Deck 14: Viruses, Cancer, and Immunology

Question 1

Which of the following is not related to ex vivo gene therapy?

A) gag genes
B) pol genes
C) MMLV
D) adenovirus
E) expression cassettes

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the function of protein spikes on a virus?

A) They protect the genome.
B) They are involved with incorporation of the genome into that of host (lysogeny).
C) They transcribe the RNA genome into a DNA copy.
D) They help the virus attach to the host.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of reverse transcriptase?

A) It's involved in viral attachment to a host cell.
B) It uses an RNA template to make a double-stranded DNA.
C) It uses DNA to synthesize an RNA in the 3' → 5' direction.
D) It joins the gene segments that code for antibodies.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The capsid of a virus is composed of

A) DNA or RNA.
B) protein.
C) lipid.
D) carbohydrate.

Question 5

Which of the following classes of organisms can viruses infect?

A) bacteria
B) plants
C) animals
D) All of these

Question 6

The large-T protein of SV40 is an example of a(n)

A) epitope.
B) spike protein.
C) oncogene.
D) receptor.

Question 7

Which of the following does not arise from a defect in the immune system?

A) Allergies.
B) Sugar intolerance.
C) Autoimmune diseases.
D) Immunodeficiency.
E) All of these can be caused by defects in the immune system.

Question 8

Ebola virus is an example of a ________ virus

A) non-enveloped DNA containing
B) enveloped DNA containing
C) non-enveloped RNA containing
D) enveloped RNA containing
E) none of these

Question 9

The term antibody is essentially interchangeable with

A) immunoglobulin.
B) reverse transcriptase.
C) allergen.
D) vaccine.

Question 10

The first vaccine was made against

A) smallpox.
B) rhinoviruses.
C) HIV.
D) SV40.

Question 11

A viral genome is

A) always double-stranded.
B) always single-stranded.
C) may be double or single stranded.
D) always made of DNA
E) always made of RNA

Question 12

A virus life cycle that involves the incorporation of the viral DNA into the host chromosome is

A) lysogeny.
B) lytic.
C) oncogenic.
D) non-existent.

Question 13

Colds are commonly caused by

A) SV40.
B) retroviruses.
C) coronaviruses.
D) rhinoviruses.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a feature common to all retroviruses?

A) Reverse Transcriptase (RT)
B) Retroviral Coat Protein (CP)
C) Retroviral Envelope Protein (EP)
D) Sarcoma Oncogenes

Question 15

What happens to the DNA copy of the retroviral RNA genome after it is produced?

A) It is incorporated into the host's DNA.
B) It is transcribed to produce mRNAs.
C) It is wrapped in a capsid for export from the cell.
D) It is replicated as a plasmid.

Question 16

Long terminal repeats (LTRs) are involved in which part of the retroviral lifecycle?

A) incorporating the viral genome into the host genome
B) replicating the viral DNA
C) creating the nucleocapsid
D) production of spike proteins
E) none of these

Question 17

Clonal selection is the ability of the immune system to control the proliferation of antigen-specific cells, since it has a mechanism to recognize which cells interact with that antigen.

Question 18

Antibodies have two binding sites to react with antigens.

Question 19

The most successful use of gene therapy in humans so far involves the disease ____.

A) cystic fibrosis
B) diabetes
C) severe combined immunodeficiency
D) muscular dystrophy
E) none of these have had any success

Question 20

Herpes viruses are examples of _______ viruses.

A) non-enveloped DNA containing
B) enveloped DNA containing
C) enveloped RNA containing
D) non-enveloped RNA containing
E) none of these

Question 21

The ability of cancer cells to travel to other parts of the body and produce new tumors is called

A) immortality.
B) oncogenesis.
C) metastasis.
D) suppression.

Question 22

More than one type of antigen can bind to an antibody, but there is only one type of antibody for each antigen.

Question 23

Which of the following genes in normal cells can be related to oncogenes?

A) Cyclins, which regulate the timing of cell division.
B) Tumor suppressing proteins.
C) Hormone receptors on the surface of the cell.
D) Protein kinases, which regulate the activity of cellular proteins.
E) Oncogenes include examples of all of these.

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of an autoimmune disease?

A) rheumatoid arthritis
B) lupus
C) some forms of diabetes
D) all of these

Question 25

The protein called p53 is especially important in cancer because:

A) Protein p53 has the ability to prevent cells from dividing.
B) Protein p53 has the ability to repair mutations.
C) Protein p53 can cause damaged cells to enter programmed cell death.
D) Protein p53 can prevent cells from dividing and cause to enter programmed cell death.
E) All of these.

Question 26

An epitope is

A) a disease-causing organism.
B) a binding site for an antigen on an antibody.
C) a class of plasma cell.
D) a protein secreted by T cells to activate the growth of other cells.

Question 27

Herceptin is a

A) protein found in liver cancer
B) drug designed to fight a specific type of breast cancer
C) drug that inhibits autoimmune diseases
D) none of these

Question 28

Which of the following cells actually makes antibodies?

A) T cells.
B) B cells.
C) NK cells.
D) Dendritic cells.

Question 29

Which of the following cell types kills cells that have been infected by viruses or that are cancerous?

A) NK cells
B) dendritic cells
C) T cells
D) B cells

Question 30

Which of the following is not true?

A) vaccination is the same as immunization
B) vaccination was originally a derisive term used by the French
C) vaccination always uses heat killed viruses
D) Edward Jenner used cowpox as a model for developing a vaccine
E) Edward Jenner's experiments would be illegal today

Question 31

Viruses can be genetically engineered to specifically target cancer cells.

Question 32

Proteins which inhibit transcription of genes that would cause increased replication are called

A) oncogenes.
B) tumor suppressors.
C) cytokines.
D) interleukins.

Question 33

Antibodies are the most variable protein sequences in the human body.

Question 34

Which of the following contributes to the variability of the immunoglobulins?

A) A variety of different DNA sequences are physically attached together to generate a huge number of different antibody genes.
B) The linking regions between these DNA sequences are also highly variable.
C) The synthesis of mRNA in the antibody cells is very variable, producing many different proteins from one gene.
D) There are several hundred to one thousand different genes for the variable part of the antibody sequence.
E) All of these mechanisms contribute to the variety of antibodies in the immune system.

Question 35

Which of the following cell types engulf invaders and display portions of their proteins to other cells?

A) NK cells
B) dendritic cells
C) T cells
D) B cells

Question 36

Monoclonal antibodies arise from proliferation of a single B cell.

Question 37

Hybridomas, which produce monoclonal antibodies, are made by fusing cells of the immune system with

A) cancerous cells.
B) viruses.
C) bacterial cells.
D) ribosomes.

Question 38

Dendritic cells

A) secrete cytokines, recruiting other cells to destroy microbes.
B) display antigens associated with MHC proteins.
C) produce antibodies.
D) bind to antigens, which leads to their proliferation.

Question 39

The designation of white blood cells as T cells and B cells refers to whether the cells develop primarily in the Thymus gland or the Bone marrow.

Question 40

Which of the following descriptions of T cells is true?

A) They produce interleukins.
B) They display MHCs.
C) They produce antibodies.
D) They act as either helper or killer cells.
E) They carry out all these functions.

Question 41

Which of the following is not a reason that AIDS has been difficult to erradicate?

A) It is slow acting
B) the HIV reverse transcriptase is inaccurate
C) the gp120 protein makes a conformational change when it binds to the CD4 receptor causing antibodies to be ineffective
D) HIV evades the innate immune system
E) it gives the infected individual multiple symptoms within weeks of infection

Question 42

Which of the following is the most direct reason that AIDS is deadly?

A) HIV is a retrovirus
B) HIV enters helper T-cells
C) Budding HIV particles damage helper T-cell membranes lowering the helper T-cell count
D) HIV has an RNA genome
E) none of these explain why HIV is deadly