Deck 8: Vertebral Column

Question 1

The first cervical vertebra is called the:

A) axis.
B) atlas.
C) dens.
D) vertebra prominens.

Answer 1

atlas.

Question 2

Spinal nerves and blood vessels exit the spinal column through the:

A) vertebral arch.
B) vertebral notches.
C) vertebral foramen.
D) intervertebral foramina.

Answer 2

intervertebral foramina.

Question 3

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is termed:

A) scoliosis.
B) kyphosis.
C) lordosis.
D) scoliokyphosis.

Answer 3

scoliosis.

Question 4

When viewed from the side, the vertebral column should present how many curves?

A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five

Question 5

The short, thick processes that project posteriorly on each side of a vertebral body are called the:

A) pedicles.
B) laminae.
C) transverse processes.
D) spinous processes.

Question 6

A typical vertebra is composed of which main parts?
1)Body
2)Lamina
3)Vertebral arch

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 2 and 3
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 7

The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine open:

A) laterally.
B) 45 degrees anteriorly.
C) 70 degrees anteriorly.
D) 45 degrees anteriorly and 15 degrees inferiorly.

Question 8

The articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches are called the _____ joints.

A) costovertebral
B) costotransverse
C) intervertebral
D) zygapophyseal

Question 9

An abnormally increased concavity of the lumbar spine is termed:

A) lordosis.
B) kyphosis.
C) scoliosis.
D) scoliokyphosis.

Question 10

Which vertebral process projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae and pedicles?

A) Spinous process
B) Transverse process
C) Superior articular process
D) Inferior articular process

Question 11

Which of the following are functions of the vertebral column?
1)Supports the trunk
2)Protects the spinal cord
3)Supports the skull superiorly

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 2 and 3
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 12

The vertebral column articulates with the hip bone at the:

A) sacroiliac joint.
B) pubic symphysis.
C) acetabulum.
D) lumbar-5, sacral-1 joint.

Question 13

The vertebra prominens is the name given to the _____ vertebra.

A) first cervical
B) second cervical
C) seventh cervical
D) first thoracic

Question 14

How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

A) 24
B) 27
C) 33
D) 54

Question 15

An abnormal increase in the convexity of the thoracic spine is termed:

A) scoliosis.
B) spondylosis.
C) lordosis.
D) kyphosis.

Question 16

How many vertebrae are there in the sacrum?

A) Three
B) Four
C) Five
D) Three to five

Question 17

The openings in the cervical vertebrae for the transmission of the vertebral artery and vein are called the:

A) transverse foramen.
B) vertebral foramina.
C) intervertebral foramina.
D) inferior vertebral notch.

Question 18

Which of the following vertebral areas have a kyphotic curve?
1)Thoracic
2)Lumbar
3)Sacrum and coccyx

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 2 and 3
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 19

The condition in which an intervertebral disk "slips" and protrudes into the vertebral canal is called:

A) vertebrogenesis.
B) spondylolysis.
C) spondylolisthesis.
D) herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP).

Question 20

Which of the following vertebral areas have a lordotic curve?
1)Cervical
2)Thoracic
3)Lumbar

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 2 and 3
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 21

Where is the center of the IR positioned for the AP projection of the dens, Fuchs method?

A) Acanthion
B) Mental point
C) External acoustic meatus
D) Tip of the mastoid process

Question 22

How many thoracic vertebrae have a small concave facet on the transverse process, for articulation with the tubercle of a rib?

A) 7
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12

Question 23

The intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?

A) AP
B) Lateral
C) PA oblique
D) AP oblique

Question 24

For which projection is the patient instructed to softly phonate "ah" during the exposure?

A) Lateral cervical vertebrae
B) AP "open mouth" atlas and axis
C) AP dens, Fuchs method
D) AP axial cervical spine

Question 25

The zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine form an angle of how many degrees from the posterior midsagittal plane?

A) 45
B) 15 to 20
C) 30 to 50
D) 70 to 75

Question 26

Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the dens within the foramen magnum?

A) Grandy
B) Fuchs
C) Twining
D) Pawlow

Question 27

The angle of the articulation between the sacrum and the ilia (the sacroiliac joints) is _____ degrees.

A) 10 to 15
B) 15 to 20
C) 25 to 30
D) 45 to 50

Question 28

How much is the body rotated from the lateral position to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic region?

A) 30 degrees
B) 45 degrees
C) 15 to 20 degrees
D) 70 to 75 degrees

Question 29

Which of the following lines must be perpendicular to the IR for the AP "open mouth" atlas and axis?

A) Glabellomeatal line
B) Orbitomeatal line
C) Acanthiomeatal line
D) A line drawn from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process

Question 30

Where should the center of the IR be positioned for the "open mouth" AP projection of the atlas and axis?

A) To the "Adam's apple"
B) First cervical vertebra
C) Second cervical vertebra
D) Fourth cervical vertebra

Question 31

On each side of the sacral base is a large winglike mass called the:

A) ala.
B) base.
C) promontory.
D) superior articular process.

Question 32

The zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the midsagittal plane?

A) 45
B) 90
C) 15 to 20
D) 70 to 75

Question 33

The zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?

A) AP
B) Lateral
C) AP oblique
D) PA oblique

Question 34

The respiration phase for the "open mouth" AP projection of the atlas and axis is:

A) inspiration.
B) expiration.
C) suspended respiration.
D) softly phonate "ah" during the exposure.

Question 35

Which of the following describes the anatomy of interest for the Fuchs method?

A) AP, dens
B) AP, atlas and axis
C) AP, cervicothoracic region
D) Lateral, cervicothoracic region

Question 36

Where is the central ray directed for an "open mouth" AP projection of the atlas and axis?

A) Perpendicular through the open mouth
B) Perpendicular to the acanthion
C) Parallel to the acanthiomeatal line
D) Parallel to the orbitomeatal line

Question 37

The intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the midsagittal plane?

A) 45
B) 90
C) 15 to 20
D) 70 to 75

Question 38

The intervertebral foramina of the superior four lumbar vertebrae are situated how many degrees from the midsagittal plane?

A) 90
B) 15 to 20
C) 30 to 50
D) 70 to 75

Question 39

The condition of the lumbar spine in which there is anterior displacement of one vertebra over another is termed:

A) scoliosis.
B) spondylolysis.
C) spondylolisthesis.
D) scoliokyphosis.

Question 40

What is the central-ray angulation for the AP projection of the dens, Fuchs method?

A) 0 degrees
B) 5 degrees caudad
C) 15 degrees cephalad
D) 20 degrees cephalad

Question 41

The phase of respiration for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral cervical spine is:

A) shallow breathing.
B) suspended respiration.
C) full expiration.
D) full inspiration.

Question 42

Where is the central ray directed for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?

A) Second cervical vertebra
B) Third cervical vertebra
C) Fourth cervical vertebra
D) Seventh cervical vertebra

Question 43

Where is the IR centered for a lateral cervical spine (Grandy method)?

A) Second cervical vertebra
B) Third cervical vertebra
C) Fourth cervical vertebra
D) Seventh cervical vertebra

Question 44

What is the recommended SID for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?

A) 40 inches
B) 48 inches
C) 54 inches
D) 60 to 72 inches

Question 45

Which of the following is placed perpendicular to the tabletop for the AP axial cervical vertebrae?

A) Glabellomeatal line
B) Orbitomeatal line
C) Acanthiomeatal line
D) The occlusal plane

Question 46

What is the recommended SID for the lateral cervical spine (Grandy method)?

A) 40 inches
B) 48 inches
C) 40 to 55 inches
D) 60 to 72 inches

Question 47

The central-ray angle for an AP axial of cervical vertebrae is:

A) 10 degrees cephalad.
B) 20 degrees cephalad.
C) 15 to 20 degrees cephalad.
D) variable, depending on the body habitus.

Question 48

What is the central-ray angle for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?

A) 15 degrees cephalad
B) 15 to 20 degrees cephalad
C) 15 to 20 degrees caudad
D) Perpendicular

Question 49

The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which of the following projections?
1)AP axial
2)AP axial oblique
3)PA axial oblique

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 2 and 3
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 50

How are small weights applied to the arms for the lateral projection of the cervical spine (Grandy method)?

A) Affixed to the elbows
B) Affixed to the wrists
C) Held in the hands
D) Held by the fingers

Question 51

Which projection of the cervical spine will demonstrate the lower five zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine?
1)Lateral
2)Lateral in hyperflexion
3)Lateral in hyperextension

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 2 and 3
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 52

Where is the IR centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral projection of the cervical spine?

A) Second cervical vertebra
B) Third cervical vertebra
C) Fourth cervical vertebra
D) Seventh cervical vertebra

Question 53

Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?

A) Those farthest from the IR
B) Those closest to the IR
C) Both sides equally demonstrated
D) The inferior six closest to the IR

Question 54

Where is the central ray centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral cervical spine?

A) Second cervical vertebra
B) Third cervical vertebra
C) Fourth cervical vertebra
D) Seventh cervical vertebra

Question 55

Where is the IR centered for an AP axial cervical spine?

A) Second cervical vertebra
B) Third cervical vertebra
C) Fourth cervical vertebra
D) Seventh cervical vertebra

Question 56

How much is the body rotated for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?

A) 45 degrees
B) 60 degrees
C) 70 degrees
D) 40 to 60 degrees

Question 57

How much is the body rotated for a PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?

A) 30 degrees
B) 45 degrees
C) 50 degrees
D) 60 degrees

Question 58

The Grandy method is a(n):

A) lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae.
B) lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region.
C) AP/PA thoracolumbar spine.
D) lateral thoracolumbar spine.

Question 59

Where is the central ray directed for a lateral cervical spine?

A) Third cervical vertebra
B) Fourth cervical vertebra
C) Fifth cervical vertebra
D) Seventh cervical vertebra

Question 60

The respiration phase for a lateral cervical spine is:

A) full expiration.
B) full inspiration.
C) suspended respiration.
D) softly phonate "ah" during the exposure.

Question 61

Where is the central ray directed for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer's technique)?

A) C4
B) C5
C) C6-C7 interspace
D) C7-T1 interspace

Question 62

Which of the following should be performed to place the back in contact with the table for an AP thoracic spine?
1)Flex the hips.
2)Flex the knees.
3)Flex the cervical spine.

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 2 and 3
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 63

The respiration phase for an AP or PA axial oblique projection of the cervical spine is:

A) shallow breathing.
B) suspended respiration.
C) full inspiration.
D) full expiration.

Question 64

How is the neck positioned for the AP axial projection of the vertebral arch (pillars)?

A) With the occlusal plane perpendicular to the image receptor
B) With the occlusal plane parallel to the image receptor
C) In hyperextension
D) In hyperflexion

Question 65

What is the central-ray angulation for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer's technique) when the shoulder can be depressed?

A) 0 degrees
B) 5 degrees caudad
C) 10 degrees caudad
D) 15 degrees caudad

Question 66

The swimmer's technique demonstrates the cervicothoracic region in which projection?

A) AP
B) Lateral
C) AP axial
D) AP axial oblique

Question 67

Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?

A) Those closest to the IR
B) Those farthest from the IR
C) Both sides are equally demonstrated
D) The inferior side farthest from the IR

Question 68

Where does the central ray exit for the AP axial oblique projection to demonstrate the cervical spine pillars and laminae?

A) C4
B) C5
C) C7
D) T2

Question 69

Where is the IR centered for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer's technique)?

A) C5
B) C6
C) C6-C7 interspace
D) C7-T1 interspace

Question 70

What is the central-ray angle for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?

A) 45 degrees cephalad
B) 45 degrees caudad
C) 15 to 20 degrees cephalad
D) 15 to 20 degrees caudad

Question 71

Which of the following methods uses a chewing motion of the mandible to demonstrate the cervical spine in an AP projection?

A) Ottonello
B) Grandy
C) Twining
D) Fuchs

Question 72

Where should the superior edge of the IR/collimated field be placed for an AP projection of the thoracic vertebrae?

A) 1 inch above the shoulders
B) 1 to 2 inches above the shoulders
C) 1 to 2 inches below the shoulders
D) At the level of the shoulders

Question 73

What is the central-ray angulation for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine on a trauma patient?

A) 15 to 20 degrees caudad
B) 15 to 20 degrees cephalad
C) 30 to 40 degrees caudad
D) 30 to 40 degrees cephalad

Question 74

Which projection is recommended to demonstrate the cervical vertebral arches or pillars when the patient cannot hyperextend the neck?

A) AP axial
B) PA axial
C) AP axial oblique with right and left head rotation
D) Lateral projection, dorsal decubitus position

Question 75

For the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer's technique), the recommended position of the humeral head closest to the IR is move

A) anteriorly.
B) posteriorly.
C) medially.
D) laterally.

Question 76

Where is the central ray directed for a PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?

A) Second cervical vertebra
B) Third cervical vertebra
C) Fourth cervical vertebra
D) Seventh cervical vertebra

Question 77

When the shoulder is immobile and cannot be depressed sufficiently for the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer's technique), the central ray is angled:

A) 10 to 20 degrees cephalad.
B) 10 to 20 degrees caudad.
C) 3 to 5 degrees caudad.
D) 3 to 5 degrees cephalad.

Question 78

The swimmer's technique lateral projection is performed to demonstrate the:

A) cervical vertebrae.
B) thoracic vertebrae.
C) atlas and axis.
D) cervicothoracic vertebrae.

Question 79

Which of the following will demonstrate the cervicothoracic region in the lateral projection?

A) Ottonello method
B) Swimmer's technique
C) Ferguson method
D) Fuchs method

Question 80

What is the central-ray angle for an AP thoracic spine?

A) 3 to 5 degrees caudad
B) 3 to 5 degrees cephalad
C) 5 to 7 degrees caudad
D) 5 to 7 degrees cephalad