easier to save if you have an obligation to save for your contribution.
B) Rotating credit associations are by nature an altruistic venture, with individual contributors receiving little in return.
C) Societies with traditional sharing systems rarely have formal banking institutions, so there is no alternative way to save money.
D) Rotating credit is a complex version of generalized reciprocity, which has its roots in traditional sharing systems.

Question 53

Discuss the reasons that may explain why voluntary associations exist.

Question 54

What are the purposes of unisex associations, and how are their purposes related to the ascribed characteristic of sex?

Question 55

Distinguish between age-set and age-grade associations, providing an example for each.