Deck 43: Animal Behavior
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Deck 43: Animal Behavior
1
What is an example of observational learning?
A) A baby garter snake captures and eats a slug.
B) A chick's gaping mouth induces a feeding response in a parent bird.
C) A European cuckoo hatchling pushes the host bird's egg out of the nest.
D) A male fruit fly waves his wings at a female fruit fly during courtship.
E) A marmoset monkey mimicking another marmoset in successfully opening a container.
A) A baby garter snake captures and eats a slug.
B) A chick's gaping mouth induces a feeding response in a parent bird.
C) A European cuckoo hatchling pushes the host bird's egg out of the nest.
D) A male fruit fly waves his wings at a female fruit fly during courtship.
E) A marmoset monkey mimicking another marmoset in successfully opening a container.
E
2
Which of the following implies movement with regard for direction?
A) taxis only
B) kinesis only
C) migration only
D) taxis and migration only
E) taxis, migration, and kinesis
A) taxis only
B) kinesis only
C) migration only
D) taxis and migration only
E) taxis, migration, and kinesis
D
3
According to the above table, what foraging characteristic would benefit an animal most in a stable ecology?
A) A baby garter snake, when it captures and eats a slug
B) A sitter, because it would have more trouble adapting to a changing environment
C) A rover, because it has the ability to adapt quickly
D) Both the sitter and the rover are equally adept in a stable ecosystem.
E) Both the snake and the rover are equally adept in a stable ecosystem.
A) A baby garter snake, when it captures and eats a slug
B) A sitter, because it would have more trouble adapting to a changing environment
C) A rover, because it has the ability to adapt quickly
D) Both the sitter and the rover are equally adept in a stable ecosystem.
E) Both the snake and the rover are equally adept in a stable ecosystem.
B
4

The above figure of a young cuckoo shoving its foster parents' egg out of the nest best demonstrates _____.
A) imprinting behavior
B) instinctive behavior
C) classical conditioning
D) learned behavior
E) operant conditioning
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5
Imprinting is a form of ____.
A) innate response
B) static pattern
C) instinctive behavior
D) unlearned behavior
E) passive behavior
A) innate response
B) static pattern
C) instinctive behavior
D) unlearned behavior
E) passive behavior
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6
Habituation can best be described as a form of _____.
A) fixed action
B) learned behavior
C) stereotyping
D) instinctual response
E) observational learning
A) fixed action
B) learned behavior
C) stereotyping
D) instinctual response
E) observational learning
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7
Parasitized caterpillars eating more alkaloid-rich food in order to poison their parasites is an example of _____.
A) behavioral plasticity
B) social plasticity
C) epigenetics
D) learned behavior
E) mirroring
A) behavioral plasticity
B) social plasticity
C) epigenetics
D) learned behavior
E) mirroring
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8
A rat that learns not to approach a certain part of a cage because it has received a shock there exhibiting ____.
A) operant conditioning
B) shock therapy
C) desensitization
D) mirroring
E) observational learning
A) operant conditioning
B) shock therapy
C) desensitization
D) mirroring
E) observational learning
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9
The European cuckoo's behavior as a "brood parasite" represents what type of behavior?
A) a response that is not a behavior
B) instinctive behavior
C) imprinting behavior
D) learned behavior
E) a time-dependent form of learning
A) a response that is not a behavior
B) instinctive behavior
C) imprinting behavior
D) learned behavior
E) a time-dependent form of learning
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10

Which of the following communication signals matches the animal?
A) chemical; honeybees
B) tactile; frogs
C) auditory; baboons
D) visual; frogs
E) chemical; fireflies
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11
In mammals, oxytocin is released during _____.
A) sexual intercoursek only
B) lactation only
C) labor only
D) sexual intercourse, lactation, and labor
E) sexual intercourse and labor
A) sexual intercoursek only
B) lactation only
C) labor only
D) sexual intercourse, lactation, and labor
E) sexual intercourse and labor
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12

The accompanying figure is of wolf behavior, which tells others _____.
A) to prepare for a fight
B) that the following behavior will be play
C) that the wolf is subordinate to whom he is bowing
D) that the following behavior will be aggressive
E) the wolf is ready to mate
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13
When a European robin orients by the earth's magnetic field, it is described as _____ directional differences.
A) "feeling"
B) "seeing"
C) "sensing"
D) "predicting"
E) "assuming"
A) "feeling"
B) "seeing"
C) "sensing"
D) "predicting"
E) "assuming"
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14

The above figure of goslings (baby geese) following their mother demonstrates ____.
A) imprinting behavior
B) operant conditioning
C) systematic desensitization
D) reactionary behavior
E) voluntary behavior
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15
The advantage to a species of using a pheromone for communication rather than calling or gesturing is that it _____.
A) conveys more information
B) is more easily understood
C) is more energy efficient
D) is more variable
E) conveys immediate information
A) conveys more information
B) is more easily understood
C) is more energy efficient
D) is more variable
E) conveys immediate information
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16

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ in that they apply, respectively, to ____ and ____ behavior.
A) voluntary; involuntary
B) involuntary; voluntary
C) instinctive; learned
D) learned; instinctive
E) active; passive
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17
Communication signals are usually _____.
A) intraspecific
B) interspecific
C) not helpful to the receiver
D) visual
E) auditory
A) intraspecific
B) interspecific
C) not helpful to the receiver
D) visual
E) auditory
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18
Imprinting _____.
A) is governed more by environment than genetics
B) cannot be associated with learning
C) can only occur during a short interval in the life of an animal
D) must occurs over one's entire lifetime
E) is constantly being done and undone
A) is governed more by environment than genetics
B) cannot be associated with learning
C) can only occur during a short interval in the life of an animal
D) must occurs over one's entire lifetime
E) is constantly being done and undone
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19
A classic example of imprinting is _____.
A) Pavlov's dog
B) a sparrow singing a song
C) Lorenz and his geese
D) a cuckoo bird being a "brood parasite"
E) watching television
A) Pavlov's dog
B) a sparrow singing a song
C) Lorenz and his geese
D) a cuckoo bird being a "brood parasite"
E) watching television
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20
Epigenetic effects cause _____ behavior without altering _____.
A) instinctive; oxytocin level
B) instinctive; the genome
C) conditioned; the genome
D) heritable changes in; DNA sequence
E) temporary changes in; RNA sequence
A) instinctive; oxytocin level
B) instinctive; the genome
C) conditioned; the genome
D) heritable changes in; DNA sequence
E) temporary changes in; RNA sequence
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21
The fact that genes associated with altruism are favored by natural selection if they lead to the reproductive success of an altruist's closest relatives is called _____.
A) the theory of inclusive fitness
B) survival of the fittest
C) evolution
D) inbreeding
E) selective mating
A) the theory of inclusive fitness
B) survival of the fittest
C) evolution
D) inbreeding
E) selective mating
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22
One study has shown that when more lions join a hunting group, _____.
A) the success rate falls
B) the success rate remains proportional
C) the success rate increases
D) the success rate is the same but there is more food on average
E) more eventually drop out to be in isolation
A) the success rate falls
B) the success rate remains proportional
C) the success rate increases
D) the success rate is the same but there is more food on average
E) more eventually drop out to be in isolation
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23
What is the greatest benefit for carnivores who hunt cooperatively?
A) greater diversity
B) division of labor
C) defense of territory
D) more reproductive options
E) efficiency in catching prey
A) greater diversity
B) division of labor
C) defense of territory
D) more reproductive options
E) efficiency in catching prey
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24
A eusocial animal ______.
A) lives alone
B) works alone
C) breeds continuously
D) lives within a group with a reproductive division of labor
E) least likely to exhibit altruistic behavior
A) lives alone
B) works alone
C) breeds continuously
D) lives within a group with a reproductive division of labor
E) least likely to exhibit altruistic behavior
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25
A dance that recruits other bees into foraging 90 degrees to the right of the sun is indicated by flying ____.
A) straight up the comb
B) straight down the comb
C) to the left of vertical
D) to the right of vertical
E) in circles
A) straight up the comb
B) straight down the comb
C) to the left of vertical
D) to the right of vertical
E) in circles
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26
Choose the one most appropriate response for each. Some letters may not be used.
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
imprinting
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
imprinting
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27
Choose the one most appropriate response for each. Some letters may not be used.
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
altruism
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
altruism
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28
A(n) ____ allows two rival males to assess one another's strengths without engaging in a potentially damaging fight.
A) conditioned stimuli
B) eusocial response
C) instinctive behavior
D) kinetic movement
E) threat display
A) conditioned stimuli
B) eusocial response
C) instinctive behavior
D) kinetic movement
E) threat display
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29
Choose the one most appropriate response for each. Some letters may not be used.
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
instinctive behavior
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
instinctive behavior
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30
Females of various species shop around for males that _____.
A) are nomadic
B) are highly selective
C) are silent and strong
D) make showy displays
E) have a large family
A) are nomadic
B) are highly selective
C) are silent and strong
D) make showy displays
E) have a large family
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31
Vocal signals are used by _____.
A) wolves
B) mice
C) snakes only
D) lizards only
E) snakes and lizards
A) wolves
B) mice
C) snakes only
D) lizards only
E) snakes and lizards
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32
In the selfish herd, there is an advantage to _____.
A) being on the outside
B) being near the front
C) being in the middle
D) being isolated
E) being unpredictable
A) being on the outside
B) being near the front
C) being in the middle
D) being isolated
E) being unpredictable
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33
In terms of male parental care, the prevalence in animals groups goes in this order: _____ (most prevalent to least).
A) birds - mammals - fishes
B) mammals - birds - fishes
C) mammals - fishes - birds
D) reptiles - mammals - fishes
E) mammals - fishes - birds
A) birds - mammals - fishes
B) mammals - birds - fishes
C) mammals - fishes - birds
D) reptiles - mammals - fishes
E) mammals - fishes - birds
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34
Altruistic behavior ____.
A) works in a similar way to selfish herds
B) is sexually directed behavior
C) is self-sacrificing behavior
D) is aggressive behavior
E) is nonreactive, such as freezing at the sign of danger
A) works in a similar way to selfish herds
B) is sexually directed behavior
C) is self-sacrificing behavior
D) is aggressive behavior
E) is nonreactive, such as freezing at the sign of danger
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35
Bees use which type of communication method to transmit location of a food source?
A) vocal
B) odors
C) visual
D) tactile
E) pheromones
A) vocal
B) odors
C) visual
D) tactile
E) pheromones
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36
Choose the one most appropriate response for each. Some letters may not be used.
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
lek
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
lek
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37
The male sage grouse who is "displaying" is likely _____.
A) indicating that he are ready to spar with other males
B) claiming part of the territory as his own
C) attracting a mate in a monogamous union
D) attracting a mate in a polygamous union
E) indicating that he has won a mate
A) indicating that he are ready to spar with other males
B) claiming part of the territory as his own
C) attracting a mate in a monogamous union
D) attracting a mate in a polygamous union
E) indicating that he has won a mate
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38
Sexual selection occurs when a female chooses a male that _____.
A) shares all resources
B) is migratory
C) shows superior strength
D) can be a chameleon
E) has never had a mate
A) shares all resources
B) is migratory
C) shows superior strength
D) can be a chameleon
E) has never had a mate
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39
Altruism in animals _____.
A) increasesanother individual's reproductive success at its own expense
B) has no selective value
C) is a recent evolutionary development observed only in mammals
D) is attributable to random behavior
E) is commonplace in vertebrates
A) increasesanother individual's reproductive success at its own expense
B) has no selective value
C) is a recent evolutionary development observed only in mammals
D) is attributable to random behavior
E) is commonplace in vertebrates
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40
The "confusion effect" occurs ____.
A) when one animal flees a threat and others in the group do the same
B) when animals group and present a solid front to predators
C) when there is a "selfish herd"
D) in a hierarchal living group
E) in the mimicking of another species to escape predation
A) when one animal flees a threat and others in the group do the same
B) when animals group and present a solid front to predators
C) when there is a "selfish herd"
D) in a hierarchal living group
E) in the mimicking of another species to escape predation
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41
Classification. Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of social behavior listed below.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
Behavior refers to coordinated responses that an animal makes to a(n) __________.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
Behavior refers to coordinated responses that an animal makes to a(n) __________.
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42
Choose the one most appropriate response for each. Some letters may not be used.
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
Lorenz
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
Lorenz
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43
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of behavior listed below.
a.imprinting
b.sexual selection
c.learned behavior
d.defense behavior
e.altruism
A prairie dog makes a particular bark when it sees an eagle. This is an example of __________.
a.imprinting
b.sexual selection
c.learned behavior
d.defense behavior
e.altruism
A prairie dog makes a particular bark when it sees an eagle. This is an example of __________.
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44
Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of reception listed below that are used by social animals.
a.tactile
b.auditory
c.visual
d.chemical
This sensory modality is used by honeybees during the waggle dance.
a.tactile
b.auditory
c.visual
d.chemical
This sensory modality is used by honeybees during the waggle dance.
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45
Classification. Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of social behavior listed below.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
When a woman raises her brother's children, this is an example of __________.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
When a woman raises her brother's children, this is an example of __________.
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46
?Choose the one most appropriate response for each. Some letters may not be used.
-operant conditioning
A)?studied nest decorating behavior in birds
B)?imprinting in goslings
C)capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
D)?problem solving without trial-and-error
E)?behavior is modified by experience
F)?voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
G)?communal display ground
H)occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
I)?self-sacrificing behavior
-operant conditioning
A)?studied nest decorating behavior in birds
B)?imprinting in goslings
C)capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
D)?problem solving without trial-and-error
E)?behavior is modified by experience
F)?voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
G)?communal display ground
H)occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
I)?self-sacrificing behavior
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47
Classification. Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of social behavior listed below.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
When a colony of bluegill sunfishes competes for the safe sites at the center of the group, this is an example of __________.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
When a colony of bluegill sunfishes competes for the safe sites at the center of the group, this is an example of __________.
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48
Classification. Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of social behavior listed below.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
When two or more female lions attack a wildebeest together, this is an example of __________.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
When two or more female lions attack a wildebeest together, this is an example of __________.
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49
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of behavior listed below.
a.imprinting
b.sexual selection
c.learned behavior
d.defense behavior
e.altruism
If the young of precocial (young that are relatively mature and mobile when hatched) birds (e.g., chickens or ducks) are continually shown a large moving object during the first few days of their lives, they will follow that object. This is an example of __________.
a.imprinting
b.sexual selection
c.learned behavior
d.defense behavior
e.altruism
If the young of precocial (young that are relatively mature and mobile when hatched) birds (e.g., chickens or ducks) are continually shown a large moving object during the first few days of their lives, they will follow that object. This is an example of __________.
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50
Choose the one most appropriate response for each. Some letters may not be used.
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
learning
a.studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b.imprinting in goslings
c.capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time encounters with key stimuli
d.problem solving without trial-and-error
e.behavior is modified by experience
f.voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g.communal display ground
h.occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i.self-sacrificing behavior
learning
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51
Classification. Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of social behavior listed below.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
When the offspring of one brood of Florida scrub-jays help their parents in taking care of their siblings in the next brood, this is an example of __________.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
When the offspring of one brood of Florida scrub-jays help their parents in taking care of their siblings in the next brood, this is an example of __________.
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52
Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of reception listed below that are used by social animals.
a.tactile
b.auditory
c.visual
d.chemical
The primary signal sent out by receptive female primates is likely to be this.
a.tactile
b.auditory
c.visual
d.chemical
The primary signal sent out by receptive female primates is likely to be this.
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53
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of behavior listed below.
a.imprinting
b.sexual selection
c.learned behavior
d.defense behavior
e.altruism
A garter snake learns to avoid dangerous or unpalatable prey. This is an example of __________.
a.imprinting
b.sexual selection
c.learned behavior
d.defense behavior
e.altruism
A garter snake learns to avoid dangerous or unpalatable prey. This is an example of __________.
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54
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of behavior listed below.
a.imprinting
b.sexual selection
c.learned behavior
d.defense behavior
e.altruism
The extreme variation in plumage observed among the males of various species of ducks is thought to be due to __________.
a.imprinting
b.sexual selection
c.learned behavior
d.defense behavior
e.altruism
The extreme variation in plumage observed among the males of various species of ducks is thought to be due to __________.
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55
Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of reception listed below that are used by social animals.
a.tactile
b.auditory
c.visual
d.chemical
The elaborate posturing displays of male birds-of-paradise utilize this sense in the female.
a.tactile
b.auditory
c.visual
d.chemical
The elaborate posturing displays of male birds-of-paradise utilize this sense in the female.
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56
Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of reception listed below that are used by social animals.
a.tactile
b.auditory
c.visual
d.chemical
The sex pheromone emitted by a female gypsy moth relies upon this sense in the male.
a.tactile
b.auditory
c.visual
d.chemical
The sex pheromone emitted by a female gypsy moth relies upon this sense in the male.
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57
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of behavior listed below.
a.imprinting
b.sexual selection
c.learned behavior
d.defense behavior
e.altruism
The adult male who jumps overboard to save a drowning niece is exhibiting __________.
a.imprinting
b.sexual selection
c.learned behavior
d.defense behavior
e.altruism
The adult male who jumps overboard to save a drowning niece is exhibiting __________.
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58
Classification. Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of social behavior listed below.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
When a clump of sawfly caterpillars rear up, writhe, and regurgitate toxic fluid after being disturbed, this is an example of __________.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
When a clump of sawfly caterpillars rear up, writhe, and regurgitate toxic fluid after being disturbed, this is an example of __________.
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59
Genes that affect the __________ system often affect behavior.
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60
Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of reception listed below that are used by social animals.
a.tactile
b.auditory
c.visual
d.chemical
The alarm signal one snail sends to another is most likely to be this.
a.tactile
b.auditory
c.visual
d.chemical
The alarm signal one snail sends to another is most likely to be this.
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61
__________ behavior can occur without having been learned by experience.
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62
Why are human behaviors so difficult to study?
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63
__________ allow animals of the same species to share information.
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64
With __________, an animal stops responding to an ongoing stimulus.
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65
What is the benefit of using the Earth's magnetic field to migrate compared to the sun or stars?
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66
Colonies of ants, termites, and some other insects, as well as naked mole rats, are __________ and thus include sterile workers who care for the reproducing members of the group.
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67
With __________, an animal modifies a voluntary behavior in response to the behavior's consequences.
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68
With __________, an animal learns to associate an involuntary response to one stimulus with another stimulus.
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69
What are some benefits for animals to live in groups?
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70
__________ is one form of learning that happens only during a sensitive period early in life.
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71
Chemical signals such as __________ have roles in social communication.
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72
Explain pheromones and theorize why they are not significantly employed by humans.
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73
__________ behavior is altered by experience.
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74
A behavior that has a genetic basis is subject to evolution by __________.
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