Deck 28: Plant Nutrition and Transport

Question 1

Which element is considered a macronutrient needed by plants?​

A) ​manganese
B) ​iron
C) ​copper
D) potassium
E) ​boron

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Most of the water moving through a plant is lost through ____.

A) ​osmotic gradients in the soil
B) ​transpiration
C) ​translocation
D) ​photolysis
E) ​photosynthesis

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Decomposing organic material that releases nutrients that are used by plants is called ____.

A) ​humus
B) ​loam
C) ​silt
D) ​bedrock
E) ​a macronutrient

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The Casparian strip prevents water from diffusing through the ____.

A) ​epidermis
B) ​vascular tissue
C) ​cortex
D) ​cytoplasm of endodermal cells
E) ​endodermal cell walls

Question 5

A mutually beneficial interaction between a root and a fungus is called ____.

A) ​nitrogen fixation
B) ​Rhizobium
C) ​mycorrhiza
D) ​hyphae
E) ​root nodules

Question 6

Figure 28.2
​
The following two questions refer to the accompanying figure illustrating soil horizons.​

Which soil horizon is composed of organic litter?

A) ​O Horizon
B) ​A Horizon
C) ​B Horizon
D) ​C Horizon
E) ​Bedrock

Question 7

Filaments of a fungus that form a velvety cloak around roots or penetrate their cells aiding in the mutualistic relationship between the plant and fungus are called ____.

A) ​hyphae
B) ​mycorrhizae
C) ​root nodules
D) ​root hairs
E) ​Rhizobium

Question 8

Which theory of water transport states that hydrogen bonding allows water molecules to maintain a continuous fluid column as water is pulled from roots to leaves?​

A) ​pressure flow
B) ​evaporation-condensation
C) ​cohesion-tension
D) ​osmotic pressure
E) ​bulk flow

Question 9

Root structures that grow around and encapsulate mutualistic nitrogen-fixing bacteria are called ____.

A) ​hyphae
B) ​mycorrhizae
C) ​Casparian strip
D) ​root hairs
E) ​root nodules

Question 10

Which element is considered a micronutrient needed by plants?​

A) ​carbon
B) ​hydrogen
C) ​nitrogen
D) ​magnesium
E) ​zinc

Question 11

Figure 28.2
​
The following two questions refer to the accompanying figure illustrating soil horizons.​

Which soil horizon has no organic matter or weathered rock?​

A) ​O Horizon
B) ​A Horizon
C) ​B Horizon
D) ​C Horizon
E) ​bedrock

Question 12

What drives the movement of soil water, through a root's epidermis and cortex, to the vascular cylinder?​

A) ​translocation
B) ​pressure flow
C) ​Casparian strip
D) ​osmosis
E) ​active transport

Question 13

Organisms that are used to decontaminate soils ____.

A) ​cannot store pollutants in their tissues
B) ​cannot release pollutants into the air
C) ​do not degrade pollutants
D) ​typically die from the pollutants
E) ​release pollutants into the air and/or degrade the pollutants

Question 14

Figure 28.2
​
The following two questions refer to the accompanying figure illustrating soil horizons.​

Which type of soil has the best oxygen and water penetration to support plant growth?​

A) ​sand
B) ​silt
C) ​loam
D) ​clay
E) ​humus

Question 15

Angiosperms have two types of xylem tubes, each composed of one cell type, either ____ or ____.

A) ​vessel elements; companion cells
B) ​sieve elements; companion cells
C) ​sieve elements; tracheids
D) ​vessel elements; sieve elements
E) ​vessel elements; tracheids

Question 16

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert ____ to ____, which is a form of nitrogen that plants can use.

A) ​nitrogen gas; ammonia
B) ​ammonia; nitrogen gas
C) ​nitrogen gas; nitrates
D) ​nitrogen gas; nitrites
E) ​ammonia; nitrates

Question 17

With metal pollutants, the best phytoremediation uses ____.

A) ​hydrologic injections that dilute the groundwater
B) ​chemical injections that degrade the pollutants
C) ​plants that take up toxins and store them in aboveground tissues
D) ​plants that prevent the toxins from being absorbed in their tissues
E) ​plants that can breakdown the toxins and release them into the air

Question 18

The Army and the Environmental Protection Agency are decreasing the contamination at the Army's Aberdeen Proving Grounds by ____.

A) ​removing contaminated soil
B) ​planting hybrid poplar trees
C) ​chemically degrading the contaminants
D) ​covering the contaminated soil with a sealant
E) ​injecting the soil with clean water to dilute the contaminated groundwater

Question 19

Water can diffuse directly across lipid bilayers, but ions cannot. What aids the ions in water in entering or exiting a cell?​

A) ​transport proteins in a cell's cytoplasm
B) ​transport proteins in a cell's plasma membrane
C) ​sugars produced in source regions
D) ​organic compounds stored in plant tissues
E) ​companion cells

Question 20

What type of water-conducting cells has perforation plates on their ends?​

A) ​tracheids
B) ​vessel elements
C) ​sieve elements
D) ​companion cells
E) ​sieve tubes

Question 21

The movement of organic compounds throughout plants is described as ____.

A) ​cohesion-tension
B) ​source-to-sink
C) ​facilitated transport
D) ​active transport
E) ​transpiration pull

Question 22

Conducting tubes of phloem consist of stacks of ____.

A) ​dead sieve elements
B) ​living sieve elements
C) ​dead vessel elements
D) ​living vessel elements
E) ​dead companion cells

Question 23

Movement of soluble organic material through sieve tube members occurs through ____.

A) ​translocation
B) ​active transport
C) ​cohesion-tension
D) ​transpiration
E) ​facilitated transport

Question 24

Figure 28.14
​
The following three questions refer to the accompanying figure illustrating transport in phloem.​

Companion cell assisted loading of organic compounds is indicated by letter ____.

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​E

Question 25

A difference in charge between guard cell cytoplasm and extracellular fluid is called ____.

A) ​osmosis
B) ​tension
C) ​turgor
D) ​pressure gradient
E) ​voltage

Question 26

Choose the most appropriate answer response for each question.​
a.responsible for opening and closing of stomata​
b.​region of a plant where sugars are being used
c.​pipelines of the xylem
d.​a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root
e.​structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
f.​pipelines of the phloem
g.​evaporation of water from stems and leaves
h.​provide metabolic functions necessary to sustain its paired sieve element
i.​control the uptake of mineral ions into the vascular cylinder
j.​transport of organic molecules from source region to sink
k.​a waxy band that prevents water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls
transport proteins

Question 27

Choose the most appropriate answer response for each question.​
a.responsible for opening and closing of stomata​
b.​region of a plant where sugars are being used
c.​pipelines of the xylem
d.​a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root
e.​structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
f.​pipelines of the phloem
g.​evaporation of water from stems and leaves
h.​provide metabolic functions necessary to sustain its paired sieve element
i.​control the uptake of mineral ions into the vascular cylinder
j.​transport of organic molecules from source region to sink
k.​a waxy band that prevents water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls
companion cells

Question 28

An opening in leaves that functions in the exchange of gases is called a ____.

A) ​cuticle
B) ​stoma
C) ​guard cell
D) ​pit
E) ​pore

Question 29

Sieve tubes are different from vessel elements because they ____.

A) ​do not have nuclei
B) ​are not connected to each other
C) ​are alive at maturity
D) ​conduct minerals
E) ​transport water

Question 30

Figure 28.14
​
The following three questions refer to the accompanying figure illustrating transport in phloem.​

Letter ____ can indicate a fruit or developing root cells.

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​E

Question 31

Choose the most appropriate answer response for each question.​
a.responsible for opening and closing of stomata​
b.​region of a plant where sugars are being used
c.​pipelines of the xylem
d.​a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root
e.​structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
f.​pipelines of the phloem
g.​evaporation of water from stems and leaves
h.​provide metabolic functions necessary to sustain its paired sieve element
i.​control the uptake of mineral ions into the vascular cylinder
j.​transport of organic molecules from source region to sink
k.​a waxy band that prevents water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls
sieve tubes

Question 32

A region of plant tissue where sugars are being produced or released from storage is called ____.

A) ​cortex
B) ​plasmodesmata
C) ​stoma
D) ​a source
E) ​a sink

Question 33

Figure 28.14
​
The following three questions refer to the accompanying figure illustrating transport in phloem.​

Bulk flow of organic compounds is indicated by letter ____.

A) ​A
B) B​
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​E

Question 34

The pitted end walls of sieve elements are called ____.

A) ​plasmodesmata
B) ​sieve tubes
C) ​companion cells
D) ​perforation plates
E) ​sieve plates

Question 35

What is the function of companion cells?​

A) ​These cells provide metabolic support to vessel elements.
B) ​These cells provide metabolic support to sieve elements.
C) ​These cells provide metabolic support to tracheids.
D) ​These cells prevent water from entering the endodermis.
E) ​These cells control the opening and closing of stomata.

Question 36

Choose the most appropriate answer response for each question.​
a.responsible for opening and closing of stomata​
b.​region of a plant where sugars are being used
c.​pipelines of the xylem
d.​a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root
e.​structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
f.​pipelines of the phloem
g.​evaporation of water from stems and leaves
h.​provide metabolic functions necessary to sustain its paired sieve element
i.​control the uptake of mineral ions into the vascular cylinder
j.​transport of organic molecules from source region to sink
k.​a waxy band that prevents water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls
Casparian strip

Question 37

The stomata ____.

A) ​open at night in most plants
B) ​are open when the guard cells are swollen with water
C) ​close when water moves into the guard cells
D) ​are covered by the cuticle to reduce water loss
E) ​allow water to enter plant leaves

Question 38

The cuticle helps a plant conserve water by ____.

A) ​covering the stomata
B) ​reducing a plant's capacity for photosynthesis
C) ​absorbing visible light
D) ​restricting the amount of water a plant's root absorbs
E) ​restricting the amount of water vapor that diffuses out of aboveground parts.

Question 39

During the day, an open stomata loses about ____ molecule(s) of water for every molecule of carbon dioxide it takes in.

A) ​1
B) ​10
C) ​25
D) ​100
E) ​400

Question 40

The generally accepted explanation for the movement of organic compounds in phloem is ____.

A) ​the cohesion-tension theory
B) ​the pressure flow theory
C) ​active transport
D) ​the transpiration-pull theory
E) ​root pressure

Question 41

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five plant micronutrients listed below.​
a.iron​
b.​boron
c.​manganese
d.​zinc
e.​copper
This nutrient plays an important role in cell wall formation.

Question 42

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five plant micronutrients listed below.​
a.iron​
b.​boron
c.​manganese
d.​zinc
e.​copper
This nutrient is involved in electron transfer chains and lignin synthesis.

Question 43

Choose the most appropriate answer response for each question.​
a.responsible for opening and closing of stomata​
b.​region of a plant where sugars are being used
c.​pipelines of the xylem
d.​a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root
e.​structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
f.​pipelines of the phloem
g.​evaporation of water from stems and leaves
h.​provide metabolic functions necessary to sustain its paired sieve element
i.​control the uptake of mineral ions into the vascular cylinder
j.​transport of organic molecules from source region to sink
k.​a waxy band that prevents water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls
guard cells

Question 44

A(n) __________ is a mutually beneficial interaction between a root and a fungus that grows on or in it.

Question 45

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five plant macronutrients listed below.​
a.​nitrogen
b.​potassium
c.​calcium
d.​magnesium
e.​phosphorus
This nutrient is important for stabilizing cell walls and membranes.

Question 46

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five plant macronutrients listed below.​
a.​nitrogen
b.​potassium
c.​calcium
d.​magnesium
e.​phosphorus
This nutrient is essential to formation of chlorophyll and acts as a cofactor for many enzymes.

Question 47

__________ are soils that have roughly equal proportions of sand, silt, and clay.

Question 48

Choose the most appropriate answer response for each question.​
a.responsible for opening and closing of stomata​
b.​region of a plant where sugars are being used
c.​pipelines of the xylem
d.​a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root
e.​structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
f.​pipelines of the phloem
g.​evaporation of water from stems and leaves
h.​provide metabolic functions necessary to sustain its paired sieve element
i.​control the uptake of mineral ions into the vascular cylinder
j.​transport of organic molecules from source region to sink
k.​a waxy band that prevents water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls
mycorrhiza

Question 49

Choose the most appropriate answer response for each question.​
a.responsible for opening and closing of stomata​
b.​region of a plant where sugars are being used
c.​pipelines of the xylem
d.​a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root
e.​structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
f.​pipelines of the phloem
g.​evaporation of water from stems and leaves
h.​provide metabolic functions necessary to sustain its paired sieve element
i.​control the uptake of mineral ions into the vascular cylinder
j.​transport of organic molecules from source region to sink
k.​a waxy band that prevents water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls
tracheids and vessel elements

Question 50

Choose the most appropriate answer response for each question.​
a.responsible for opening and closing of stomata​
b.​region of a plant where sugars are being used
c.​pipelines of the xylem
d.​a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root
e.​structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
f.​pipelines of the phloem
g.​evaporation of water from stems and leaves
h.​provide metabolic functions necessary to sustain its paired sieve element
i.​control the uptake of mineral ions into the vascular cylinder
j.​transport of organic molecules from source region to sink
k.​a waxy band that prevents water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls
translocation

Question 51

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five plant macronutrients listed below.​
a.​nitrogen
b.​potassium
c.​calcium
d.​magnesium
e.​phosphorus
This nutrient helps to maintain turgor pressure.

Question 52

Choose the most appropriate answer response for each question.​
a.responsible for opening and closing of stomata​
b.​region of a plant where sugars are being used
c.​pipelines of the xylem
d.​a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root
e.​structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
f.​pipelines of the phloem
g.​evaporation of water from stems and leaves
h.​provide metabolic functions necessary to sustain its paired sieve element
i.​control the uptake of mineral ions into the vascular cylinder
j.​transport of organic molecules from source region to sink
k.​a waxy band that prevents water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls
nodules

Question 53

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five plant micronutrients listed below.​
a.iron​
b.​boron
c.​manganese
d.​zinc
e.​copper
This nutrient assists in catalysis of photolysis during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Question 54

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five plant macronutrients listed below.​
a.​nitrogen
b.​potassium
c.​calcium
d.​magnesium
e.​phosphorus
This nutrient is a component of ATP.

Question 55

Choose the most appropriate answer response for each question.​
a.responsible for opening and closing of stomata​
b.​region of a plant where sugars are being used
c.​pipelines of the xylem
d.​a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root
e.​structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
f.​pipelines of the phloem
g.​evaporation of water from stems and leaves
h.​provide metabolic functions necessary to sustain its paired sieve element
i.​control the uptake of mineral ions into the vascular cylinder
j.​transport of organic molecules from source region to sink
k.​a waxy band that prevents water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls
transpiration

Question 56

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five plant micronutrients listed below.​
a.iron​
b.​boron
c.​manganese
d.​zinc
e.​copper
This nutrient is a component of many proteins, including auxin receptors.

Question 57

Choose the most appropriate answer response for each question.​
a.responsible for opening and closing of stomata​
b.​region of a plant where sugars are being used
c.​pipelines of the xylem
d.​a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root
e.​structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
f.​pipelines of the phloem
g.​evaporation of water from stems and leaves
h.​provide metabolic functions necessary to sustain its paired sieve element
i.​control the uptake of mineral ions into the vascular cylinder
j.​transport of organic molecules from source region to sink
k.​a waxy band that prevents water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls
sink

Question 58

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five plant macronutrients listed below.​
a.​nitrogen
b.​potassium
c.​calcium
d.​magnesium
e.​phosphorus
This nutrient is an important component of proteins and nucleic acids.

Question 59

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five plant micronutrients listed below.​
a.iron​
b.​boron
c.​manganese
d.​zinc
e.​copper
This nutrient is a component of chlorophyll and many enzymes.

Question 60

Phytoremediation uses the ability of plants to take up __________ dissolved in soil water.

Question 61

What are guard cells and how are they able to control the opening and closing of stomata.

Question 62

By the __________ theory, transpiration pulls water upward by creating a continuous negative pressure (or tension) inside xylem.

Question 63

The movement of sugars and other organic molecules through phloem is called __________.

Question 64

Explain the pressure flow theory.

Question 65

Describe how clay can enhance the quality of soils. How can too much clay negatively affect soils?​

Question 66

Root nodules are swellings on some plants that contain mutualistic __________ bacteria.

Question 67

__________ is the evaporation of water from plant parts, mainly at stomata, into air.

Question 68

Explain the cohesion-tension theory.

Question 69

A layer of endodermal cells around the cylinder deposits a waterproof band called a(n) __________ in their abutting walls.