Deck 7: Ethnicity and Nationalism

Question 1

An individual's self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location is known as:

A) ethnic variation.
B) flexible nationalism.
C) national identification.
D) rationalization of self.
E) situational negotiation of identity.

Answer 1

situational negotiation of identity.

Question 2

In the 1920s, Italian immigrants were considered dark, strange, and often subhuman by the "white" majority in the United States, who were then primarily of northern European descent. But today, the descendents of these immigrants are considered ordinary "white" folk. This demonstrates the concept of:

A) segregation.
B) nationalization.
C) incorporation.
D) indoctrination.
E) assimilation.

Answer 2

assimilation.

Question 3

The process by which minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups is known as:

A) assimilation.
B) indoctrination.
C) multiculturalism.
D) nationalization.
E) naturalization.

Answer 3

assimilation.

Question 4

A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as a(n):

A) society.
B) ethnicity.
C) dominion.
D) consortium.
E) brotherhood.

Question 5

According to Aztec tradition, they wandered across what is today Mexico until they came to an island with an eagle standing on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. According to their prophecy, this would be their new home. The Aztecs established their capital city on an island in Lake Texcoco, where tradition said they found the eagle. This demonstrates the concept of a(n):

A) tall tale.
B) origin myth.
C) folk tale.
D) fairy tale.
E) ethnohistory.

Question 6

What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic boundary whose population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny?

A) nation
B) nation-state
C) nationality
D) society
E) state

Question 7

When part of an ethnic group splits off or two groups combine to form a new group that identifies itself separately, this is known as:

A) budding.
B) ethnogenesis.
C) fissioning.
D) origination.
E) syncretism.

Question 8

Most groups of people have tales about where they came from and when, which unite them as a group. These tales are known as:

A) creation stories.
B) folk tales.
C) histories.
D) origin myths.
E) tall tales.

Question 9

Groups of people create and promote traits to signify who is in the group and who is out. These are called:

A) apartheid.
B) cultural walls.
C) ethnic boundaries.
D) segregation.
E) social signifiers.

Question 10

When minorities abandon their separate identity and adopt the culture and norms of the dominant group, they are practicing:

A) nationalization.
B) integration.
C) incorporation.
D) assimilation.
E) absorption.

Question 11

Since ethnicity is not biologically fixed, self-identification with a particular ethnic group can change through what process?

A) situational negotiation of identity
B) rationalization of self
C) naturalization of identity
D) ethno-determination
E) ethnic cleansing

Question 12

In Jewish tradition, in order to be Jewish, a person must have a Jewish mother, follow the Jewish religion, and abide by kosher food limitations. While these are not ironclad, these customs set off traditional Jewish people from others and demonstrate the concept of:

A) ethnic boundary markers.
B) ethnic-making projects.
C) socially significant traits.
D) nationalistic customs.
E) religious determinism.

Question 13

Originally, this term referred to a distinct group of people with a shared place of origin, but it is now most commonly used to refer to a country.

A) state
B) realm
C) mandate
D) nation-state
E) nation

Question 14

A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity is called a:

A) creation story.
B) folk tale.
C) history.
D) "just so" story.
E) origin myth.

Question 15

Swedish people share a common language, culture, and ideals; therefore, Sweden-the country they live in-illustrates the concept of a:

A) dominion.
B) nation.
C) nation-state.
D) society.
E) state.

Question 16

What term was used in the past to describe a group of people but now refers to a country?

A) community
B) nation
C) nationality
D) nation-state
E) state

Question 17

Carlos Murphy is from an Irish Mexican family, and he rides with pride on the Sons of Erin float in the St. Patrick's Day parade and drinks margaritas with his Mexican relatives the next day. This demonstrates the concept of:

A) flexible concept of self.
B) rationalization of identity.
C) simulated nationalism.
D) situational negotiation of identity.
E) transitional nationality.

Question 18

When a group of people share a common culture, sense of ancestry, and country, this political entity is called a:

A) state.
B) society.
C) nation-state.
D) nation.
E) mandate.

Question 19

Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify members of their own group. These are known as:

A) culturally significant traits.
B) ethnic boundary markers.
C) ethnic-making projects.
D) national consciousness.
E) social signifiers.

Question 20

A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group is known as a(n):

A) nation.
B) nationality.
C) ethnicity.
D) lineage.
E) culture.

Question 21

The Tutsi and Hutu originally considered themselves a single group of people differing primarily by occupation; however, the Belgium colonial administration began treating the pastoral Tutsi people as different and superior to the Hutu farmers. Eventually, these two groups of people began to see each other as different as well. This is an example of:

A) ethnic division.
B) apartheid.
C) ethnogenesis.
D) colonialism.
E) ethnic making.

Question 22

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet refers to the concept of:

A) cultural imperialism.
B) imagined community.
C) invented identity.
D) nation-state.
E) nationalism.

Question 23

How long has the Iraqi ethnicity existed in the Middle East?

A) never
B) since World War II
C) two hundred years
D) five hundred years
E) at least two thousand years

Question 24

What metaphor is used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S. dominant culture?

A) nationalism
B) tossed salad
C) melting pot
D) nationhood
E) whitening

Question 25

Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of urban and rural people who spoke different languages, celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different religions. Then, in the early 1800s, the development of schools and a road system brought people closer together, and along with a growing economy and a national language united them as French, rather than Gascons, Burgundians, and Parisians. This illustrates the idea of:

A) dominion.
B) ethnic making.
C) ethnogenesis.
D) nation building.
E) unification.

Question 26

The tendency of many ethnic groups that join American culture to assimilate has been described as a(n):

A) tossed salad.
B) melting pot.
C) integration.
D) hash.
E) amalgamation.

Question 27

Immigrants from India come from many different areas with different languages and customs, but once they arrive in the United States, these previous distinctions become less important and they all begin the process of becoming Indian American, EXCEPT which group of people?

A) blacks
B) Brahmins
C) Dalits
D) gays and lesbians
E) harijans

Question 28

Despite the often obvious ethnic, socioeconomic, occupational, and religious differences, and the fact that most will never meet each other, most people in the United States see themselves as members of a large community called "Americans," who share common beliefs and traditions. This demonstrates the concept of:

A) ethnic making.
B) ethnogenesis.
C) imagined community.
D) nationalism.
E) national spirit.

Question 29

The French have a strong sense of connection to their history, ideals, and culture that binds them together, and this is clearly missing in Iraq. This illustrates the concept of:

A) dominion.
B) ethnicity.
C) fellowship.
D) society.
E) sodality.

Question 30

What country only exists during the ninety minutes its team plays a soccer match?

A) Puerto Rico
B) England
C) Ghana
D) Monaco
E) Luxembourg

Question 31

Many immigrant groups in the United States-such as Arabs, Czechs, the French, Irish, Italians, Greeks, Jews, and many others-have assimilated into white American society, and this has been described as a(n):

A) melting pot.
B) patchwork.
C) tossed salad.
D) potpourri.
E) amalgamation.

Question 32

Argentina used soccer, polo, and the tango to unite different groups of immigrants into a new group of people who identified with each other rather than their old homelands. This demonstrates the concept of:

A) ethnogenesis.
B) origination.
C) syncretism.
D) conglomeration.
E) nationhood.

Question 33

The process though which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture but retain a distinct ethnic culture is referred to as:

A) assimilation.
B) biculturalism.
C) multiculturalism.
D) negotiation.
E) naturalization.

Question 34

Sometimes a group of people breaks away from an ethnic group to form a new identity, and, in the past, two ethnic groups have combined to form a new and unique identity. These are examples of:

A) nation building.
B) ethnic making.
C) ethnogenesis.
D) fissioning.
E) syncretism.

Question 35

In Zimbabwe, guerrilla fighters turned to spirit mediums to receive the blessing of ancient Shona kings and gain legitimacy and unity in their fight against British colonialism. This allowed them to promote what concept?

A) colonialism
B) defiance
C) nationalism
D) resistance
E) spiritualism

Question 36

The text notes that the stories of the Mayflower, the first Thanksgiving, the Boston Tea Party, the American Revolution, and the settling of the West are retold to emphasize a shared destiny as well as the values of freedom, exploration, and individualism. These illustrate the concept of a(n):

A) folk tale.
B) history.
C) "just so" story.
D) legend.
E) origin myth.

Question 37

Some ethnic groups in the United States have adopted certain parts of American culture but still maintain some parts of their distinct ethnic culture. This is referred to as:

A) biculturalism.
B) multiculturalism.
C) segregation.
D) separation.
E) variation.

Question 38

The Indian American community has broken down many old barriers once held in India, but has chosen to deny efforts by the members of the South Asian Lesbian and Gay Alliance (SALGA) to participate in the India Day Parade. This illustrates the concept of:

A) control of identity.
B) ethnic boundary markers.
C) ethnic making.
D) ethnogenesis.
E) rationalization of self.

Question 39

Chinese immigrants in the United States have a long history, but many Chinese American communities still have a distinct Chinese character where they retain many aspects of traditional Chinese cultures. This example illustrates the concept of:

A) amalgamation.
B) biculturalism.
C) integration.
D) multiculturalism.
E) naturalization.

Question 40

Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never meet each other. Therefore, most nations today are:

A) achieved communities.
B) conglomerates.
C) empires.
D) imagined communities.
E) nation-states.

Question 41

According to the text, what ended five hundred years of peace between Bosnian Muslims, Catholic Croats, and Orthodox Christian Serbs in the former Yugoslavia?

A) ethnic and cultural policies imposed by state leaders
B) religious beliefs
C) ethnic rivalries
D) colonial interference
E) Russian influence

Question 42

Efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area are known as:

A) ethnic cleansing.
B) ethnocide.
C) expulsion.
D) genocide.
E) mass murder.

Question 43

The concepts of "ethnicity," "nation-state," "nationality," and "nationalism" are closely related and have serious impacts on countries in the world today. In a brief essay, discuss the situation in Iraq with regard to nation, nation-state, ethnicity, and nationality, and provide examples to support your points.

Question 44

The Bafokeng people of South Africa formed the corporation Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc. to:

A) recover land taken by white settlers.
B) get wealthy from platinum mining.
C) make the Bafokeng people wealthy.
D) take advantage of native sovereignty.
E) fight court battles for them.

Question 45

When an ethnic community combines with a desire to create and maintain an exclusive territory in a location where a common destiny can be lived out, this is called:

A) a state.
B) a nation-state.
C) a community.
D) nationalism.
E) a society.

Question 46

In a brief essay, identify three ways that various immigrants from India have created a new and unique Indian American identity in the United States. Is this assimilation or multiculturalism, and why?

Question 47

The United States has been described as a "melting pot" for immigrants, but not all immigrant groups follow the same trajectory. In a brief essay, compare and contrast the experiences of Italian, Jewish, Greek, or other European immigrants with those of immigrants from China or India.

Question 48

The desire of Scots to have their own independent country of Scotland, separate from the United Kingdom, which they are a part of now, illustrates the concept of:

A) dominion.
B) nationalism.
C) partition.
D) schism.
E) separation.

Question 49

In the opening discussion of the chapter, the author discusses how Jerome and Kevin-Prince Boateng have become soccer stars. Their father was Ghanian and their mothers were German; one played soccer for the German national team and the other played for the Ghanian national team. In a brief essay, explain how they can have different nationalities that allow them to play on different national teams, but do they have different ethnicities as well? Why?

Question 50

When one group of people claims a territory and tries to push out or kill another group of people who live there, this is known as:

A) domination.
B) ethnic cleansing.
C) ethnocide.
D) fascism.
E) removal.

Question 51

An ethnic group's desire to assert its domination over a recognized territory and to affirm its values, ambitions, and common destiny is known as:

A) ascendance.
B) dominion.
C) hegemony.
D) nationalism.
E) reign.

Question 52

Explain why England is called the "ninety-minute nation" and why it is so important to people who identify as English.

Question 53

As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim people who they had lived peacefully next door to for more than five hundred years. This illustrates the concept of:

A) removal.
B) genocide.
C) fascism.
D) expulsion.
E) ethnic cleansing.

Question 54

During the colonial period, colonial powers redrew the political boundaries of much of the world to suit their economic needs and without regard to local ethnic, political, or religious realities. When colonialism ended, these new boundaries became new countries and most had groups claiming multiple ethnicities and identities within these new countries. This has resulted in:

A) civil war.
B) ethnic cleansing.
C) ethnic conflict.
D) genocide.
E) all of the above

Question 55

In the past, groups of people have tried to systematically eradicate people of different religious or ethnic groups. This is referred to as:

A) annihilation.
B) ethnic cleansing.
C) decimation.
D) genocide.
E) mass destruction.

Question 56

In the text, the author notes that the French national soccer team imploded at the 2010 World Cup because one of the team's stars questioned if some members of the team were actually "French." They have to be citizens of France to play on the team. Explain why this became an issue for the French team.

Question 57

Explain what is meant when we say that a nation is an imagined community, and give an example from the class.

Question 58

In South Africa, the Bafokeng were able to eventually get much of their land back from the white settlers who had taken it through what means?

A) Bafokeng independence
B) guerrilla warfare
C) Bafokeng free state
D) ethnic cleansing
E) Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc.

Question 59

Identify three things that are used as ethnic boundary markers, and explain what cultures they are used in and how.

Question 60

The deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group is known as:

A) apartheid.
B) ethnic cleansing.
C) divestment.
D) genocide.
E) mass murder.

Question 61

In a brief essay, compare and contrast how the Bafokeng and Native American tribes have formed corporations to achieve specific goals. Use specific examples from the class to illustrate your answer.

Question 62

The text notes that for most of the world's people, ethnicity is not a pressing matter in daily life; instead, it becomes active when power relationships undergo negotiation in a community or nation. In a brief essay, give an example and explain how ethnicity has been activated to accomplish some end. Explain the power relationship under negotiation, who was involved, and how ethnicity was activated to accomplish the goal. Describe the outcome of these efforts.

Question 63

Compare how and why ethnic-making projects in Rwanda and Bosnia have given rise to conflict.

Question 64

Define ethnic cleansing and genocide and give an example of each to illustrate your answer.