Deck 8: Economic Systems

Question 1

Among the Ju/'hoansi,children are not expected to contribute much to subsistence until _______________.

A)they are married
B)they are 10
C)they are 30
D)their early 40s
E)they are in their late teens

Answer 1

they are in their late teens

Question 2

When a tool is complex and difficult to make,it is usually considered to be owned by _______________.

A)the whole village in which it is used
B)a single individual
C)the state
D)all those who touch it
E)all relatives

Answer 2

a single individual

Question 3

The concept that by obligation wealthier members of the community give to less wealthy members so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else is called _______________.

A)conspicuous consumption
B)generalized reciprocity
C)a leveling mechanism
D)silent trade
E)negative reciprocity

Answer 3

a leveling mechanism

Question 4

In many nonindustrial societies,_______________.

A)people prefer to have fun rather than work
B)cooperative work is usually done with a festive,sociable air
C)cooperative work is always done in the cooperative household
D)cooperative work groups are organized primarily for profit
E)solitary work is usually preferred to cooperative work

Question 5

A typical Ju/'hoansi band requires about _______________ square miles of land.

A)10
B)75
C)250
D)500
E)800

Question 6

The produced resources used by all societies to produce goods and services include _____________.

A)raw materials
B)labor
C)technology
D)labor unions
E)all but d

Question 7

Among food foragers such as the Ju/'hoansi,_______________.

A)land is defined as a territory with usable resources and flexible boundaries that belongs to a band that has occupied it for a long time
B)land is thought of as belonging to those who have bought it
C)land is considered private property,and access to the land can be denied
D)land is owned by the ancestors and the living only use it
E)land is controlled by a corporation of strangers

Question 8

The Afar people of Ethiopia specialize in _______________.

A)mining gold
B)mining salt
C)mining coal
D)extracting minerals from sea water
E)sculpting quartz

Question 9

Which of the following situations involving gender division of labor are likely to produce a sense of equality among males and females?

A)Societies in which both males and females do each others' work without embarrassment.
B)Societies in which males and females have their own separate jobs,and certain jobs are considered superior to others.
C)Societies in which males and females have their own separate jobs,but the jobs are considered complementary and equally important.
D)a and c only.
E)None of the above.

Question 10

Kenya's first president was _______________,who was a trained anthropologist.

A)Franz Boas
B)Jomo Kenyatta
C)Idi Amin
D)Bashira Fox
E)George Washington

Question 11

In most societies,cooperation takes place in the basic unit of the _______________,where both production and consumption occur.

A)household
B)men's club
C)factory
D)church
E)local hotel

Question 12

Tools tend to be fewer and simpler among _______________.

A)mobile food foragers and pastoralists
B)semi-permanent horticulturalists
C)sedentary agriculturalists
D)wealthy industrialists
E)rice farmers

Question 13

Among horticulturalists,_______________.

A)the ax,machete and digging stick are very difficult to make and have to be made by specialists
B)tools are considered to be the sole property of individuals
C)the mobility required by their technology reduces the number of tools to a bare minimum
D)tools are considered to be owned equally by everyone
E)none of the above

Question 14

Among the Ju/'hoansi,_______________.

A)children are expected to contribute to subsistence from the time they are 7 or 8
B)elderly people past the age of 60 are expected to contribute hunted or gathered food to the group
C)elderly people are a valuable source of knowledge and wisdom about hunting and gathering
D)elderly people are taken care of grudgingly because after the age of 60 they contribute nothing to the group
E)children are expected to set up their own separate households by the time they are 12

Question 15

A(n)_______________ system is one in which goods are produced,distributed,and consumed.

A)economic
B)political
C)religious
D)kinship
E)industrial

Question 16

When a man works hard in his garden in the Trobriand Islands to produce yams,he does this to satisfy which of the following demands?

A)to have food for his household to eat
B)to gain prestige by giving yams away to his sister's husbands
C)to prove to his wife that he can work as hard as she can
D)to give the yams to his wife so that she can trade them for goods that they don't produce themselves
E)to trade for fish

Question 17

The following statements about land are made by persons who belong to food foraging,horticultural,pastoralist,intensive agriculturalist,and industrial societies.Which statement is most likely to be made by horticulturalists from a feudal system of land ownership in West Africa?

A)"The land of my people is the land around Spirit Lake where my ancestors emerged and where we hold annual ceremonies."
B)"I gave the land to my brother's son,who distributed it among his sons,for which they pay me ten days work a year.
When the eldest son died,I gave his land to my cousin,who needs more land for his growing family."
C)"I paid ten grand for that parcel of land in the desert,and expect it to double in value in the next five years."
D)"In the summer we go to our land in the mountains,and in the winter we pass through the land corridor to the east,using the water holes and meadows for grass until we reach the summer pastures."
E)"I inherited five acres of land from my mother,and rights to use the water from the river on three days a week."

Question 18

Cooperative work groups are found _______________.

A)in all societies,worldwide
B)only in nonliterate,nonindustrial societies
C)only in households with married parents and children
D)only in kinship groups
E)only in pastoralist societies

Question 19

Which of the following situations represents a flexible/integrated pattern of gender division of labor?

A)A pastoral nomadic camp in which the men spend most of the time with the herds,and women remain in camp and make butter and clothing.
B)An intensive agricultural society in which the men are out plowing the fields from dawn until dusk while the women are making bread,gathering eggs,making baskets,and other household work.
C)An industrial society in which a factory worker leaves for work at 7 a.m.
And returns home at 5:30 p.m. ,while his wife takes care of the children at home.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Question 20

"Greater wealth brings greater obligation to give." Such an obligation may be referred to as ________________.

A)reciprocity
B)redistribution
C)silent trade
D)a leveling mechanism
E)conspicuous consumption

Question 21

Which of the following is not a reason why recruiters from large multinational corporations might try to recruit anthropologists?

A)Big businesses are becoming increasingly dependent on the raw materials and labor of "Third World countries," which are typically studied by anthropologists.
B)Because anthropologists are intimately involved in the lives of the people they study,they can be recruited by the American government to spy on local insurgents and trouble-makers for big business.
C)Anthropologists can provide important information about the everyday etiquette expected in arranging business deals.
D)Anthropologists know the language of the people they study,and can provide translation and interpretation.
E)None of the above is a reason.

Question 22

Balanced reciprocity _______________.

A)is part of a long-term process in which nothing is specified about what is expected in return or when it is expected
B)involves the expectation of a specific and immediate exchange
C)usually occurs between members of different communities who may have a hostile,distrustful relationship
D)is exemplified by your stopping to give a stranger a lift,and replying,when he thanks you,"Pass it on to the next stranger you meet who needs your help"
E)does not occur in industrial societies

Question 23

For redistribution to be possible,a society must have _______________.

A)a cultural emphasis on generosity
B)an egalitarian social order
C)a centralized system of political organization
D)informal economy
E)industrialization and urbanization

Question 24

Reciprocity,redistribution,and market exchange are three modes of _______________ goods.

A)producing
B)planting
C)harvesting
D)consuming
E)distributing

Question 25

The Kula ring is a form of _______________ that reinforces trade relations among a group of seafaring Melanesians inhabiting a ring of islands off the eastern coast of Papua NEW Guinea.

A)negative reciprocity
B)balanced reciprocity
C)market exchange
D)silent trade
E)generalized reciprocity

Question 26

Cacao is better known as _______________.

A)coconuts
B)candle wax
C)chocolate
D)almond paste
E)carob

Question 27

Which of the following is not a chemical found in chocolate?

A)anandamide
B)anandamidelike chemical compounds
C)phenylethylamine
D)trytophan
E)formaldehyde

Question 28

From an economist's point of view,"market exchange" is defined by ________________.

A)the purchase of goods in a marketplace
B)the buying and selling of goods and services whose value is determined by supply and demand
C)the role of middlemen who bring buyers and sellers together
D)face-to-face bargaining for goods and/or services
E)the role of large multi-national corporations,using a formal stock exchange

Question 29

_______________ first described the Kula Ring,he observed it during ethnographic research among the Trobriand islanders between 1915-1918.

A)Franz Boas
B)Gordon Childe
C)Bronislaw Malinowski
D)Margaret Mead
E)A.R.
Radcliffe-Brown

Question 30

The Kula Ring _______________.

A)is a marriage ring made of shells
B)is found among the Ju/'hoansi
C)is found among the Andaman Islanders
D)is a circular trade route along which various goods flow in the South Pacific
E)is a form of silent trade

Question 31

A man in one village gives ten of his sheep that he knows are infected with disease to a man in another village in exchange for a jeep.This is an example of _______________.

A)generalized reciprocity
B)balanced reciprocity
C)negative reciprocity
D)silent trade
E)redistribution

Question 32

The U.S.system of paying income taxes every April is an example of _______________.

A)generalized reciprocity
B)balanced reciprocity
C)negative reciprocity
D)redistribution
E)market exchange

Question 33

The display of wealth for social prestige is called _______________.

A)A leveling mechanism
B)conspicuous consumption
C)redistribution
D)balanced reciprocity
E)barter

Question 34

Child labor plays an important role in ___________________.

A)family dynamics
B)economics
C)food-producing industrialized nations
D)interethnic fighting in Namibia
E)none of the above

Question 35

A network of producing and circulating marketable commodities,labor,and services that escape government control is called a(n)_______________ system.

A)black market
B)flea market
C)parallel market
D)formal market
E)informal market

Question 36

Leveling mechanisms _______________.

A)are more common in hunter-gatherer societies than in horticultural societies
B)result in one family becoming more wealthy than others
C)are found in communities where property is not be allowed to threaten an egalitarian social order
D)are more common in industrial societies than in agricultural societies
E)no longer exist

Question 37

The system by which goods flow into some central source in the South Pacific,and then out again to the community is called _______________.

A)a Kula Ring
B)redistribution
C)a cargo system
D)reciprocity
E)market exchange

Question 38

Market exchange is usually associated with _______________.

A)hunting and gathering bands
B)horticultural tribes
C)pastoral tribes
D)some sort of complex division of labor as well as a centralized political organization
E)the household as the unit of production and consumption

Question 39

When an Australian hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what is expected in return,he is exemplifying _______________.

A)generalized reciprocity
B)negative reciprocity
C)redistribution
D)potlatch
E)market exchange

Question 40

The mode of distribution called reciprocity refers to the exchange of goods and services _______________.

A)of unequal value
B)between persons in hierarchical relationships
C)for the purpose of maintaining social relationships and gaining prestige
D)to make a profit
E)to embarrass the person who gave the least

Question 41

Raw materials,labor,and technology are productive resources used by all societies.

Question 42

The function of the Kula Ring is to trade food and clothing for profit.

Question 43

The Kula ring is a form of barter in which no actual trade takes place.

Question 44

Among the _______________,children are not expected to contribute significantly to subsistence until they reach their late teens.

A)Hadza
B)Maya
C)Ju/'hoansi
D)Irish
E)Nuer

Question 45

Everyone in the world wants the same goods and services.

Question 46

The Inca Empire featured a highly efficient redistributive system.

Question 47

?Market exchange is defined as the exchange of goods through face-to-face bargaining in a market place.

Question 48

Anthropologist _______________ has studied ecotourism in the Amazon since 1993.

A)Amanda Stronza
B)Karen Harry
C)Barbara Roth
D)Jennifer Thompson
E)Steve Barnett

Question 49

_______________________ is a network of producing and circulating marketable commodities,labor,and services that for various reasons escapes government control.

A)Informal economy
B)IOUs
C)A credit card company
D)Bartering uses
E)Formal economy

Question 50

Something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value is called ______________.

A)contracts
B)IOUs
C)credit
D)barter
E)money

Question 51

The administration of the _______________ was one of the most efficient the world has ever known,both in the collection of taxes and methods of control.

A)Inca empire in Peru
B)Aztec empire in Mexico
C)Persian empire in Mesopotamia
D)Mongol empire in Asia and Asia Minor
E)Ottoman empire in the Near East

Question 52

When Spanish invaded Mexico and Guatemala,they adopted the local practice of using _______________ as money.

A)coins
B)gold
C)feathers
D)chocolate
E)salt

Question 53

Failure to overcome cultural biases can have serious economic _____________.

A)labor saving rewards
B)stimulations
C)challenges
D)benefits
E)Consequences.

Question 54

The fundamental characteristic of the market in non-Western societies is that _______________.

A)it is located in a rural area close to where produce is grown
B)it is found only in towns where produce is carted in
C)it is an abstract concept,where goods are exchanged over the internet
D)it is a traditional marketplace,where actual goods are exchanged
E)there is no concrete marketplace where actual goods are exchanged

Question 55

Among the _______________,men work in the fields to produce foods for the household;women prepare the food and take care of other chores that can be performed in or near the house.

A)Maya
B)Apache
C)Ju/'hoansi
D)Nuer
E)Bakhtiari

Question 56

Because anthropologists deal primarily with small-scale societies with nonindustrial technologies,they have little to contribute to international business.

Question 57

"Buyer beware!" is the philosophy many North American business people use.What type of reciprocal exchange does this philosophy imply?

A)balanced
B)negative
C)general
D)ambiguous
E)deceptive

Question 58

All societies have the same division of labor according to age: children play until their late teens while adults do the work.

Question 59

In North American society,the trading of baseball cards and the buying of drinks when one's turn comes at gatherings are examples of what type of reciprocity?

A)generalized
B)negative
C)balanced
D)derisive
E)neither are examples of any type of reciprocity

Question 60

Food producers have less craft specialization than food foragers.

Question 62

In most human societies,the basic cooperative unit is the household.

Question 63

Anthropological research methods work well when conducting food -foraging cross-cultural research but are worthless in studying the urbanized corporate way of life.

Question 64

The Kula ring used to involve thousands of men but no longer functions today.

Question 65

Cacao is a species of coconut tree used in potlatch exchanges.

Question 66

Jomo Kenyatta was Kenya's first president and was a trained anthropologist.

Question 67

Economic behavior can be analyzed in purely economic terms without ignoring crucial noneconomic considerations.

Question 68

Among the Inca there was such a thing as "chocolate money."

Question 69

Achieving an understanding of the economic systems of other peoples rather than assuming they agree with our own hopes and expectations has become important for corporate executives in today's world.

Question 70

Match the culture with its characteristic.

Question 71

The potlatch was a form of balanced reciprocity.