Deck 6: Social Identity, personality, and Gender

Question 1

The assumptions involved in the concept of enculturation may be traced to and illuminated by an understanding of the concept of tabula rasa,a term which _______________.

A)means racial metaphoric agenda
B)means blank slate
C)was used by the philosopher John Locke
D)was used as a metaphor for the newborn infant who gets written on by experience
E)all of the above except a

Answer 1

all of the above except a

Question 2

A study of child-rearing among the Ju/'hoansi of Africa indicates that _______________.

A)boys and girls are raised in a very similar manner and are both mild-mannered and self-reliant
B)because girls are out gathering most of the time,they are expected to be more aggressive and self-reliant than boys are
C)mothers spend the least amount of time with their children,and thus the children identify strongly with their fathers
D)boys do more work than girls
E)boys have less responsibility than girls and get to play more of the time

Answer 2

boys and girls are raised in a very similar manner and are both mild-mannered and self-reliant

Question 3

Navajo babies begin to learn the importance of community at the _______________.

A)Baptism Ritual
B)Corn Goddess Ceremony
C)Sadhu Ritual
D)First Laugh Ceremony
E)Walkabout Ceremony

Answer 3

First Laugh Ceremony

Question 4

Which of the following statements about self-awareness is incorrect?

A)Self-awareness occurs earlier in children as a function of the amount of social stimulation they receive.
B)At 15 weeks of age,the home-reared infant in North America is in contact with its mother for about 20% of the time.
C)At 15 weeks of age,infants in the Ju/'hoansi society of South Africa's Kalahari Desert are in close contact with their mothers about 70% of the time.
D)American children develop self-awareness earlier than do Ju/'hoansi children.
E)All of the above are correct.

Question 5

The agents of enculturation _______________.

A)are persons involved in transmitting culture to the next generation
B)are at first the members of the family into which the child is born
C)vary,depending on the structure of the family into which a child is born
D)include peer groups and school teachers
E)all of the above

Question 6

A book by Margaret Mead called Coming of Age in Samoa,published in 1928,_______________.

A)suggested that adolescent turmoil was due more to biological development than to cultural training
B)stimulated interest in anthropology
C)suggested that adolescent turmoil was due more to cultural training than to universal biological development
D)was a deliberate test of a Western psychological hypothesis
E)all but a

Question 7

The _______________ includes definitions and explanations of objects,spatial orientation,and temporal orientation,as well as culturally defined values,ideals,and standards that provide an individual with a normative orientation.

A)vital self
B)tabula rasa
C)behavioral environment
D)patterns of affect
E)core values

Question 8

An individual's personality _______________.

A)is a product of enculturation
B)is influenced by an individual's genetic makeup
C)is a kind of cognitive map functioning throughout an individual's lifetime
D)is an integrated,dynamic system of perceptual assemblages,which includes the self and its behavioral environment,that develops over time
E)all of the above

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the concept of tabula rasa is incorrect?

A)The concept expresses the idea that adult personalities are formed largely by their biological genetic inheritance.
B)The concept was formulated by John Locke in the late 17th century.
C)The textbook disagrees with the concept,saying that it ignores the influences of unique inherited tendencies which contribute to the formation of personality.
D)The textbook recognizes the contributions of the concept in its emphasis on the importance of life experiences in shaping personality.
E)The concept reflects the idea that it is important to look at the influence of culture on the development of personality.

Question 10

Child-rearing practices that foster compliance on the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on the family,rather than reliance on oneself,are called _______________.

A)dependence training
B)independence training
C)enculturation
D)patterns of affect
E)core values

Question 11

The concept of tabula rasa _______________.

A)was developed in the 20th century
B)implies that individuals are shaped primarily by their experiences,which differ from culture to culture
C)states that the races are biologically different
D)tabulates the influence of race on culture
E)is a linguistic method of doing frame substitution

Question 12

One becomes the owner of one's self and capacities in societies that practice _______________.

A)a strong moral system
B)dependence training
C)adherence to the letter of the law
D)any form of religion
E)independence training

Question 13

Margaret Mead's study of three societies in New Guinea demonstrated that _______________.

A)women are biologically programmed to be passive,obedient,compliant,loyal and caring
B)men are biologically programmed to be tough,aggressive,assertive,dominant,self-reliant and achievement-oriented
C)women are biologically programmed to be tough,angry,and efficient
D)men are biologically programmed to be interested in self-decoration,art,theater and petty gossip
E)none of the above

Question 14

The _______________ do not consider an infant truly "human" until they have given it a name.

A)Icelanders
B)Aymara Indians
C)Hopi
D)Netsilik Inuit
E)Iroquois Indians

Question 15

_______________ is the process by which culture is passed from one generation to the next,and through which individuals become members of their society.

A)Assimilation
B)Enculturation
C)Acculturation
D)Accommodation
E)Adaptation

Question 16

Dependence training is more likely in _______________.

A)nuclear families
B)societies whose subsistence is based on pastoralism
C)a food foraging society
D)extended families in societies whose economy is based on subsistence farming
E)industrial societies

Question 17

Margaret Mead's groundbreaking work in culture and personality published in 1928 was a deliberate test of a Western psychological hypothesis.What was this hypothesis?

A)Lowering the drinking age will promote promiscuity.
B)Child-rearing practices have no effect on adult personality.
C)The stress and conflict experienced by American adolescents is a universal phenomenon based on maturing hormones.
D)By changing child-rearing practices,we can change the structure of society.
E)By lowering the driving age,we can promote less stress among adolescents.

Question 18

In studying three societies in New Guinea,Margaret Mead found that the roles played by men and women were determined primarily by _______________.

A)genetic heritage
B)biological heritage
C)culture
D)animistic influence
E)the food they ate

Question 19

Enculturation begins with the development of self-awareness,which may be defined as _______________.

A)the ability to assume roles
B)the ability to identify oneself as an object,to react to oneself,and to appraise oneself
C)the process by which the self adapts to a particular environment
D)the process by which an individual identifies right and wrong
E)the belief that one has lived a previous life

Question 20

Among the Yanomami,_______________.

A)all men are fierce and warlike
B)all men are quiet and retiring
C)there is a range of personalities
D)a quiet and retiring Yanomami would not survive
E)a fierce and warlike Yanomami would not survive

Question 21

Biomedicine is the predominant medical system found in _______________.

A)Hindu cultures
B)Native American societies
C)indigenous societies
D)Asia,Africa,and Latin America
E)Euramerica

Question 22

The core value to which European-Americans subscribe is,according to Francis Hsu,_______________.

A)cooperation
B)dependence
C)generosity in sharing
D)rugged individualism
E)the development of self,rather than the accumulation of things

Question 23

A(n)_______________ child is given it name by its father's sister on the sixth day of its life at a sunrise service.

A)Icelander
B)Aymara
C)Hopi
D)Netsilik Inuit
E)Iroquois

Question 24

A sadhu is a _______________.

A)kind of mental illness
B)Hindu ascetic monk
C)Native American "two-spirit"
D)fierce Yanomamo warrior
E)psychosomatic disorder

Question 25

_______________ orientation includes standards that indicate what ranges of behavior are acceptable for males and females in a particular society.

A)Spatial
B)Temporal
C)Normative
D)Object
E)Gender

Question 26

The term "core values" refers to _______________.

A)those aspects of culture that pertain to the way a culture makes its living
B)rules that guide family and home life
C)those values which are emphasized by a particular culture
D)common shares in Apple Corporation
E)the values of the 1960s counter culture movement

Question 27

Which of the following statements about modal personality is correct?

A)Although a modal personality may be found for a particular society,a range of personalities may exist in that society.
B)Although the modal personality may be considered "normal" for that society,it may be shared by less than half of the population.
C)Those who study modal personality accept the fact that there may be abnormal individuals in that society.
D)Data on modal personality are usually gathered by the use of psychological tests such as the Rorschach and TAT.
E)All of the above are correct.

Question 28

The Windigo of the Ojibwa can be used as an example of _______________.

A)paranoid schizophrenia
B)uncontrolled flatulence
C)an ethnic psychosis
D)disorder being expressed in ways compatible with traditional Ojibwa culture
E)all but b

Question 29

"Two-spirit" is a male,passive homosexual in Native North American societies formerly known as _______________.

A)berdache
B)rorschach
C)sadhu
D)man-woman
E)zuni

Question 30

Although the study of national character has been severely criticized,some anthropologists have argued that there is a new urgency to such studies because we need to know what motivates the decision makers in modern nations.An important leader in this area today is Francis Hsu who suggests that we use the concept of _______________.

A)configurations
B)core values
C)cultural themes
D)basic personality structure
E)modal personality

Question 31

Studies of _______________ were developed during the 1930s and 1940s to explore the idea that basic personality traits were shared by most of the people in modern nations.

A)modal personality
B)national character
C)stereotype
D)group personality
E)independence training

Question 32

An ethnic psychosis refers to _______________.

A)a psychotic episode experienced by a person from an exotic culture
B)a progressive disease which strikes anthropologists when they spend more than twelve months in the field
C)a psychosis characterized by symptoms peculiar to a particular group
D)a universal form of mental illness
E)a biologically based disease that resembles schizophrenia

Question 33

One of the pioneers of anthropology is _______________.

A)Nancy Scheper-Hughes
B)Catherine Bateson
C)Mary Douglas
D)Margaret Mead
E)Ruth Benedict

Question 34

Today in Native American Societies the preferred term to describe an individual who falls between the categories of "man" and "woman" is known as _______________.

A)berdache
B)gay
C)passive homosexual
D)two-spirit
E)effeminate

Question 35

What does R.K.Williamson mean by the difference between the "blessed gift" and "the curse"?

A)These are two different approaches to the formation of childhood personality.
B)This is the Native American view of menstruation and childbirth.
C)This is the responsibility to be a shaman upon reaching adulthood.
D)These are two different cultural perspectives of intersexuality.
E)They are two different perspectives of homosexual behavior.

Question 36

The personality typical of a society,as indicated by the central tendency of a defined frequency distribution,is called,_______________.

A)a core value
B)a nuclear personality
C)a pattern of affect
D)culture and personality
E)a modal personality

Question 37

Early studies of the relationship between personality and culture had assumed that they were essentially the same;culture stamped out identical personalities like cars off an assembly line.A more statistical concept of psychological traits in a society is the concept of a _______________.

A)basic personality structure
B)modal personality
C)Rorschach
D)national character
E)configuration

Question 38

Which of the following is not a culture-bound mental illness?

A)windigo
B)amok
C)anorexia nervosa
D)sadhu
E)koro

Question 39

You are studying the modal personality of a particular group of people by giving them Rorschach tests.In American society,a response to the white background (the PG on which the inkblots are placed)has been associated with the psychological trait of negativism.You are puzzled because you are getting a lot of white responses,but the people don't appear to be negative in other respects.Then you find out that their favorite color is white,and that they are treating the color of the PG not as a background but as a part of the design of the inkblot.This is an example of one of the problems faced by people trying to measure modal personality,which is _______________.

A)that people do not give consistent responses to the same picture from one day to the next
B)that not everyone in a society has the same personality
C)that tests devised in one cultural setting may not be appropriate in another
D)that language problems can create misinterpretations
E)none of the above

Question 40

People who are born with reproductive organs,genitalia,and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female are called _______________.

A)androgynous
B)berdache
C)castrati
D)transgenders
E)intersexuals

Question 41

For anthropology,_______________ developed the idea that personality is a cultural construct.

A) Benjamin D. Paul
B) Betty Friedan
C) Michael Cole
D) Elizabeth Colson
E) Ruth Fulton Benedict

Question 42

_______________ are child-rearing practices that foster compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and reliance on the domestic group,rather than reliance on themselves.

A)Independence training
B)Assertiveness training
C)"Tough love" training
D)Domesticity training
E)Dependence training

Question 43

What anthropologist did ground breaking work on personality as a cultural construct?

A)Margaret Mead
B)R.K. Williamson
C)Franz Boas
D)Francis Hsu
E)Ruth Benedict

Question 44

An alternative to the concept of national character is ______________________.

A)modal personality
B)core values
C)stereotyping
D)group personality
E)independence training

Question 45

Female anthropologist _________________________________ stated that the purpose of anthropology is to "make the world safe for human differences."

A)Nancy Scheper-Hughes
B)Catherine Bateson
C)Mary Douglas
D)Margaret Mead
E)Ruth Benedict

Question 46

Even though flawed,national character studies were important to anthropological research because they helped to turn studies from small-scale farming communities,hunters and foragers,to ___________________________________________ .

A)large-scale contemporary state societies
B)urban homeless
C)stereotypes
D)large-scale multinational characteristics
E)independence training

Question 47

Ideal personality traits among _______________ men would include being fierce,belligerent,and flamboyant.

A)Arapesh
B)Ju/'hoansi
C)Cherokee
D)Penobscot
E)Yanomami

Question 48

Windigo would be an example of a so-called _______________.

A)ethnic identity crisis
B)universal psychosis
C)psychotic break
D)ethnic psychosis
E)altered state of consciousness

Question 49

_______________ is the distinctive way a person thinks,feels,and behaves.

A)Effectivity
B)Individuality
C)Emotionality
D)Personality
E)Temperamental

Question 50

Female anthropologist _________________________________ is known for her research on the island of Manus.She examined the thought processes of children through their drawings.

A)Nancy Scheper-Hughes
B)Catherine Bateson
C)Mary Douglas
D)Margaret Mead
E)Ruth Benedict

Question 51

In 1690 _______________ presented his tabula rasa theory.This idea held that the newborn human baby was like a blank slate,and what the individual became in life was written on the slate by her or his life experiences.

A)William Shakespeare
B)John Locke
C)Franz Boas
D)Amadeus Mozart
E)Alfred Newton

Question 52

The core values of _______________ culture promote the integration of the individual into a larger group.

A)Scandinavian
B)Filipino
C)Jewish
D)Chinese
E)Anglo-American

Question 53

Several years ago the Italian tourism minister commented on the "typical characteristics" of Germans,causing a huge controversy as to whether or not a people could be labeled.This labeling and grouping is called ____________________________.

A)modal personality
B)national character
C)stereotype
D)group personality
E)independence training

Question 54

What is the fear reaction of being bewitched found among Algonquian hunters?

A)amok
B)latah
C)berdache
D)sadhu
E)windigo

Question 55

Female anthropologist _________________________________ wrote the influential book,"Patterns of Culture."

A)Nancy Scheper-Hughes
B)Catherine Bateson
C)Mary Douglas
D)Margaret Mead
E)Ruth Benedict

Question 56

In Western countries,a culture-bound psychological disorder known as _______________ occurs most frequently among young women in which a preoccupation with thinness produces a refusal to eat.

A)pibloktoq
B)amok
C)anorexia nervosa
D)bulumia
E)latah

Question 57

_______________________________ fosters self-reliance rather than group-reliance.

A)Enculturation training
B)Independence training
C)Dependence training
D)Transference training
E)Community training

Question 58

In traditional Ju/'hoansi society,fathers and mothers alike show great indulgence to children.A result of this indulgence is that the children _______________________________.

A)do not fear or respect men more than they do women
B)fear both parents equally
C)are spoiled and intolerant of other children
D)do not know how to show proper respect for their fathers
E)have to learn proper respect much later in life

Question 59

In North American society self-awareness does not occur until about ________ years of age.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5
E)6

Question 60

Childrearing practices that encourage compliance in performing tasks and dependence upon the group rather than on ones individuality is called _______________________________.

A)enculturation training
B)independence training
C)dependence training
D)transference training
E)community training

Question 61

The extent to which Native Americans see spirituality is reflected in their belief that all things have spirit.

Question 62

The Native American typically views intersexed individuals in a very positive and affirming light.

Question 63

American children are among the earliest to develop a concept of self because of the high level of social stimulation they receive.

Question 64

A comparison of child rearing among the hunter-gatherer Ju/'hoansi with child-rearing among settled agriculturalists demonstrates that personality characteristics related to gender are strongly affected by the way a group makes its living.

Question 65

From the Native American perspective the spirit of a human is superior to the spirit of any other thing.

Question 66

Ruth Benedict did a study comparing gender in three NEW Guinea societies.

Question 67

To Native Americans the function of religion is not to try to condemn or to change what exists,but to accept the realities of the world and to appreciate their contributions to life.

Question 68

What has seemed to be "normal" in the past,would through enculturation,remain normal in the future.

Question 69

The concept of __________________________________ refers to the idea that character traits which occur with the most frequency in a cultural society are representative of the values that culture embraces.

A)national cultural traits
B)modal personality
C)national personality
D)social conformity models
E)community training

Question 70

Native Americans believe everything that exists has a purpose.

Question 71

Personalities are products of enculturation.

Question 72

The significance of the concept of tabula rasa is that it emphasizes the importance of culture rather than biological inheritance in determining an individual's characteristics.

Question 73

An intersexed child is derided and viewed as a "freak of nature" in traditional Native American culture.

Question 74

The Ju/'hoansi are a group of horticulturalists living in the Kalahari grasslands of southern Africa.

Question 75

Collective responsibility is not commonly required of North American children.

Question 76

Today,in the corporate world,to be called "hyper" or "manic" is increasingly an expression of disapproval.

Question 77

What is considered "normal" in a society is defined by culture.

Question 78

The work of Margaret Mead and others in the field of culture and personality contributed to the realization that what is defined as "human nature" depends on culture.

Question 79

Another name for an ethnic psychosis is a _______________________________.

A)mental ethnic syndrome
B)culture psychosis
C)cultural mental anomaly
D)culture bound syndrome
E)none of the above

Question 80

A society's economy and social structure helps structure how a child is brought up.