Deck 15: Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century

Question 1

The largest single group in eighteenth century cities was composed of ________.

A)clergy
B)the unemployed
C)shopkeepers,artisans,and wage earners
D)merchants

Answer 1

shopkeepers,artisans,and wage earners

Question 2

The Industrial Revolution came first to ________.

A)the Netherlands
B)Germany
C)Britain
D)France

Answer 2

Britain

Question 3

The Polish szlachta,compared to the English nobility,were ________.

A)less numerous
B)much more powerful
C)relatively weak
D)declining in power

Answer 3

much more powerful

Question 4

During the eighteenth century,bread prices ________.

A)fluctuated wildly
B)declined
C)remained the same
D)slowly but steadily rose

Question 5

French nobles were divided between nobles "of the sword" and nobles "of the ________."

A)church
B)crown
C)robe
D)blood

Question 6

In the years between 1600 and 1750,the cities that grew most vigorously were ________.

A)capitals and ports
B)military forts and capitals
C)industrial cities and ecclesiastical cities
D)ports and cities bordering the national line

Question 7

The single largest free-trade area in Europe during the eighteenth century was ________.

A)Italy
B)Spain
C)France
D)Great Britain

Question 8

Between 1700 and 1800,Europe's population rose from 100-120 million people to ________.

A)about 520 million people
B)about 310 million people
C)almost 190 million people
D)almost 150 million people

Question 9

In eighteenth-century Europe,the nobility consisted of approximately ________ percent of the population.

A)1 to 5
B)5 to 10
C)10 to 15
D)15 to 20

Question 10

The economic basis of eighteenth-century life was ________.

A)land
B)regional trade
C)industry
D)international trade

Question 11

The smallest,wealthiest,and best-defined aristocracy resided in ________.

A)Britain
B)Spain
C)France
D)Germany

Question 12

For eighteenth-century Europeans,rights were usually ________ rights.

A)civil
B)individual
C)community
D)personal property

Question 13

In the eighteenth century and thereafter,the Jewish population of Europe was concentrated in ________.

A)Germany,Poland,and Ukraine
B)Germany,Poland,and Hungary
C)Poland,Lithuania,and Ukraine
D)Hungary,Lithuania,and Germany

Question 14

What inventor became famous for using an iron plow and planting wheat with a drill?

A)Charles Townsend
B)James Watt
C)Jethro Tull
D)Robert Bakewell

Question 15

In the 1700s,being a servant was generally _________.

A)close to slavery
B)a temporary condition
C)a necessary condition of social inferiority
D)for life

Question 16

Most Europeans in the 1700s took part in the _________.

A)family economy
B)urban craft economy
C)factory economy
D)commercial economy

Question 17

What industry pioneered the Industrial Revolution?

A)textiles
B)housing
C)transportation
D)food processing

Question 18

The Russian Charter of the Nobility was issued by ________.

A)Peter the Great
B)Ivan IV
C)Empress Anna
D)Catherine the Great

Question 19

The bourgeoisie was the ________ class.

A)urban middle
B)rural middle
C)urban elite
D)laboring

Question 20

Introduced from the New World,what new product allowed a more certain food supply in Europe and enabled more children to survive to adulthood and rear children of their own?

A)wheat
B)squash
C)potato
D)corn

Question 21

Which of these is generally related to neolocalism?

A)early marriage
B)later marriage
C)extended families
D)Protestantism

Question 22

Britain's leading role in the industrial revolution was largely due to _________.

A)emigrants from Louis XIV's France
B)favorable conditions
C)the dominance of Ireland and Scotland
D)the influence of a handful of influential men

Question 23

The steam engine was revolutionary because it _________.

A)replaced oil with petroleum as a fuel
B)ended European dependence on fossil fuels
C)made transportation possible
D)provided a virtually unlimited source of power

Question 24

The leader of the brutally suppressed Russian rebellion in 1773 and 1775 was ________.

A)David Hume
B)Emelyan Pugachev
C)Josiah Wedgwood
D)Robert Jacques Turgot

Question 25

In pre-industrial Europe,the economy of a household that developed on farms,in artisans' workshops,and in small merchants' shops,was known as the ________ economy.

A)household
B)domestic
C)family
D)merchant

Question 26

For girls that became servants,this work was generally ________.

A)a prelude to marriage
B)a career
C)considered demeaning
D)a welcome escape from the family

Question 27

The idea that luxury would not lead to moral decay was supported by ________.

A)David Hume
B)Robert Jacques Turgot
C)Josiah Wedgwood
D)Emelyan Pugachev

Question 28

Given what you know about the impact of the industrial revolution on the lives of women,which of the following statements is most applicable?

A)The role and importance of women already in the work force diminished.
B)Women clung to their traditional roles and would not,despite social pressures,work in factories.
C)Women were unable to work in factories with the same output and effectiveness as their male counterparts.
D)The economic freedoms women gained during the industrial revolution carried over to the early years of the suffrage movement.

Question 29

Women were particularly vulnerable to disease and death resulting from ________.

A)puerperal fever
B)meningitis
C)smallpox
D)typhoid

Question 30

In preindustrial Europe,the dominant concern of married women was ________.

A)producing enough children
B)child rearing
C)producing enough farm goods to ensure an adequate food supply
D)domestic duties such as cooking,cleaning,and sewing

Question 31

Which of the following was a clearly defined long-term result of the shift in female employment?

A)Women,as a group,made little or no economic contribution to Europe's economy.
B)Women's work became associated with the home rather than with places where men worked.
C)Women were closely involved with the new technologies in farming,transportation,and manufacturing.
D)Women's wage-earning potential was valueD.

Question 32

Factory production of purely cotton fabric was made possible by the invention of the ________.

A)water frame
B)spinning jenny
C)pulling-out system
D)steam engine

Question 33

The Dutch exemplified which of these responses to population growth?

A)monetary incentives for small families
B)birth control
C)establishing overseas colonies
D)increasing agricultural productivity

Question 34

Who was permitted to hunt for game according to the traditional ways of the Old Regime?

A)peasants
B)clergymen
C)military officers
D)landowners

Question 35

The term "Old Regime" has come to refer to the ________.

A)gradual transition of Europe's monarchies to that of democracies and republics
B)economic policies that existed across Europe before the eighteenth-century Industrial Revolution
C)social,political,and economic relationships in Europe just prior to the French Revolution
D)social and political infrastructure that existed before the Protestant Reformation

Question 36

What persuaded people to bathe regularly toward the middle of the eighteenth century?

A)Physicians believed that bathing the pores would allow miasma to infect the body.
B)Linen became more popular than woolen clothing,which meant wearers had to be cleaner.
C)Women had less time for housework and wanted to enjoy leisure pursuits.
D)New ideas emerged about the benefits of bathing on good health.

Question 37

The first engine using steam power was invented by ________.

A)James Watt
B)Matthew Boulton
C)John Wilkinson
D)Thomas Newcomen

Question 38

In the 1700s,the middle classes were distinguished from the nobility by _________.

A)where the two groups lived
B)inherited privilege
C)wealth
D)involvement in commerce

Question 39

French nobles were technically responsible for payment of the vingtième,which resembles what modern-day tax?

A)income tax
B)property tax
C)sales tax
D)municipal tax

Question 40

Until the late eighteenth century,European Jews who did not convert to Christianity ________.

A)were accepted as equals by Christians
B)were discriminated against
C)were among the most powerful social groups
D)enjoyed a good standard of living as a group

Question 41

The aristocratic resurgence was a sign that _________.

A)the aristocrats of Europe were no longer a political force
B)the position of Europe's nobility was being challenged
C)the industrial revolution was over
D)the French Revolution would be bloody

Question 42

How were Jewish children singled out for persecution?

A)Their goods were confiscated.
B)They could not go to school.
C)They were not permitted to follow their religious traditions.
D)They could be taken from their homes and given Christian instruction.

Question 43

In the 1700s,urban riots were generally ________.

A)radical and violent
B)politically motivated
C)led by immigrants
D)conservative and spontaneous

Question 44

In many ways,the Russian nobility was created in the ________ century.

Question 45

The change that rationalized the use of land and created higher productivity was the ________.

A)enclosure laws
B)peasant rebellions
C)bread riots
D)Agricultural Revolution

Question 46

The use of wet nurses was ________.

A)an economic necessity for many women
B)a luxury for wealthy women
C)a sign of a neglectful mother
D)the first step toward child abandonment

Question 47

Which analogy makes an accurate connection?

A)Watt to the steam engine
B)Wedgwood to the spinning jenny
C)Colt to new marketing techniques
D)Jethro Tull to porcelain dishes

Question 48

Upon marrying,a woman was expected to contribute to the household's capital in the form of a ________.

Question 49

In which of these would you be most likely to encounter small,nuclear households?

A)Italy
B)the Netherlands
C)Poland
D)Russia

Question 50

What event probably marked the start of the age of the ghetto?

A)the Habsburg wars
B)the Industrial Revolution
C)the Agricultural Revolution
D)the expulsion of the Jews from Spain

Question 51

The price of Russian rulers' concessions to the nobles of Russia was ________.

A)military weakness
B)the growing power of the Orthodox church
C)the end of serfdom
D)persistent harsh conditions for Russian serfs

Question 52

The painting Robert Andrews and His Wife illustrates what traditional linkage of the Old Regime?

A)commerce and the middle class
B)the nobility and servile labor
C)land and nobility
D)inherited privilege and an urban lifestyle

Question 53

What did the introduction of maize and the potato represent for Eastern Europe?

A)frequent crop failure
B)a significant nutritional gain and agricultural change
C)significantly more work for serfs
D)increases in agricultural taxes

Question 54

Landlords considered Russian serfs to be ________.

A)priceless agricultural specialists
B)economic commodities
C)an endless supply of tax revenue
D)responsible professionals

Question 55

Why did middle-class people show an increased interest in Wedgwood's fine porcelain?

A)Wedgwood's quality was very good.
B)Middle-class people began to do more entertaining.
C)Wedgwood's porcelain dishes were cheaper than other dishes.
D)Middle-class people admired the porcelain sold to the aristocracy and wanted to have something similar for themselves.

Question 56

Peasant rebellions tended to be ________ in that peasants generally wanted to restore customary rights.

Question 57

The rapid growth of capital cities between 1600 and 1750 was tied to what other development?

A)centralization of power
B)industrialization
C)colonization
D)the Agricultural Revolution

Question 58

How did the North American colonies impact the Industrial Revolution?

A)They increased demand for consumer goods.
B)They drew skilled workers away from the Industrial Revolution.
C)They brought new technologies back from North America.
D)The gold from the colonies added more currency to trade.

Question 59

To improve their lifestyle and income,landlords in Western Europe began a series of innovations in farm production that became known as the ________.

Question 60

Nearly all French peasants were subject to certain feudal dues called ________.

Question 61

Compare the nobility of the 1700s with today's elite.In what ways are they comparable and different?

Question 62

The Russians brutally suppressed the peasant rebellion called ________.

Question 63

________ was the home of the Industrial Revolution and,until the middle of the nineteenth century,remained the industrial leader of Europe.

Question 64

Refer to the excerpt "Turgot Decries French Landholding." Why does Turgot favor those farmers who can make investments and improvements in the land they rent from a proprietor? What is Turgot's attitude toward work and entrepreneurship? Based on your knowledge of the French agricultural system,do you agree or disagree with Turgot's views and analysis?

Question 65

What do the textbook authors mean by "sustained economic growth"? Do you believe that the sustained economic growth made possible by the Industrial Revolution can continue indefinitely? Why or why not?

Question 66

Artisans in cities organized themselves into groups called ________.

Question 67

The bourgeoisie were the merchants,trades people,bankers,and professional people that constituted the ________.

Question 68

The ________ not only vastly increased and regularized the available energy,but also made possible the combination of urbanization and industrialization.

Question 69

What brought about the expansion of agriculture in eighteenth-century Europe,and what were the consequences? Based on your knowledge of the period,what steps could have been taken to prevent such consequences? What indirect changes resulted from the agricultural revolution?

Question 70

________ was one of the few Western European cities where Jewish life was celebrated,both intellectually and financially.

Question 71

In detail,compare and contrast the treatment of the serfs in Russia,Austria,Prussia,France,and southeastern Europe.How independent or free of their landlords were the serfs? Was there a way for the serfs to move up within their respected societies? What burdens did this lower class carry?

Question 72

Jewish districts in European cities were called ________.

Question 73

In what ways might the segregation of Jews from the rest of European society have helped perpetuate stereotypes and biases against them? Do you believe that any groups in contemporary society are similarly segregated? Explain your answer.

Question 74

In what ways were childhood and childrearing in the eighteenth century similar to today? In what ways were they different? Explain.

Question 75

England's ________ were controversial-they disrupted the economic and social life of the countryside-but they may have led to more food production.

Question 76

Describe the hierarchy and privilege in the Old Regime.Why did both peasants and aristocrats seek the maintenance of traditional society? Compare and contrast what each social group had to gain or lose if the Old Regime system were eliminated.

Question 77

Explain the impact of enclosure laws on the growth of agriculture in England at the start of the Industrial Revolution.Explain the causes of the legal changes as well as the social and economic effects on the country.

Question 78

At considerable ________ cost,industrialization made possible the production of more goods and services than ever before in human history.

Question 79

Most eighteenth-century ________ were regarded as aliens whose status could be changed at the whim of local rulers or the monarchical government.

Question 80

Compare and contrast the roles played by the upper classes,the middle class,and the artisans in the cities of eighteenth-century Europe.How do the social classes in eighteenth-century Europe compare to those in America today?