Deck 9: Sexuality

Question 1

Mati may engage in sexual relationships with:

A) men.
B) women.
C) no one.
D) men and women.
E) only other mati.

Answer 1

men and women.

Question 2

Initiation ceremonies among the Sambia of Papua New Guinea involve the transfer of semen between:

A) older men and young men.
B) young men and their wives.
C) young men and older women.
D) young men and other men in their age cohort.
E) older men and other men in their age cohort.

Answer 2

older men and young men.

Question 3

Which of the following does NOT fit in the definition of sexuality in the text?

A) the cultural arena within which people debate ideas about what behaviors are appropriate
B) the range of desires and beliefs related to erotic physical contact
C) the public display of wealth to gain community status
D) the use of ideas about what is "natural" to create unequal access to status and power
E) the range of behaviors related to intimacy and pleasure

Answer 3

the public display of wealth to gain community status

Question 4

Physical anthropologist Helen Fisher suggests that neurochemicals guide humans through which of the following experiences?

A) forming community networks
B) collecting and preparing food
C) creating household alliances
D) falling in love
E) early childhood development

Question 5

The Victorian ideal of sexuality was heavily influenced by which of the following:

A) the government
B) Christian teachings
C) science
D) media
E) globalization

Question 6

Machismo is defined as:

A) homosexuality in Latin American countries.
B) a ritual of initiation among Nigerian men.
C) a ritual of initiation among men in Papua New Guinea.
D) a strong, sometimes exaggerated performance of masculinity.
E) a dance performance among women in Mexican brothels.

Question 7

Which of the following is defined as "attraction to and sexual relationships with members of the same sex"?

A) bisexuality
B) heterosexuality
C) transgender
D) homosexuality
E) asexuality

Question 8

Sexuality involves:

A) both personal choices and cultural ideas.
B) personal choices only.
C) cultural ideas only.
D) biology and personal choices, but not cultural ideas.
E) biology and cultural ideas, but not personal choices.

Question 9

Which of the following is described as a lack of attraction to others?

A) homosexuality
B) bisexuality
C) asexuality
D) heterosexuality
E) sexual violence

Question 10

Margaret Mead's work in the islands of the western Pacific contributed which of the following to a greater understanding of human sexuality?

A) This work provided evidence that men are naturally sexually promiscuous.
B) This work challenged the assumptions that sexual practices should be private rather than public.
C) This work provided evidence that women are naturally sexually promiscuous.
D) This work explored the commonalities between human sexual practices and the sexual practices of other primates.
E) This work challenged the assumptions that U.S. attitudes about sexuality were universal traits fixed in human nature.

Question 11

Geneticists have been able to successfully identify:

A) a "gay" and a "straight" gene.
B) clusters of "gay" and "straight genes," but not the interactions of those genes.
C) the "gay" gene but not the "straight" gene.
D) The "straight" gene but not the "gay gene."
E) no gene or cluster of genes that determines sexuality.

Question 12

In Nicaragua, machismo:

A) must be constantly performed to retain one's social status.
B) only affects social status when performed in the presence of women.
C) only affects social status when performed in the presence of other men.
D) is a status only available to men who have sex with women.
E) is an egalitarian social practice.

Question 13

Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women in Paramaribo, Suriname, are called:

A) machista.
B) mati.
C) lesbian.
D) masu harka.
E) sex tourists.

Question 14

Which of the following factors would a cultural constructionist consider studying when investigating human sexuality?

A) seagull mating patterns
B) the human genome
C) neurochemical responses
D) a Christian dating forum
E) Ukrainian festival organization

Question 15

Contemporary anthropologists study sexuality:

A) in cultures worldwide, including Western cultures.
B) only in cultures that are remote and poorly understood.
C) only in cultures where intense homophobia is present.
D) in cultures worldwide, with the exception of Western cultures.
E) only in cultures in which sexually transmitted diseases are epidemic.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the mati of Suriname is true?

A) "Mati work" parallels European ideas of lesbianism.
B) Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity.
C) Mati marry men for children and economic stability while maintaining "visiting relationships" with female partners.
D) "Mati work" is a practice that was transferred from the Netherlands to its colony, and that later disappeared in the Netherlands while persisting in Suriname.
E) Mati relationships in the Netherlands are a model of egalitarianism for traditional heterosexual couples.

Question 17

According to contemporary cultural anthropologists, humans in most cultures engage in sexual activity:

A) both for procreation and fun.
B) for procreation only.
C) for fun only.
D) as a form of economic exchange.
E) very seldom.

Question 18

Under the rules of machismo, the machista is considered:

A) a manly man.
B) a cochon, or gay man.
C) a sex worker.
D) a weak man.
E) a female.

Question 19

In addition to humans, which other mammal engages in sexual activity for fun?

A) elephants
B) dolphins
C) cats
D) gorillas
E) dogs

Question 20

Mapping the global scope of diverse human sexual beliefs and behaviors is called the:

A) ethnomusicology of human sexuality.
B) comparative sexuality project.
C) ethnocartography of human sexuality.
D) globalization of human sexuality.
E) global human sexuality experiment.

Question 21

According to the text, the idea that masturbation was a form of self-abuse is most characteristic of which period?

A) the 1960s
B) the Renaissance
C) the Industrial Revolution
D) the Victorian era
E) the 1980s

Question 22

Students at Antioch College developed a sexual offense policy centered on which of the following guidelines?

A) "safety first"
B) "no means no"
C) "just say no"
D) "yes means yes"
E) "sex is only for procreation"

Question 23

People whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth may identify as:

A) hypersexual.
B) bisexual.
C) homosexual.
D) mixed gender.
E) transgender.

Question 24

According to the text, which of the following has seen an increase in attention to policies addressing sexual violence?

A) college campuses
B) synagogues
C) malls
D) nursing homes
E) prisons

Question 25

Colonial corporations such as the Dutch East India Company regulated sexual activity and marriage among employees. Their regulations did NOT include:

A) recruiting only married men, who were encouraged to travel with their wives and children in tow.
B) restricting immigration of European women to Asia.
C) recruiting bachelor males and prohibiting them from marrying women of the colonies.
D) encouraging male employees to live with imported slaves or concubines.
E) prohibiting colonized women from claiming citizenship in the colonial homeland or any rights as spouses of colonizers.

Question 26

The way systems of power interconnect to affect individual lives and group experiences is called:

A) intersectionality.
B) heterosexual imagery.
C) sexology.
D) globalization.
E) homogenization.

Question 27

The "wedding industry" is which of the following?

A) a reality television show about weddings in different cultures
B) a store that sells traditional wedding packages in Romania
C) the network of commercial activities and social institutions that market weddings in the United States
D) the name of a sex tourism promotion company in the Dominican Republic
E) an emerging field of study for cultural anthropologists

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT an example of the attempt to regulate aspects of sexuality by cultural institutions such as the government?

A) age of consent
B) divorce
C) age of licensed driver
D) reproductive rights
E) marriage

Question 29

Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of ________ and ________ most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011).

A) class; age
B) race; age
C) sexuality; religion
D) class; gender
E) race; sexuality

Question 30

The scale describing a spectrum of human sexuality with exclusively heterosexual behavior on one end and exclusively homosexual behavior on the other is known as:

A) the Human Sexuality Scale.
B) the Kinsey Scale.
C) the Harvard Scale.
D) the Malinowski Scale.
E) the Mead Scale.

Question 31

In reality, the colonial boundaries that were intended to distinguish communities of colonizers from their colonial subjects:

A) were much more clear, simple, and solid than anticipated.
B) were much more complicated, fragile, and fluid than anticipated.
C) were largely uncomplicated by the colonizers' class position.
D) generally ignored.
E) became unenforceable only after restrictions on the immigration of European women were lifted.

Question 32

Violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape is called:

A) sadomasochism.
B) partner violence.
C) sexual violence.
D) abusive violence.
E) partner abuse.

Question 33

DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act, stated which of the following about marriage?

A) Marriage is the legal union between any two U.S. citizens.
B) Marriage is the legal union between one man and one woman.
C) Marriage is a union between one man and one woman recognized by a religious institution, but not the U.S. government.
D) Marriage is a union between any two individuals recognized by a religious institution, but not the U.S. government.
E) Marriage is a union between one man and no more than three women.

Question 34

________________ is a social scientist who wrote about the link between sexuality and power, describing the ways that sexuality is an arena in which appropriate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are created, enforced, and contested.

A) Bronislaw Malinowski
B) Michel Foucault
C) Franz Boas
D) Brian Fontana
E) Sylvester Gutierrez

Question 35

Harvard-trained biologist and zoologist Alfred Kinsey's study on human sexuality revealed which of the following?

A) a strict dichotomy between heterosexuality and homosexuality
B) a set of simplistic sexual categories
C) sexual behaviors remain fixed over the course of a lifetime
D) a continuum of sexual behavior
E) most Americans identified as homosexual

Question 36

Scientists have found that human sexuality:

A) fits into several simplistic categories.
B) is marked by diversity, flexibility, and fluidity.
C) fits into only two categories: normal and deviant.
D) always remains the same over an individual's lifetime.
E) is impossible to quantify.

Question 37

Heterosexuality in the United States:

A) is the country's historical norm of sexuality.
B) is a relatively new invention, and not the historical norm.
C) refers to reproductive intercourse between a man and a woman only.
D) was enshrined by Victorian society as a Christian ideal.
E) excludes erotic feelings for the opposite sex as a perversion.

Question 38

The experience of being a middle-class black lesbian:

A) is the same as the experience of being a middle-class white lesbian.
B) is the same as the experience of being a middle-class black heterosexual woman.
C) is a unique status reflecting the intersectionality of race, class, and sexuality.
D) is the same as the experience of being a middle-class black heterosexual man.
E) is the same as the experience of being a middle-class black homosexual man.

Question 39

The lives of European women living in the colonies were restricted in all EXCEPT which of the following gender-specific ways?

A) political
B) economic
C) sexual
D) religious
E) domestic

Question 40

________ are key cultural institutions through which we learn what it means to be heterosexual.

A) Funerals
B) Weddings
C) Baptisms
D) Bar mitzvahs
E) Graduation ceremonies

Question 41

All of the following are examples of sexuality in contemporary media and politics, EXCEPT:

A) international campaigns for gay and lesbian rights.
B) the ongoing conversation about sexual violence on college campuses.
C) the U.S. public policy debate over the criminalization of sex work.
D) the debate over U.S. intervention in Syria.
E) the overturning of DOMA.

Question 42

'Yan daudu use language as a tool with which to challenge the dominant norms of ________ culture.

A) northern Nigerian
B) eastern Nicaraguan
C) Antioch College
D) western Suriname
E) southern Kenyan

Question 43

How did sexology contribute to establishing heterosexuality as the dominant erotic ideal in the United States? Despite his findings that human sexuality is marked by diversity, flexibility, and fluidity, in what two ways did Kinsey's research contribute to the establishment of heterosexuality as the dominant erotic ideal? Do you think this ideal remains in U.S. culture today? Why or why not?

Question 44

All of the women in Patty Kelly's research in a brothel in Chiapas, Mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following, EXCEPT:

A) build a sense of community.
B) make a decent living.
C) get health care.
D) work out unresolved childhood issues.
E) develop a sense of dignity.

Question 45

Using historical and cross-cultural examples provided in the text, evaluate the value of an anthropological approach to sexuality. What do historical and cross-cultural cases of sexuality tell us about sexual norms? Did you learn anything in this chapter about sexuality that you had previously taken for granted? If so, what did you learn? If not, provide an example of something discussed in the chapter that you think someone in an older generation might be surprised to learn.

Question 46

Masu harka and 'yan daudu see homosexual behavior as:

A) incompatible with marrying women and having families, and as incompatible with their Muslim faith.
B) compatible with marrying women and having families, and as compatible with their Muslim faith.
C) incompatible with marrying women and having families, but as compatible with their Muslim faith.
D) compatible with marrying women and having families, but as incompatible with their Muslim faith.
E) embracing Western decadence and rejecting their Nigerian heritage, especially their Muslim faith.

Question 47

The text offers examples of sex tourism destinations around the world. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?

A) France
B) Costa Rica
C) the Dominican Republic
D) Thailand
E) Brazil

Question 48

Anthropologist Patty Kelly found that men who visited the brothel in Chiapas were mostly:

A) local working-class men.
B) local wealthy men.
C) foreign middle-class men.
D) foreign wealthy men.
E) foreign working-class men.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a motivation that cultural anthropologist Denise Brennan lists for young, rural, poor Dominican women to migrate to towns like Sosua?

A) to make money
B) to have a vacation
C) to marry a tourist
D) to provide for their families
E) to obtain a European visa

Question 50

In Kano, Nigeria, Rudolf Gaudio found that the code term for men who have sex with other men is:

A) gay.
B) homosexual.
C) masu harka.
D) sex tourist.
E) mati.

Question 51

Define sexuality and, using a minimum of three examples from the text, describe the ways in which culture influences sexual beliefs and behaviors.

Question 52

Trips organized through the tourism sector to facilitate commercial sexual relationships between tourists and local residents in destinations around the world are called:

A) sexcations.
B) all-inclusive sexual outings.
C) sexual entrepreneurship.
D) sex tourism.
E) sex camp.

Question 53

Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically:

A) white American men.
B) black American men.
C) white European women.
D) Asian men.
E) white European men.

Question 54

Anthropologist ________used her research in a Mexican brothel to encourage a rethinking of the U.S. public policy debate over the criminalization of sex work.

A) Patty Kelly
B) Denise Brennan
C) Deborah Cameron
D) Ann Stoler
E) Ellen Lewin

Question 55

Compare and contrast the perspective on human sexuality offered by evolutionary biologists and cultural constructionists. What factors do evolutionary biologists study to learn more about human sexuality? How does this compare to the factors an anthropologist with a cultural constructionist perspective might investigate? Which approach do you find most valuable?

Question 56

In White Wedding: Romancing Heterosexuality in Popular Culture (2008), sociologist Chrys Ingraham asserts that brides are not born, but rather made. Identify some examples of the enculturation process. Discuss the implications of the romanticized ideal of weddings. How do these ideals differ from the reality of the "white wedding" as they intersect with gender, class, and racial inequalities?

Question 57

Define sex work and describe its role in Denise Brennan's research in the Dominican Republic and in Patty Kelly's research in Mexico. What are some similarities and differences between these two cases? Do the sex workers in one case appear to be more or less secure than sex workers in the other? Why or why not? What is the impact of globalization in each case?

Question 58

In which ways does scientist and author Jared Diamond suggest that human sexuality is distinct from other mammals? Identify three ways in which humans differ from most other mammals, and discuss the possible implications of these distinctions as they intersect with other areas of interest for cultural anthropologists (e.g., kinship, gender, class, and religion).

Question 59

Nigerians do not regard homosexuality as:

A) an authentically African lifestyle.
B) part of the Western influences that have been flooding into Africa for years.
C) a new front of Western imperial domination.
D) forbidden by Muslim sharia law.
E) a marginalized status.

Question 60

Compare and contrast gay and lesbian commitment ceremonies with the traditional "white wedding." How might the differences between these rituals be minimized by the legalization of same-sex marriage? In what ways are gay and lesbian commitment ceremonies both rituals of acceptance and resistance?

Question 61

All colleges now have sexual-offense policies that describe their expectations for how men and women are expected to act toward each other. Describe how Antioch College's particular policy differed from the prevailing view of the time and its results.

Question 62

European colonizers used particular strategies to control the sexual practice of people under their rule. Imagine that you are an unusually progressive young anthropologist who has been recruited by the British East India Company or another European colonial power to make a study of the application of those strategies. What are your findings, and what research methods do you use to obtain them? What are your ethical concerns?

Question 63

Discuss the role of colonial powers in regulating sexuality in the colonies. How did colonial legislation impact colonial employees of companies such as the Dutch East India Company, their wives, colonized women, and colonized men? How does attention to intersectionality in this historical example help to illuminate the connection between power and sexuality?

Question 64

Discuss the influence of international campaigns for gay and lesbian rights on local practices using the case study of Nigeria as an example. Compare and contrast the masu harka and 'yan daudu sexual beliefs and practices with ideas about Western homosexuality. How does globalization affect ideas about sexual norms?