Deck 36: Plant Growth and Reproduction

Question 1

The growth of cells within the cork cambium results in the production of

A)heartwood.
B)bark.
C)secondary phloem.
D)sapwood.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Groups of perpetually young, undifferentiated cells from which new cells arise are called

A)seeds.
B)meristems.
C)root caps.
D)phloem.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Plant growth is indeterminate and animal growth is determinant. Why is indeterminate growth more beneficial to plants than to animals?

A)Plants are stationary in their habitat, whereas animals can move; indeterminate growth allows a plant to respond to environmental conditions.
B)Plants are commonly eaten by animals, whereas animals are rarely eaten by plants.
C)Indeterminate growth allows plants to become larger than animals.
D)Indeterminate growth allows plants to avoid reproducing when environmental conditions are unfavorable.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

If you were to drive a nail into the trunk of a tree and come back 10 years later, where would you find the nail?

A)Higher than where you drove it in because, as the trunk lengthens, the nail will move upward.
B)At the same height that you originally placed it because trees grow in length only at their tips.
C)Lower than where you drove it in because plants grow down from their shoot apical meristems, continuously pushing the trunk underground.
D)In the branches because the dermal tissues move up the trunk, whereas the ground tissues move down as a result of growth.

Question 5

Which of the following would be haploid?

A)pollen
B)guard cells
C)root hairs
D)all of the above

Question 6

Imagine driving a nail into a tree trunk. Which of the following tissues would the nail point first contact?

A)heartwood
B)cork cambium
C)vascular cambium
D)sapwood

Question 7

Plants grow in length

A)from lateral meristems located within the stem.
B)due to the elongation of cells throughout the body of the plant.
C)from vascular cambium located just under the bark.
D)only at the tips of the roots and the shoots where apical meristems are located.

Question 8

After plant gametes fuse, they undergo mitosis to produce the

A)spore.
B)sporophyte.
C)gametophyte.
D)flower.

Question 9

The flower is an organ found on the _____ of a flowering plant.

A)cotyledon
B)gametophyte
C)sporophyte
D)cambium

Question 10

Pollen is produced in the

A)ovules.
B)anthers.
C)style.
D)stigma.

Question 11

At what point in the plant life cycle does cell division convert diploid cells into haploid cells?

A)when the gametophyte produces gametes
B)when the sporophyte produces spores
C)when the egg and sperm fuse to form a zygote
D)when the germinating spore grows to become the gametophyte

Question 12

Which of the following would not be derived from vascular cambium?

A)bark
B)xylem
C)more undifferentiated cells
D)phloem

Question 13

In plants, the diploid stage of the life cycle produces _____ by _____.

A)spores; meiosis
B)spores; mitosis
C)gametes; meiosis
D)gametes; mitosis

Question 14

Which of the layers shown in the diagram below of a tree trunk were most recently produced by the vascular cambium?

A)A and B
B)A and C
C)B and C
D)C and D

Question 15

At the tip of a filament within a flower you would find a(n)

A)petal.
B)anther.
C)carpel.
D)ovary.

Question 16

Because its cells are diploid, the ovule is considered to be a part of the

A)gametophyte.
B)carpal.
C)embryo sac.
D)sporophyte.

Question 17

Plant growth aboveground can be accomplished by adding new

A)leaf units.
B)bud units.
C)stem units.
D)bud-stem-leaf units.

Question 18

The outer bark on trees often appears cracked and uneven because

A)different regions of the bark grow at different rates.
B)the cork cambium reabsorbs some of the bark.
C)increases in stem length stretch the bark.
D)increases in stem thickness stretch the bark.

Question 19

Plants exhibit indeterminate growth. This means that

A)they are perennials.
B)they may complete their life cycles in 1, 2, or 3 years.
C)the length of time it takes to grow to reach maturity is variable.
D)the final form of the plant is not entirely predictable.

Question 20

Growth of the cells of the lateral meristem is responsible for increasing the

A)number of lateral roots.
B)number of formant buds.
C)thickness of the stem.
D)length of the stem.

Question 21

Pollen grains develop from

A)haploid male spores.
B)the ovum.
C)haploid sperm.
D)embryo sacs.

Question 22

Sexual reproduction in mosses and angiosperms result in a zygote and seed, respectively. In what way(s)is the seed superior to the zygote?

A)The zygote must grow immediately, but the seed can lie dormant until growth conditions are favorable.
B)The seed carries its own food to start life, whereas the zygote is nourished by the female gametophyte.
C)The seed has a coat, which protects it from the environment, whereas the zygote lacks a coat.
D)all of the above

Question 23

What is the purpose for the endosperm found within a seed?

A)Endosperm is the tissue specialized to form roots.
B)It creates a waterproof covering that permits the seed to become dormant.
C)It is a water-storage tissue.
D)It is used as a food source for the developing embryo.

Question 24

Which of the following would be the least likely pollinator?

A)a butterfly
B)a bat
C)a rattlesnake
D)a human

Question 25

What part(s)of the embryo sac shown in the diagram below fuse(s)with sperm from a pollen grain?

A)A
B)A and B
C)A and D
D)D

Question 26

Embryo sacs are found in the

A)stamen.
B)carpel.
C)anther.
D)sepal.

Question 27

Horticulturists often remove the anthers from flowers. This technique would most likely

A)promote branching.
B)prevent self-fertilization.
C)increase egg production.
D)attract pollinators.

Question 28

Which of the following animals would be least likely to disperse seeds?

A)deer
B)mice
C)honeybees
D)humans

Question 29

When a plant germinates from a seed it has

A)two root apical meristems and two shoot apical meristems.
B)one root apical meristem and one shoot apical meristem.
C)two root apical meristems and four shoot apical meristems.
D)four root apical meristems and two shoot apical meristems.

Question 30

During pollination, pollen is moved from

A)stigmas to sepals.
B)anthers to stigmas.
C)ovules to anthers.
D)carpels to stamens.

Question 31

Flowers, like the ones in the figure below, display spectacular colors, shapes, and odors in combination with food rewards such as nectar, in order to convince pollinating animals to visit several flowers of the same species to transfer pollen for reproduction.
How might a flower be specialized to attract hummingbird pollinators (above right)and discourage insect pollinators (above left)?

A)have brightly colored petals
B)open only at night
C)hang downward from the branch tips
D)organize its flowers into a flat landing surface

Question 32

The flesh of an apple forms from the

A)stamen.
B)ovule.
C)carpel.
D)ovary.

Question 33

Which of the labeled structures in the figure below is where the embryo sac would be found?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 34

If a mutation resulted in the formation of pollen that could not form a pollen tube, when the pollen landed on the stigma,

A)sperm could not move from filaments to anthers.
B)the zygote could not leave the embryo sac.
C)sperm would be unable to enter the ovule.
D)anthers could not produce pollen.

Question 35

Anthers are typically attached to filaments and elevated within the flower to

A)improve the transfer of pollen to a pollinator.
B)improve the transfer of pollen to the adjacent stigma.
C)prevent pollen from becoming stuck in the nectar.
D)prevent the pollen from being blown away from the flower.

Question 36

In plants double fertilization means that

A)the zygote has twice the diploid number of chromosomes.
B)two pollen grains are needed to fertilize an egg.
C)one sperm fertilizes two eggs.
D)one sperm fertilizes an egg, another sperm fertilizes another cell in the embryo sac.

Question 37

The central cell of the embryo sac contains

A)the egg nucleus.
B)the endosperm.
C)two nuclei.
D)pollen grains.

Question 38

In what way does endosperm differ from sperm?

A)Endosperm is triploid rather than haploid.
B)Endosperm is the immature sperm prior to its release from the anther.
C)Endosperm develops only in self-pollinating plants.
D)Endosperm is produced by the sporophyte, and sperm by the gametophyte.

Question 39

Which of the following components is correctly matched with its location?

A)A carpel is part of a style.
B)A sepal is part of a stamen.
C)A stigma is part of a carpel.
D)An anther is part of a stigma.

Question 40

The structure indicated by the arrow in this diagram of a fruit developed from the

A)ovule.
B)ovary.
C)pollen grain.
D)anther.

Question 41

Mature pollen grains contain ____________________ sperm cells.

Question 42

The typical conifer growth pattern of narrow tops and broad bases is strongly associated with the action of

A)abscisic acid.
B)gibberellin.
C)auxin.
D)ethylene.

Question 43

When you prune a rose plant by cutting off the tips of all the branches, the plant becomes more bushy because

A)auxins are then produced by the shoot to promote secondary growth.
B)the auxins normally produced by the shoot tip were inhibiting the growth of lateral buds.
C)pruning would stimulate the production of auxin that increases apical meristem growth.
D)removing the source of auxin leads to the formation of new lateral buds.

Question 44

The line through the center of the diagram below separates the haploid and diploid life stages of the plant life cycle. The part of the cycle that exists below the line consists of plants that are ____________________.

Question 45

Spores undergo mitosis to form the haploid ____________________, one of the two stages in the life cycle of plants.

Question 46

Double fertilization results in the formation of a(n)____________________ and a(n)____________________.

Question 47

The structure labeled B in the diagram below of a flower is known as the ____________________ and produces ____________________.

Question 48

Which of the following is not a concern about the assisted migration of trees to Canada?

A)Fungi that are essential to the success of the trees may not be present in their new location.
B)Moving forests northward might speed global climate change.
C)Pollinators for that species of tree may not be able to migrate northward.
D)Species moved by assisted migration may not be able to spread through asexual reproduction.

Question 49

Which of the following does not help a plant deter herbivores, insects, or bacteria?

A)antimicrobial chemicals embedded in the cuticle
B)the production of auxin
C)dermal hairs on the stem and leaves
D)the death of cells around the site of a wound or infection

Question 50

How might the observation that the percentage of plant species with red foliage is greatest among high-elevation plants be explained?

A)Atmospheric composition at high elevation reduces the strength of the wavelengths that normally support photosynthesis.
B)High-elevation soils have above-average concentrations of iron, which accumulated to produce iron oxide within the foliage.
C)The red wavelengths exacerbate dehydration at high elevation, so mountain plants reflect it from their surfaces.
D)Red pigments absorb ultraviolet radiation, which is more intense at high elevation.

Question 51

In order to fertilize an egg, a pollen grain must first arrive at the ____________________.

Question 52

The growth of a plant zygote into an embryo occurs within the ____________________.

Question 53

Aboveground, plants grow by adding new bud-stem-____________________ units.

Question 54

Meristem cells in plants are similar to ____________________ cells in vertebrates.

Question 55

Why are the structures indicated by the arrow in the diagram below of a seedling somewhat shriveled at this stage in germination?

A)These structures die as a result of exposure to sunlight when the seedling breaks the surface of the ground.
B)These structures formed the protective coat of the seed and are no longer needed.
C)These structures originally held food for the embryo, which is mostly used up by this stage of germination.
D)The cells of the meristem moved out of these structures as the seedling began primary growth.

Question 56

Gene-for-gene recognition develops when a plant's resistance gene

A)produces a protein that binds to protein produced by a pathogen.
B)can bind directly to a complementary gene within the pathogen.
C)mutates in such a way as to alter its distinctive chemistry.
D)is activated by the attachment of a pathogen to the plant's cuticle.

Question 57

Increases in length due to cell divisions at apical meristems are called ____________________ growth.

Question 58

Which of the following is not a plant hormone?

A)abscisic acid
B)gibberellin
C)nicotine
D)ethylene

Question 59

The figure below illustrates the results of a laboratory experiment that simulates potted irises being exposed to differing lengths of darkness.
How would flowering in these irises be affected by disrupting the length of their light exposure?

A)It would stimulate flowering.
B)It would suppress flowering.
C)It would stimulate branching and increase total flower production.
D)There would be no effect because irises use the length of darkness to coordinate flowering.

Question 60

The gene-for-gene recognition immune response involves

A)plant alleles that attack matching alleles in pathogens.
B)crossing-over between plant alleles and pathogen alleles.
C)production of antibodies by plants in response to antigens produced by pathogens.
D)production of proteins by plants that protect against pathogens with a particular genetic makeup.

Question 61

Endosperm is the origin of the sperm that fertilize the embryo.

Question 62

In flowering plants, seeds are haploid.

Question 63

Sapwood is xylem that is too clogged to transport water.

Question 64

Most flowering plants rely on animals rather than wind to transport pollen.

Question 65

Seed coats develop from the outer portion of the ____________________.

Question 66

The plant body is modular, formed by the repeated addition of the same basic units.

Question 67

Apical dominance develops when the shoot apex produces ____________________, a hormone that suppresses the outgrowth of lateral buds.

Question 68

Forests hold more heat than the grasses and shrubs of the tundra.

Question 69

A plant's physiological response to day length is called ____________________.

Question 70

The region of the diagram below indicated by the arrow is involved in the production of wood.

Question 71

Plants produce hormones that regulate growth responses like gravitropism.

Question 72

The structure labeled A in this figure is usually designed to attract pollinators.

Question 73

An apical meristem produces lateral roots.

Question 74

In flowering plants, sperm is found within the pollen grains.

Question 75

In flowering plants, sperm form the pollen grain.

Question 76

Some plants can sense the duration of light or dark during a 24-hour period.

Question 77

The practice of moving plants to more northern locations in anticipation of the effects of global climate change is known as ____________________.

Question 78

In the alternation of generations, plants have a diploid life stage that produces haploid spores through the process of mitosis.

Question 79

The energy used by seedlings before they begin photosynthesis is stored in the ____________________.

Question 80

Plants that use animals for pollination always provide a reward.