Deck 25: Animal Evolution - the Chordates

Question 1

Figure 25.2

Use the illustration above to answer the questions
Consider the accompanying figure. Four of the following are true statements about the structure indicated by "D." Which statement is false?

A) ​It first evolved in arthropods.
B) ​It extends anteriorly into the head region.
C) ​It provides support for muscle contraction.
D) ​It is replaced in most adult vertebrates by the vertebral column.
E) ​It is one of the four exclusive features of chordates.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Four of the following are features found exclusively among all vertebrates. Which one is the exception?​

A) ​notochord
B) ​pharyngeal gill slits
C) ​four legs
D) ​post-anal tail
E) ​dorsal nerve cord

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The first jawless fishes evolved by about ____ million years ago.

A) ​120
B) ​270
C) ​380
D) ​480
E) ​650

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The first tetrapods evolved ____.

A) ​on land
B) ​after the amphibians
C) ​in water
D) ​after the first amniotes
E) ​from the ray-finned fishes

Question 5

Four of the following are trends associated with vertebrate evolution. Which one is the exception?​

A) ​conversion of the support for locomotion from the notochord to the vertebral column
B) ​expansion of the nerve cord to form the brain and spinal cord
C) ​changes in the respiratory system from gills to lungs with accompanying changes in the circulatory system
D) ​the development of fewer, more efficient chambers in the heart
E) ​modification of limbs that allowed for more efficient movement

Question 6

Four of the following statements are typically true of placoderms. Which one is the exception?​

A) ​They gave birth to live young.
B) ​They had jaws.
C) ​They had teeth.
D) ​They had paired pelvic fins.
E) ​They had paired pectoral fins.

Question 7

Amniotes differ from earlier vertebrates by ____.

A) ​their large size
B) ​their three-chambered heart
C) ​producing eggs in which the young can develop away from water
D) ​the possession of a slimy skin
E) ​having external scales

Question 8

Sharks differ from most other fish in that they lack ____.

A) ​gill slits
B) ​scales
C) ​bone
D) ​paired appendages
E) ​teeth

Question 9

Which of the following is most closely related to the lobe-finned fishes?

A) ray-finned fishes​
B) ​tunicates
C) ​mammals
D) ​cartilaginous fishes
E) ​lancelets

Question 10

Which trait does the fossil in the accompanying figure share with modern birds?​

A) ​long, clawed fingers on each forelimb
B) ​teeth
C) ​Feathers
D) ​long bony tail
E) ​heavy jaw

Question 11

Four of the following are members of the bony fishes. Which one is the exception?​

A) ​teleosts
B) ​ray-finned fish
C) ​lungfish
D) ​stingrays
E) ​lobe-finned fishes

Question 12

From what feature are jaws thought to have evolved?

A) ​pharynx
B) ​vertebrae
C) ​legs
D) ​arms
E) ​gill arches

Question 13

Four of the following statements about Sinosauropteryx are true. Which statement is false?​

A) ​It was likely flightless.
B) ​It was found in China.
C) ​It lived more recently than Archaeopteryx.
D) ​It was a small dinosaur.
E) ​It had short forelimbs.

Question 14

Four of the following statements about turtles are true. Which statement is false?​

A) ​About 300 species of turtles currently exist.
B) ​Turtles do not have teeth.
C) ​Turtle shells are enlarged in marine forms.
D) ​Turtles must return to land to lay eggs.
E) ​Most sea turtle species are highly endangered.

Question 15

Which phylum is most closely related developmentally to the first vertebrates?​

A) ​Echinodermata
B) ​Arthropoda
C) ​Mollusca
D) ​Annelida
E) ​Chelicerata

Question 16

Most amphibians are completely dependent on an aquatic environment for ____.

A) ​respiration
B) ​feeding
C) ​reproduction
D) ​movement
E) ​thermoregulation

Question 17

Declining amphibian populations are correlated with four of the following. Which one is the exception?

A) ​habitat loss
B) ​introduction of new species
C) ​long-term changes in climate
D) ​evolutionary changes in amphibians
E) ​fungal infections and parasitic diseases

Question 18

The feeding habits of lampreys are best described as ____.

A) ​suspension feeding
B) ​predatory
C) ​parasitic
D) ​scavenging
E) ​filter feeding

Question 19

The first group to exhibit an amniotic egg was the ____.

A) birds
B) ​mmphibians
C) ​reptiles
D) ​bony fish
E) ​mammals

Question 20

Figure 25.2

Use the illustration above to answer the questions
In the accompanying figure, which structure is a rod of stiffened support tissue?​

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​E

Question 21

Four of the following have been an important influence on the evolution of mammals. Which one is the exception?​

A) ​continental movement
B) ​teeth
C) ​competition between species
D) ​decline of the dinosaurs
E) ​geographic isolation

Question 22

Use the figure above to answer questions
The letter "D" in the accompanying figure represents which teeth?​

A) ​incisors
B) ​molars
C) ​canines
D) ​premolars
E) ​grinders

Question 23

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
caecilians

Question 24

The most diverse group of placental mammals are the ____.

A) ​bats
B) ​carnivores
C) ​rodents
D) ​moles and shrews
E) ​whales and dolphins

Question 25

A great adaptive radiation of mammals began about ____ million years ago.

A) 25​
B) ​65
C) ​95
D) ​125
E) ​165

Question 26

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
birds

Question 27

Birds differ from earlier vertebrates by ____.

A) ​the presence of feathers
B) ​producing land eggs
C) ​the ability to maintain a constant body temperature through metabolic activities
D) ​the ability to fertilize eggs internally
E) ​their possession of a dorsal nerve cord

Question 28

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
bony fishes

Question 29

Egg-laying mammals ____.

A) ​hatch fully developed young from their eggs
B) ​are monotremes
C) ​are hairless
D) ​are confined to South America
E) ​bear their young into permanent pouches

Question 30

Which group of mammals exhibits the widest distribution and greatest diversity?​

A) ​marsupials
B) ​cetaceans
C) ​placentals
D) ​primates
E) monotremes

Question 31

Four of the following statements about snakes are true. Which statement is false?​

A) ​All snakes are carnivores.
B) ​All snakes use internal fertilization.
C) ​All snakes are venomous.
D) ​All snakes have flexible skull bones and hinged jaws.
E) ​Some snakes retain skeletal remnants of hind limbs.

Question 32

refer to the figure above to answer the following question
The letter "A" in the accompanying figure represents the ____.

A) ​humerus
B) ​pectoral girdle
C) ​skull
D) ​sternum
E) ​pelvic girdle

Question 33

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
sharks

Question 34

refer to the figure above to answer the following question
The letter "D" in the accompanying figure represents the ____.

A) ​humerus
B) ​pectoral girdle
C) ​skull
D) ​sternum
E) ​pelvic girdle

Question 35

Birds and crocodiles share which of the following characteristics?​

A) ​ectothermy
B) ​body hair
C) ​four-chambered heart
D) ​lung design
E) ​light-weight bones

Question 36

Use the figure above to answer questions
The letter "C" in the accompanying figure represents which teeth?​

A) ​incisors
B) ​molars
C) ​canines
D) ​premolars
E) ​grinders

Question 37

Four of the following are extraembryonic membranes of the amniote egg. Which one is the exception?

A) albumen​
B) ​amnion
C) ​chorion
D) ​allantois
E) ​yolk sac

Question 38

Four of the following statements about lizards are true. Which statement is false?​

A) ​Lizards are a very small component of the present-day reptiles.
B) ​Lizards gave rise to the snakes.
C) ​Some lizards are not predators.
D) ​Lizards have overlapping scales on their bodies.
E) ​All lizards have three-chambered hearts.

Question 39

Four of the following statements about crocodilians are true. Which statement is false?​

A) ​They live in or near water.
B) ​They are predators with sharp teeth.
C) ​They have a two-chambered heart.
D) ​They have powerful jaws.
E) ​They are the closest living relatives to birds.

Question 40

Use the figure above to answer questions
The letter "A" in the accompanying figure represents which teeth?​

A) ​incisors
B) ​molars
C) ​canines
D) ​premolars
E) ​grinders

Question 41

Jaws and paired fins evolved in early __________.

Question 42

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
lampreys

Question 43

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
lancelets

Question 44

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
crocodile

Question 45

In lineages that moved onto land, gills were replaced by lungs; kidneys became better at conserving __________, and the circulatory system became more efficient.

Question 46

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
snakes

Question 47

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
opossum

Question 48

__________ are jawless fishes with a backbone.

Question 49

__________ are animals with a backbone.

Question 50

Invertebrate chordates include __________ and __________, both marine filter-feeders.

Question 51

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
salamanders

Question 52

Select the best choice for the following statements in reference to the classes listed below.​
a.​cartilaginous fishes
b.​bony fishes
c.​amphibians
d.​reptilians
Members of one unusual group may have been ancestors of tetrapods.

Question 53

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
tunicates

Question 54

Select the best choice for the following statements in reference to the classes listed below.​
a.​cartilaginous fishes
b.​bony fishes
c.​amphibians
d.​reptilians
Members of this class are fully terrestrial except for reproduction.

Question 55

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
humans

Question 56

Select the best choice for the following statements in reference to the classes listed below.​
a.​cartilaginous fishes
b.​bony fishes
c.​amphibians
d.​reptilians
Members of this class have cartilaginous skeletons but also possess jaws.

Question 57

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
platypus

Question 58

Select the best choice for the following statements in reference to the classes listed below.​
a.​cartilaginous fishes
b.​bony fishes
c.​amphibians
d.​reptilians
Some species of this class live in water but are not dependent upon an aquatic environment.

Question 59

Four features help define the __________: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a pharynx with gill slits, and a tail extending past the anus.

Question 60

Choose the one most appropriate letter for each.
a.​cartilaginous skeleton; jaws
b.​reptile with four-chambered heart
c.​placental mammal
d.​legless amphibian
e.​invertebrate chordate; no metamorphosis
f.​endotherm with feathers
g.​limbless reptile
h.​most primitive fishes with jaws; extinct
i.​modern-day parasitic jawless vertebrate
j.​marsupial
k.​adult is called "sea squirt"
l.​egg-laying mammal
m.​swim bladder for buoyancy
n.​may be sexually mature in larval form
placoderms

Question 61

What are the bird-like and reptile-like features of Archaeopteryx?

Question 62

Mammals appeared 220 million years ago but did not begin to greatly diversify until 65 million years ago. Why is this?

Question 63

A(n) __________ is an organ that allows exchange of nutrients between an embryo and its mother.

Question 64

How do lampreys differ from modern jawed fishes?

Question 65

One hypothesis proposes that an asteroid impact at the end of the ___________ led to the extinction of dinosaurs.

Question 66

Birds are evolved from reptiles, but also differ dramatically. Which features of birds differentiate them from most reptiles?

Question 67

__________ are tetrapods that live on land but typically return to water to reproduce.

Question 68

__________, the first group of vertebrates able to complete their life cycle on dry land, have water conserving skin and kidneys, and amniote eggs.

Question 69

__________, or four-legged walkers, evolved from lobe-finned bony fishes.

Question 70

Reptiles are __________ (cold-blooded animals) with scales.

Question 71

Many amphibians now face extinction, and one cause is believed to be a(n) __________ fungus.