Deck 1: Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Question 1

Genetic diseases may be

A) produced by an abnormality in or mutation of the genetic code in a single gene.
B) caused by several abnormal genes.
C) caused by the abnormal presence or absence of a chromosome or an alteration of the structure of chromosomes.
D) all of the above.

Answer 1

D
Genetic predisposition (inheritance) currently is considered a major risk factor. Hereditary factors in disease that appear regularly in successive generations are likely to affect males and females equally. Hereditary or genetic diseases often develop as a result of the combined effects of inheritance and environmental factors.

Question 2

Mechanical and chemical barriers, the inflammatory response, and the immune response are

A) risk factors for disease.
B) the combined effects of inheritance and environmental factors.
C) included in the body's natural defense system against infection.
D) agents that damage deoxyribonucleic acid.

Answer 2

C
The body's natural defense systems against infection include (1) natural mechanical and chemical barriers, such as the skin, the cilia, body pH, and normal body flora; (2) the inflammatory response; and (3) the immune response.

Question 3

The spread of "superbugs" can be controlled by

A) frequent, thorough hand washing.
B) stricter infection control in all health care facilities.
C) considering everyone a risk for infection, especially in hospitals.
D) all of the above.

Answer 3

D
Participating medical facilities have implemented active surveillance testing such as nasal swab tests upon patient admission. Public education stresses thorough and frequent hand washing across the board as an effective practice of infection control in the community as well.

Question 4

Immunodeficiency disorders result from

A) an exudative response.
B) physical trauma.
C) motor vehicle accidents.
D) a depressed or absent immune response.

Question 5

Malignant tumors

A) tend to infiltrate other tissue.
B) tend to bleed, ulcerate, and become infected.
C) may spread to distant sites in the body.
D) are all of the above.

Question 6

Benign tumors

A) tend to remain encapsulated.
B) infiltrate surrounding tissue.
C) do not compress surrounding tissue or obstruct organs.
D) do not resemble the tissue of origin.

Question 7

Which of the following most accurately states the orderly steps in making a diagnosis?

A) Medical history, physical examination, diagnostic tests, diagnosis, integration of results, treatment
B) Medical history, diagnostic tests, physical examination, treatment plan
C) Physical examination, medical history, radiographs, prognosis, integration of all information
D) Comparison of normals, physical examination, history, treatment plan, prognosis

Question 8

The tumor Gleason grade reflects

A) the stage of the tumor.
B) the degree of abnormal microscopic appearance of the tumor cells.
C) the location of the tumor.
D) none of the above.

Question 9

Signs of disease

A) always cause symptoms.
B) rarely correlate with symptoms.
C) include abnormal objective findings.
D) are always described by the patient.

Question 10

Which of the following most correctly states the sequence of an allergic response within the body?

A) Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies enter the body and produce an allergen.
B) The release of histamine sensitizes mast cells and produces symptoms.
C) Exposure to allergen stimulates production of IgE antibodies that can subsequently trigger symptoms of allergy.
D) Histamine produces mast cells, which stimulate plasma cells.

Question 11

Systemic manifestation(s) of severe allergic responses include

A) arthralgia.
B) status asthmaticus.
C) anaphylaxis.
D) all of the above.

Question 12

Predisposing factors of disease

A) precisely predict the occurrence of disease.
B) make a person or group more vulnerable to disease.
C) never overlap or occur in combination.
D) can all be controlled by prevention.

Question 13

Which statement is true regarding the TNM (tumor, nodes, metastasis) cancer staging system?

A) Assesses the size and extent of the spread of the primary tumor.
B) Is a grading system based on the degree of differentiation of tumor cells.
C) Both a and b are true.
D) Neither a nor b is true.

Question 14

Anaphylaxis, serum sickness, arthralgia, and status asthmaticus are

A) part of aging.
B) systemic manifestations of severe allergic responses.
C) immunodeficiency disorders.
D) mild allergic conditions.

Question 15

Pathogens cause disease by

A) invasion of living tissue.
B) destruction of living tissue.
C) intoxication.
D) all of the above.

Question 16

The normal protective physiologic response(s) to tissue injury and disease is/are

A) infection.
B) acute inflammation.
C) cachexia.
D) all of the above.

Question 17

Which statement(s) is/are correct regarding autoimmune diseases?

A) The diseases allow the immune system to become self-destructive.
B) Many serious diseases have a strong autoimmune component.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Both a and b are incorrect.

Question 18

Homeostasis refers to

A) disease related to age.
B) internal stability of the body.
C) a chronic disease process.
D) genetic predisposition to disease.

Question 19

MRSA refers to a "superbug" that is

A) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
B) a common cold virus.
C) a noninfectious, noncontagious skin condition.
D) all of the above.

Question 20

Immune disorders are the result of a breakdown in the body's defense system that may generate

A) allergies.
B) autoimmune diseases.
C) immunodeficiency disorders.
D) all of the above.

Question 21

One of the main goals of patient teaching is to encourage the patient to comply with the treatment plan to assure recovery.

Question 22

Smoking, excessive drinking, poor nutrition, and lack of exercise are examples of predisposing factors related to

A) age.
B) environment.
C) heredity.
D) lifestyle.

Question 23

Which statement(s) is/are correct concerning chemotherapy treatment for cancer?

A) Chemotherapy is most effective against the rapidly developing cells of cancer.
B) Many of the side effects of chemotherapy are due to destruction of some normal cells in the body.
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a or b

Question 24

Among some common concerns about the health issues of older adults are substance abuse and nutritional problems.

Question 25

Pain may be described as

A) dull and aching, burning, or throbbing.
B) shooting, dull, stabbing.
C) frightening, intense, tiring.
D) all of the above.

Question 26

In the process of deciding or confirming the identification of a disease, the results of diagnostic studies are integrated with the medical history and physical examination findings.

Question 27

Osteopathy

A) is not practiced by trained medical physicians.
B) emphasizes the body's natural process to heal and provide well-being.
C) does not use manipulation techniques.
D) is all of the above.

Question 28

The single greatest avoidable cause of death and disease is

A) smoking tobacco and exposure to secondhand smoke.
B) insufficient exercise.
C) a diet high in sodium.
D) poor personal hygiene.

Question 29

The holistic concept of medical care focuses on

A) the needs of the whole person: spiritual, cognitive, social, physical, and emotional.
B) narrowly defining physical pathologic changes.
C) discounting the needs of a patient as a whole to expedite healing.
D) all of the above.

Question 30

When a product lacks U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, that may mean that the ingredients listed outside the bottle may not be inside the bottle, or may not be included in the amount listed.

Question 31

The philosophy of hospice affirms life and neither hastens nor postpones death.

Question 32

Patient education

A) helps improve patient and family coping.
B) is interactive.
C) is based on the patient's plan of care.
D) includes all of the above.

Question 33

The use of hormone therapy and immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer continues to evolve.

Question 34

Vaccines that may be given to prevent cancer include

A) human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine to protect against cervical cancer.
B) hepatitis B vaccine that helps prevent liver cancer.
C) both a and b.
D) b only.

Question 35

Recognizing the aspects of the cultural diversity of patients includes

A) language, religious beliefs, views about health issues, and life experiences.
B) dietary preferences.
C) death rituals and other traditions.
D) all of the above.

Question 36

Which statement(s) is/are true about understanding a patient's pain?

A) Pain is subjective.
B) Pain has individualized effects.
C) Pain is a necessary entity in life.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Question 37

In preventive health care, the emphasis is on

A) accident intervention.
B) freedom of lifestyle.
C) prophylactic medical services.
D) personal rights.