Deck 8: Gender

Question 1

The process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural is called:

A) sexual dimorphism.
B) gender stratification.
C) enculturation.
D) enculturation
E) hierarchies.

Answer 1

enculturation.

Question 2

Which of the following is a way that sports such as T-ball reinforce gender ideals in US children?

A) Boys typically receive more playing time than girls.
B) Boys have fewer opportunities to touch the ball than girls.
C) Girls spend more time batting than boys.
D) Parents tend to encourage boys and girls equally.
E) Girls and boys receive the same amount of praise for playing well.

Answer 2

Boys typically receive more playing time than girls.

Question 3

Anthropologists define ________ as the expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to individuals.

A) intersex
B) sex
C) reproduction
D) gender
E) dimorphism

Answer 3

gender

Question 4

The pattern of behavior including gambling, drinking, infidelity, and drug use that Matthew Gutmann studied in Mexico is associated with:

A) intersexuals.
B) transgenders.
C) machismo.
D) fatherhood.
E) lesbians.

Question 5

The way in which individuals act out the behaviors associated with masculinity and femininity is called gender:

A) stratification.
B) performance.
C) dimorphism.
D) play.
E) practice.

Question 6

Studies of physical differences indicate that:

A) chromosomes are the primary determinants of human behavior.
B) all individuals fall into the two assumed categories of male and female.
C) women's bodies are not strong enough for heavy labor.
D) biology drives the division of labor.
E) human male and female bodies are more similar than different.

Question 7

The discussion of machismo in Latin America in the text indicates that:

A) all cultures construct masculinity in the same way.
B) conceptions of machismo and masculinity are variable and shifting.
C) each culture constructs masculinity differently, but are always internally consistent in that construction.
D) machismo really has nothing to do with masculinity at all.
E) masculinity is constructed variably across and within cultures, but is always conceived and performed consistently by individuals.

Question 8

For anthropologists, ________ refers to the observable physical differences between male and female human beings, especially the biological differences related to human reproduction.

A) gender
B) sex
C) reproduction
D) performance
E) dimorphism

Question 9

In youth sports in the United States, behaviors that tend to receive the most praise from coaches are:

A) gender neutral, for example, honesty and fairness.
B) agility, which is associated with girls.
C) whatever tactics win the game.
D) aggression, which is associated with manliness.
E) following the rules, which are gender neutral.

Question 10

A primary component of the "fag discourse" in US high schools is:

A) bullying of boys whose behavior is seen as sufficiently masculine, even if the boys are heterosexual.
B) bullying of boys whose behavior is seen as not sufficiently masculine, even if the boys are heterosexual.
C) bullying of girls whose behavior is seen as masculine, even if the girls are heterosexual.
D) bullying of boys whose behavior is seen as sufficiently masculine, especially if the boys are homosexual.
E) bullying of girls whose behavior is seen as masculine, especially if the girls are homosexual.

Question 11

________ is the term anthropologists use to refer to physical differences in primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

A) Genitalia
B) Sexual dimorphism
C) Transgendering
D) Cultural constructions
E) Performance patterns

Question 12

The learned behaviors perceived as masculine or feminine are called:

A) sexual dimorphism.
B) alternate sexualities.
C) cultural constructions.
D) universal beliefs.
E) gender stratification.

Question 13

Cross-cultural studies indicate that biology predicts:

A) an individual's behavior, strength, and intelligence.
B) the roles men and women play in a given culture.
C) an individual's behavior, strength, and intelligence, as well as the roles of men and women in a given culture.
D) men's and women's roles and behavior in a given culture, but not individuals' strength and intelligence.
E) neither an individual's behavior, strength, and intelligence, nor men's and women's roles in a given culture.

Question 14

The behaviors encouraged in sports-where boys are rewarded for competitiveness and girls are encouraged to play quietly-reflect:

A) societal adult gender roles.
B) gender roles that reverse during adolescence, when boys begin to play quietly and girls become more competitive.
C) the natural result of sexual dimorphism.
D) primary sex characteristics.
E) nothing meaningful; it is just sports.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT considered a secondary sexual characteristic?

A) genitalia
B) breast size
C) hair distribution
D) strength
E) pitch of voice

Question 16

Which of the following statements about human behavior is true?

A) It is a combination of "nature" (biology) and "nurture" (acculturation).
B) It is completely dictated by "nature" (biology).
C) It is completely dictated by "nurture" (acculturation).
D) It seems to have nothing to do with nature (biology) or nurture (acculturation).
E) It is a result of nature or nurture depending on the person, but never both in the same individual.

Question 17

Matthew Gutmann's research in Mexico indicates that:

A) all men strive to be "macho."
B) no women want to be with "macho" men.
C) the traits of machismo are found only in the upper classes.
D) lesbians have begun adopting "macho" behavior.
E) masculine identity is in flux and negotiable.

Question 18

Which of the following does not factor into biological differences between men and women?

A) genitalia
B) gonads
C) hair length
D) hormones
E) chromosomes

Question 19

On average, human men weigh ________ more than women.

A) 5 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 30 percent
E) 50 percent

Question 20

By studying the "fag discourse" in US schools, anthropologists have learned that:

A) only homosexual boys are bullied and teased.
B) teens in all ethnic groups participate in the behavior described.
C) girls can increase their status by performing masculine behavior.
D) though boys are pressured to behave appropriately, violence is not involved.
E) teachers believe that girls who behave in masculine ways are considered lesbians.

Question 21

An uneven distribution of power and access to resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges in which gender shapes who has access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges is known as gender:

A) stereotypes.
B) roles.
C) identity.
D) performance.
E) stratification.

Question 22

The "man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate is based on the idea that:

A) women and men used to hunt together, but men did more of this as animals became more aggressive.
B) in foraging societies, men bring in more food through hunting than women do through gathering.
C) women are genetically programmed for agricultural production.
D) women typically hunt as children but stop once they become mothers.
E) during the evolutionary process, male aggression became imprinted in human DNA.

Question 23

Individuals whose culture identifies them as "neither man nor women" in India are called:

A) machos.
B) hijras.
C) Two-Spirits.
D) transgendered.
E) hermaphrodite.

Question 24

Ida Susser's approach to research on HIV prevention in South Africa exemplifies:

A) historical particularism.
B) structural functionalism.
C) cultural citizenship.
D) engaged anthropology.
E) Marxist anthropology.

Question 25

Emily Martin's analysis of the "fairy tale" of the egg and the sperm as presented in U.S. textbooks does NOT indicate that:

A) the scientific language of biology promotes gendered stereotypes of male and female behavior.
B) "female" eggs aggressively pursue more "passive" male sperm until conception occurs.
C) cultural constructions are reinforced by imagery that highlights biological differences.
D) stereotypes of male and female behavior are portrayed as naturally occurring patterns.
E) the anthropomorphizing of egg and sperm coincides with issues in the antiabortion discourse.

Question 26

The preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in Native American cultures is:

A) hijras.
B) macho.
C) Two-Spirits.
D) transgendered.
E) hermaphrodite.

Question 27

The phrases "boys will be boys" and "it's a girls' thing" reflect gender:

A) stratification.
B) roles.
C) stereotypes.
D) performance.
E) construction.

Question 28

Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:

A) was reached in 2010.
B) is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.
C) has yet to be reached, but is no longer a priority because conditions have improved so much.
D) would be reached in the early months of 2012.
E) has actually skewed gender inequality the other way, and now it is men that must be empowered.

Question 29

Early feminist anthropological studies focused on identifying:

A) the myth of matriarchy in prehistoric societies.
B) the underlying roots of universal male dominance.
C) gender equality in industrialized societies.
D) sources of female power in nonindustrialized cultures.
E) gender stratification in U.S. schools.

Question 30

Medical data indicate that ________ of individuals are born without the biological traits that make them easily classified biologically as male or female.

A) approximately 5 percent
B) more than 7 percent
C) less than 2 percent
D) approximately 10 percent
E) approximately 15 percent

Question 31

Among the eight UN Millennial Goals, one that highlights gender issues specifically is to:

A) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
B) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
C) achieve universal primary education.
D) develop a global partnership for development.
E) promote gender equality and empower women.

Question 32

________ is gender identity displayed through action.

A) Stereotyping
B) Discourse
C) Construction
D) Performance
E) Transgendering

Question 33

Anne Fausto-Sterling's analysis of biological sexual identity identifies:

A) three sexes, including machos.
B) four sexes, including hijras.
C) six sexes, including Two-Spirits.
D) five sexes, including intersexuals.
E) seven sexes, including berdaches.

Question 34

Through the 1960s, the American Academy of Pediatrics attempted to manage the condition of children born with genitalia of both sexes through:

A) hormone therapy only.
B) surgery only.
C) psychological counseling only.
D) hormone therapy, surgery, and counseling.
E) the condition has never been managed by the medical community.

Question 35

Ida Susser's initial research focused on:

A) HIV/AIDS prevention in Brazil (South America).
B) the student movement at Kent State University (Ohio).
C) social change in Brooklyn (New York City).
D) the end of apartheid in South Africa.
E) child mortality in Appalachia (United States).

Question 36

The restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that:

A) women exchanged banana fiber skirts during funerary activities.
B) women participated in elaborate exchanges of shell armbands and necklaces.
C) women's exchanges were not tied to the yam exchanges Malinowski reported.
D) women played a limited role in rituals and ceremonial exchanges.
E) women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods.

Question 37

________ individuals are those whose gender identities or performances do not fit with cultural norms related to their assigned sex at birth.

A) Hijra
B) Macho
C) Two-Spirit
D) Transgendered
E) Hermaphrodite

Question 38

The United States requires that individuals identify legally as:

A) either male or female.
B) male, female, or intersexual.
C) male, female, or transgender.
D) male, female, or middle sex.
E) heterosexual, homosexual, or intersexual.

Question 39

The marketing of Viagra builds on the myth of:

A) the "real man," who is able to reach an erection and perform sexually.
B) the "good father," who spends quality time with his children.
C) the "good mother," who strives to be strong for her children.
D) the "fag discourse," where heterosexual men distance themselves from gay men.
E) "matriarchy," where women dominate society economically and politically.

Question 40

Which of the following characteristics is commonly identified as female rather than male behavior in the United States?

A) aggressiveness
B) competitiveness
C) emotion
D) strength
E) drive

Question 41

More than 80 percent of victims of domestic violence in the United States:

A) are female.
B) are male.
C) are transgender.
D) are abused by a stranger.
E) deserved it.

Question 42

Inequalities of wealth, power, privilege, and access to resources, coupled with poor health that impacts victims' lives in painful ways, are known as:

A) gender stratification.
B) structured gender violence.
C) interpersonal violence.
D) gender-based torture.
E) social injustice.

Question 43

Through the Zar Cult of Sudan, women:

A) joined forces to protest violence against women and children.
B) claimed that spirits moved them when working in factories.
C) resisted subordination by speaking out while in a trance state.
D) gained political power by pursuing higher education and literacy.
E) took up arms to fight alongside men during a bloody civil war.

Question 44

Gender-based violence commonly occurs:

A) in the home.
B) during wartime.
C) on college campuses.
D) both A and C
E) all of the above

Question 45

Evaluate which of the five sexes in biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling's continuum represents the hijras of India. How do they perform their gender identity in daily life? What economic and social roles do they play in society? Why are they often victims of violence?

Question 46

The process of becoming "male" or "female" occurs during childhood and youth. Provide two specific examples of ways that parents start this process by "doing gender." Provide two specific examples of ways that participating in sports reflects personality traits (e.g., gentleness vs. competitiveness) commonly associated with women and men in the United States. Provide specific examples from the text of ways that the behaviors are reinforced. How is this tied to the constructions of masculinity inherent in the "fag discourse" in U.S. high schools? Why does it benefit girls to act masculine?

Question 47

Gender stereotypes are defined as:

A) culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for, men and women.
B) the way gender identity is expressed through action.
C) the ways humans learn to behave and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within cultural context.
D) the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.
E) a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.

Question 48

Studies on women's participation in the industrialized labor force indicate that:

A) social inequality decreased once women gained economic power.
B) women were unable to resist male dominance once engaged in the global economy.
C) household labor became more equitable once women began earning a salary.
D) exploitation of women decreased as women became the majority of managers.
E) patriarchal relations in the home were repeated in the workplace.

Question 49

According to the text, increased participation in the global economy means that many women who migrate from the global South find work as ________ in industrialized nations.

A) gardeners
B) teachers
C) nannies
D) waitresses
E) prostitutes

Question 50

Analyze how idealized gender roles and attributes of both sexes are reflected in the sexual division of labor and jobs that adult men and women tend to pursue in the United States, and how this is tied to constructions of masculine and feminine gender norms and performance. Provide two examples for each gender.

Question 51

Victims of gender-based violence are most likely to be assaulted:

A) in the streets.
B) in parks.
C) in public.
D) in a residence.
E) at work.

Question 52

In the United States, ________ are those most subject to nonfatal intimate partner violence.

A) women over the age of fifty
B) men and women between the ages of sixty and sixty-five
C) women between the ages of twenty and twenty-four
D) men over the age of seventy
E) women in their thirties

Question 53

In the gender-based violence against nonheterosexuals, ________ are especially vulnerable.

A) lesbians
B) fags
C) transgenders
D) gay men
E) bisexuals

Question 54

During the El Salvador civil war (1977-1992), the group Co-Madres emerged as a political force that initially formed as a group of:

A) political activists protesting the rape of women.
B) mothers and relatives who demanded information about the missing.
C) teachers who demanded a peaceful resolution to the war.
D) nuns who worked for peace within the Catholic Church.
E) spiritualists who provided medical care to the injured on both sides of the conflict.

Question 55

Gender violence is widely expressed in all of the following ways, EXCEPT:

A) stalking.
B) verbal abuse.
C) rape.
D) male infanticide.
E) dowry death.

Question 56

Rape of men and women was one of the most brutal and powerful ways that gender stratification was performed in:

A) the Zar Cult of Sudan.
B) Samoa of the 1920s.
C) factories on the U.S.-Mexico border.
D) the civil war of El Salvador.
E) the Trobriand Islands.

Question 57

Gender is defined as:

A) culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for, men and women.
B) the way gender identity is expressed through action.
C) the ways humans learn to behave and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within cultural context.
D) the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.
E) a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.

Question 58

Gender ideology is defined as:

A) culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for, men and women.
B) the way gender identity is expressed through action.
C) the ways humans learn to behave and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within cultural contexts.
D) the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.
E) a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.

Question 59

Explain how physicians' attitudes toward children born intersexed have changed in recent decades in parallel with changes in attitudes toward sexuality. Specifically, what has influenced the American Academy of Pediatrics to allow children to make their own choices once they reach an age where they are able to do so?

Question 60

Discuss how the anthropological understanding of the status of individuals of alternate genders in Native American cultures has changed. After defining the terms berdache and "Two-Spirits," explain how scholars' and activists' views of the status and roles of individuals in these alternate genders have changed.

Question 61

Evaluate the merits of the "man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate. What are two of the specific cultural debates used to support the notion that there is a biological basis for the behaviors reported in this model? Provide two examples from the text that do not support the biological argument in favor of a gendered division of labor in foraging societies. Conclude by discussing the accuracy of the evolutionary model for understanding the idealized model of the sexual division of labor.

Question 62

Explain how feminist research on gender stratification and gender roles has changed since Margaret Mead's pioneering research, paying particular attention to the approaches and findings of Sherri Ortner, Michelle Rosaldo, Eleanor Leacock, and Annette Weiner. What do we understand about how gender should be studied today?

Question 63

The notion of appropriate male behavior in Mexico is changing, in part because more women are entering the paid workforce. Thinking like an anthropologist, consider how you would structure your fieldwork to explore this phenomenon. Be scientific and explain whether your research will be qualitative or quantitative and why, how you will prepare, what your hypothesis will be, and what strategies you will use.

Question 64

Discuss ways that women's participation in the migratory process, including their role in "the global care chain," reflects both gender role stereotypes and economic inequalities in the twenty-first century.

Question 65

Using three specific examples from the text, identify and analyze ways that women resist patriarchy or gender stratification in their societies. Specifically, how do women use spirit possession, trancing, or organizing for political action to express their displeasure with the systems under which they live? Provide the context for their actions in three different settings. Ultimately, does women's resistance to these structures result in change?