Deck 12: Politics, power, and Violence

Question 1

In the 19th century Darwin's theory of sexual differences between males and females was called _______________.

A)theory of sexual roles
B)theory of gender-interest association
C)theory of sexual selection
D)theory of biological sexuality
E)theory of biological selection

Answer 1

theory of sexual selection

Question 2

In a chiefdom,an individual's status is determined by membership in a _______________.

A)government
B)social class
C)bureaucracy
D)descent group
E)secret society

Answer 2

descent group

Question 3

An egalitarian,autonomous group composed of related people who occupy a single region is called a _______________.

A)government
B)form of political organization
C)band
D)tribe
E)state

Answer 3

band

Question 4

What does Richard Wrangham conclude about human violence and sexual selection?

A)males are better at diplomacy than females
B)sexual selection has no effect on biological differences
C)there are no differences between males and females
D)females' evolutionary interests cannot be met without cooperation from males
E)females are far more aggressive than males

Question 5

The term _______________ refers to the way power,or the ability to control others' behavior,is distributed or embedded in society.

A)social structure
B)political control
C)political organization
D)authoritarianism
E)dictatorship

Question 6

The case of the Swaziland may be used to illustrate that _______________.

A)states are not always characterized by impersonal bureaucracy
B)relationships within the state may be supported by familiar bonds of kinship and long-term personal and familiar relationships
C)states may be associated with an economic system in which pastoralism plays a major role
D)states are always characterized by impersonal bureaucracy
E)all but a

Question 7

The primary means of exchange or distributing goods in a chiefdom is

A)reciprocity
B)negative reciprocity
C)redistribution
D)market exchange
E)silent trade

Question 8

A group of nominally independent communities occupying a specific region,sharing a common language and culture,which is integrated by some unifying factor.This is the description of what type of political organization?

A)band
B)tribe
C)chiefdom
D)state
E)segmentary lineage system

Question 9

A _______________ is a regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single authority figure at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people.

A)band
B)kindred
C)chiefdom
D)phratry
E)common-interest association

Question 10

The tonowi (Big Man)of the Kapauku of New Guinea acquires political power by _______________.

A)being generous
B)being a good talker
C)being wealthy
D)being a male
E)all of the above

Question 11

A _______________ is a ranked society in which every member has a position in the hierarchy,and an individual's status is determined by membership in a descent group.

A)band
B)tribe
C)chiefdom
D)state
E)kindred

Question 12

The form of social organization typical of hunter-gatherers is the _______________,whereas horticulture and pastoralism are usually associated with the form of social organization called the _______________.

A)tribe/chiefdom
B)tribe/state
C)tribe/band
D)band/chiefdom
E)band/tribe

Question 13

The basis of the tonowi's wealth is _______________.

A)pigs
B)yams
C)money
D)shell necklaces
E)land

Question 14

The _______________ is the most formal of political organizations and is one of the hallmarks of civilization.Its political power is centralized in a government,which may legitimately use force to regulate the affairs of its citizens,as well as its relations with other similar political systems.

A)band
B)tribe
C)chiefdom
D)state
E)kindred

Question 15

The Kpelle are an example of a _______________.

A)tribe
B)band
C)chiefdom
D)state
E)none of the above

Question 16

The state is distinctive in the extensiveness of its legitimate use of _______________ to regulate the affairs of its citizens.

A)kinship
B)force
C)chiefs
D)religion
E)gossip

Question 17

Age-grade systems and common-interest associations are effective methods of integrating small autonomous units such as bands into larger social units.These methods may be described as _______________ systems of political organization.

A)segmentary
B)negotiated
C)state
D)nonkinship
E)kinship

Question 18

Bands and tribes are both _______________.

A)centralized
B)associated with industrialism
C)dependent on age groups for political organization
D)uncentralized and egalitarian
E)hierarchical in social organization

Question 19

The term political organization refers to the way _______________,or the ability to control others' behavior,is/are distributed or embedded in society.

A)resources
B)wealth
C)taxes
D)power
E)favors

Question 20

A centralized political institution established to manage and defend a complex,socially stratified society occupying a defined territory is a _______________.

A)tribe
B)chiefdom
C)state
D)tonowi
E)redistributive system

Question 21

_______________ sanctions attempt to precisely and explicitly regulate people's behavior.They can be positive (such as military decorations)or negative (such as imprisonment).

A)Hierarchical
B)Egalitarian
C)Informal
D)Formal
E)Magical

Question 22

The most widely known act of genocide in recent history was the attempt of the Nazis during World War II to wipe out _______________________________________.

A)European Jews and Roma
B)European Jews and Israelites
C)Gypsies
D)Polish people
E)Jews and Gentiles

Question 23

Sanctions are applied to _______________.

A)internalized social controls
B)holy behavior
C)externalized social controls
D)decadent behavior
E)ritualized behavior

Question 24

Which of the following are likely to be associated with any of the multiple types of warfare?

A)centralized political systems
B)the rise of cities
C)a technology that supports population growth
D)possession of complex,valuable property
E)all of the above

Question 25

A cross-cultural comparison of systems of political organization reveals that _______________.

A)many women who hold high office do so by virtue of their relationship to men
B)many women in positions of leadership adopt characteristics of temperament that are usually considered masculine
C)in many societies, women have as much political power as men
D)women may play an important role in political decisions even when they are not visible public leaders
E)all of the above

Question 26

In centralized societies,antisocial behavior is usually dealt with in a court system by the use of formal,negative sanctions involving the application of abstract rules and the use of force.The primary aim is _______________.

A)to help the victim
B)to renew social relations between the victim and the perpetrator of the crime
C)to prevent witchcraft from being used
D)to assign and punish guilt
E)to provide a good show for the spectators

Question 27

Laura Nader called upon her colleagues at Berkeley to ________________________.

A)protest the Vietnam War
B)demonstrate for civil rights
C)organize their lives
D)examine the Navajo way of life
E)"study up" and do research on the world's power elite

Question 28

Adamson Hoebel defined _______________ as a social norm enforced by the legitimate use (or threat of use)of physical force.

A)law
B)negotiation
C)mediation
D)adjudication
E)informal sanctions

Question 29

Which of the following is not a form of political organization?

A)tribe
B)band
C)group
D)chiefdom
E)state

Question 30

When a disruptive dispute occurs among members of Ju/'hoansi or Inuit bands,it is usually defined as an offense against _______________.

A)the community
B)the moral order
C)the gods
D)the individual
E)the anthropologist

Question 31

Among the Igbo of Nigeria,______________.

A)men and women each had separate,autonomous spheres of political activity
B)women were bought and sold as slaves
C)women were imprisoned in their homes and allowed out only on marketing days
D)men and women lived in separate villages
E)men had no political role in the village,which was controlled and ruled by women

Question 32

The functions of law include _______________.

A)the definition of proper behavior in particular circumstances so that everyone is clear about their rights and duties
B)allocating authority to use coercion to enforce sanctions
C)protecting the rich from the poor
D)redefining what is proper behavior when situations change
E)all but c

Question 33

At the heart of political organization is _______________.

A)control of unacceptable social behavior
B)the legitimate use of force to maintain order
C)unequal access to power
D)the dominance of males over females
E)the development of egalitarian relationships

Question 34

In Western society,"personal offenses" pertains to offenses committed against _______________.

A)minorities
B)cities
C)individuals
D)the community
E)all of the above

Question 35

When the British imposed colonial rule on the Igbo of Nigeria,_______________.

A)they killed all the women
B)they introduced changes that sustained the equality of political power between the sexes
C)they introduced changes that made women more powerful than men
D)they did not recognize the political power of women,and introduced changes that resulted in women becoming subordinate to men
E)they introduced changes that caused men to change into women

Question 36

A method of resolving disputes in which the disputing parties voluntarily arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement is called _______________.

A)negotiation
B)mediation
C)adjudication
D)use of sanctions
E)law

Question 37

Wape villagers avoid quarreling with each other because _______________.

A)they are afraid that a ghost will misdirect a bullet and kill a quarreling person during hunting
B)they believe that a hunter misses his prey only because of the intervention of ancestral ghosts who are angry with quarreling in the community
C)they know they will be put in jail by the NEW Guinea government
D)a hunter will refuse to loan his gun to a quarreling person
E)the ancestors will go away from their villages if they quarrel

Question 38

How is social order maintained in bands and tribes?

A)public beatings
B)murder carried on under cover of darkness
C)occasional use of police and the court system
D)threats of killing the first-born child
E)gossip and fear of supernatural forces

Question 39

Awards,titles,recognition,imprisonment,corporal punishment,and ostracism from the community are all examples of _______________.

A)internalized controls
B)the Pago Pago principle
C)punishments typical of state-level societies only
D)sanctions
E)kinship principles

Question 40

"Warlike" behavior has not been widely observed among a group of _______________ in Tanzania.

A)chimpanzees
B)gorillas
C)baboons
D)orangutans
E)rhesus monkeys

Question 41

The _______________ authority system is characterized by a highly developed dual monarchy,a hereditary aristocracy,and elaborate kinship rituals,as well as by statewide age sets.

A)Swazi
B)Azande
C)Masai
D)Kikuyu
E)Zulu

Question 42

Which of the following societies provides not only a sanction against antisocial behavior but also a means of dealing with natural hostilities and death through witchcraft?

A)Kpelle
B)Aztecs
C)Maya
D)Azande
E)Crow

Question 43

_______________ is the ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own will.

A)force
B)sanction
C)legitimacy
D)authority
E)power

Question 44

Power based on _______________ always results in authority.

A)legitimacy
B)mediation
C)negotiation
D)sanctions
E)inevitability

Question 45

In the United States,the man who wears tennis shorts to a church service may be subject to a variety of _______________ sanctions,ranging from disapproving glances from the clergy to the chuckling of other parishioners.

A)cultural
B)anti-social
C)positive
D)formal
E)informal

Question 46

The anthropologist William L.Ury is helping to create a culture of negotiation in a world where adversarial,win-lose attitudes are out of step with increasingly interdependent relations between people.But as the collapse of the _______________ shows,the task is far from easy.

A)Yalta treaty
B)Israeli/Palestinian peace accords
C)U.S. missile defense plan
D)Chechen agreement
E)Northern Ireland's peace treaty between its Catholics and Protestants

Question 47

Playing a leading role in the development of the anthropology of law,_______________ has taken on specialists in the fields of law,children's issues,nuclear energy,and science,critically questioning the basic assumptions under which these experts operate.

A)Ralph Nader
B)Margaret Mead
C)Martha Knack
D)Laura Nader
E)Ruth Benedict

Question 48

By ______________________ Laura Nader has been able to successfully take on the specialists in the field of law,children's issues,and science,challenging them to critically question their basic assumptions under which they operate.

A)political and cultural configuration
B)confrontation
C)using Crow negotiating techniques
D)Studying-up
E)political activism

Question 49

We have ample reason to suppose war has become a problem only in the past ________ years,since the invention of food-production techniques and especially centralized states.

A)5,000
B)20,000
C)10,000
D)50,000
E)75,000

Question 50

Which of the following minority nations is trying to improve its political position by founding an independent state?

A)Kurds
B)Palestinians
C)Chechens
D)Aceh
E)a,b,and c above

Question 51

Another agent of control in societies may be _______________.

A)witchcraft
B)sorcerers
C)ostracism
D)fines set by judges
E)warriors

Question 52

Among the Kapauku of west New Guinea the Big Man is called the tonowi,or "rich one." The tonowi's wealth comes from his success at _______________.

A)cattle herding
B)shepherding
C)trading stocks and bonds
D)pig breeding
E)raising chickens

Question 53

Which of the following would cause an invoking of informal sanctions against an individual in a restaurant in the United States?

A)tearing up tables and chairs
B)fighting
C)threatening customers
D)stealing food
E)going barefoot

Question 54

The use of wealth to support the tonowi's power;belief in the divine right of kings to rule;the oldest living male becoming the head of the Dahomey state of West Africa--what do all these have in common?

A)They have to do with a system of centralized authority.
B)They represent what is considered to be the legitimate basis of political authority in that particular society.
C)They all have to do with the use of force.
D)They all have to do with the use of kinship as a basis of political power.
E)They all are associated with food foraging.

Question 55

Awards like the Nobel Peace Prize are examples of _______________ sanctions,by which societies promote approved behavior.

A)positive
B)negative
C)political
D)informal
E)economic

Question 56

Which of the following is part of an uncentralized political system?

A)band
B)chiefdom
C)state
D)a and b only
E)b and c only

Question 57

An important pioneer in the anthropological study of law was _______________.

A)A.L. Kroeber
B)George Peter Murdock
C)John Wesley Powell
D)E. Adamson Hoebel
E)Peggy Reeves Sanday

Question 58

Which of the following political systems would be considered centralized system?

A)states
B)bands
C)chiefdoms
D)tribes
E)a and c

Question 59

_______________________ is one of Africa's failed states,as a consequence of decades of war.

A)Zimbabwe
B)Congo
C)Zaire
D)South Africa
E)Morocco

Question 60

The _______________ of Liberia in West Africa are a classic example of a chiefdom.

A)Nuer
B)Kpelle
C)Inuit
D)Hutu
E)Tutsi

Question 61

The United Nations has called upon nations with vessels in the area of the Horn of Africa to assist in ______________________________________.

A)stopping pirates
B)famine relief in Somalia
C)rescuing Middle Eastern refugees
D)rescuing Indian refugees
E)transporting criminals

Question 62

The formal rules of conduct by which a society conducts itself is called _____________.

A)statutes
B)mediation
C)law
D)political systems
E)constitution

Question 63

"Political organization" refers to the way power has evolved,whether from war,political intrigue,or by ascription.

Question 64

A key point in William Ury's 2002 book,"Must We Fight?" was that,"Conflict is not going to end,but ___________________ can."

A)starvation
B)ethnic repression
C)violence
D)illiteracy
E)rebellions

Question 65

The Azande carry our social sanctions through witchcraft.

Question 66

Among the Wape ancestral ghosts can be seen as agents of social control.

Question 67

It is clear that war is not a universal phenomenon,for in various parts of the world there are societies that do not practice warfare as we know it.

Question 68

Once two Inuit individuals are involved in a dispute and become peaceful by engaging in a singing contest,the affair is considered _____________________.

A)open to negotiation by both individual's families
B)open to negotiation by the individuals involved
C)closed
D)closed to legal repercussions
E)delayed until further notice

Question 69

The term "sanctions" refers only to the enforcement of a formal,legal,abstract code of law.

Question 70

In western society,when someone commits an offense against another individual,the event becomes a criminal case.In criminal cases,the primary concern is to _________________________ guilt.

A)assign and punish
B)determine
C)reprimand the innocent
D)reach a legal decision
E)contrast the innocent with the guilty.

Question 71

Bands do not have a hierarchy of settlement.

Question 72

A wealthy man among the Kapauku of New Guinea cannot be a Big Man unless he gives his wealth away.

Question 73

A chief can expect his authority to remain unchallenged during his lifetime,unlike the tonowi who is in constant danger of being thrown down from his pedestal.

Question 74

One's ability to organize a giraffe hunt or a war party has nothing to do with political organization.

Question 75

States are less stable than decentralized political systems.

Question 76

________________________________ played a leading role in the development of the anthropology of law.

A)Laura Nader
B)Elliott Winstead
C)Malinowski
D)Claude Levi-Strauss
E)Clifford Gertz

Question 77

Utilizing a cross-cultural perspective sharpened by years of anthropological research,_____________________________ specializes in ethnic and secessionist disputes.

A)Laura Nader
B)Elliott Winstead
C)William Tze
D)William L. Ury
E)Clifford Gertz

Question 78

Which of the following are considered acts of violent conflict?

A)individual fights
B)local feuds
C)raids
D)acts of piracy
E)all of the above

Question 79

Pirate gangs based out of Somalia are thought to be bankrolled and supplied with arms and supplies by ___________________________________.

A)stolen gold from Somalia
B)stolen gems from Africa
C)their families
D)Tanzanian arms dealers
E)Somali investors living overseas

Question 80

Relationships among members of a chiefdom are egalitarian.