Deck 16: The Transatlantic Economy, trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion

Question 1

The War of Jenkins's Ear was fought by England to block incursions on British trade by ________.

A)Russia
B)France
C)Portugal
D)Spain

Answer 1

Spain

Question 2

What crop,more than any other,increased the early demand for slave labor?

A)sugar
B)cotton
C)tobacco
D)potatoes

Answer 2

sugar

Question 3

The Seven Years' War was fought mainly in ________.

A)South America
B)North America
C)South Asia
D)Southern Europe

Answer 3

North America

Question 4

Britain changed the outcome of the Seven Years' War when it came to the aid of ________.

A)France
B)Austria
C)Prussia
D)Russia

Question 5

Colonial trade in the transatlantic world roughly followed a geographic ________.

A)line
B)triangle
C)square
D)pentagon

Question 6

The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was ________.

A)a new idea of how alliances could be used
B)a shift in alliances
C)the alliance of most of Europe against Austria
D)a division of Europe into east and west

Question 7

The defensive alliance aimed at preventing the entry of foreign troops into German states was the ________.

A)Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
B)Convention of Westminster
C)Treaty of Hubertusburg
D)Treaty of Paris of 1763

Question 8

As a result of a scarcity of labor,which of the following nations were the first to quickly turn to importing African slaves?

A)Holland and France
B)France and Spain
C)Portugal and Holland
D)Spain and Portugal

Question 9

The heart of the eighteenth-century colonial rivalry in the Americas lay in ________.

A)the middle West
B)the Ohio River valley
C)the West Indies
D)the lower Saint Lawrence River valley

Question 10

Europe's balance of power was upset when Prussia's King Frederick II seized the Austrian province of ________.

A)Silesia
B)Austria
C)Germany
D)the Netherlands

Question 11

Maria Theresa's great achievement was ________.

A)the defeat of Frederick II
B)the reconquest of Silesia
C)her granting of additional privileges to the nobility
D)the preservation of the Habsburg empire as a major political power

Question 12

The first slaves traded,dating to the early sixteenth century,in the transatlantic economy landed on ________.

A)North America in Spanish Florida
B)North America in the British Virginia
C)the West Indies and South America
D)the coast of Dutch Guiana

Question 13

The war that gave the world a successful government without kings was the ________.

A)Seven Years' War
B)War of Jenkins's Ear
C)American Revolution
D)War of Austrian Succession

Question 14

A vast increase in the number of Africans brought as slaves to the Americas occurred during the eighteenth century,with most arriving in ________.

A)the Carolinas or Virginia
B)the Caribbean or Brazil
C)Mexico or Florida
D)Granada or Peru

Question 15

The act that put a tax on legal documents and other items such as newspapers was the ________.

A)Stamp Act
B)Sugar Act
C)Intolerable Acts
D)Declaratory Act

Question 16

A peninsulare was a person ________.

A)born in the New World
B)born in Spain
C)who owns land in the New World
D)who owns land in Spain

Question 17

Black slaves had the fewest legal protections in ________.

A)British areas
B)French areas
C)Dutch areas
D)Portuguese areas

Question 18

Benjamin Franklin gained assistance against Britain from ________.

A)Germany
B)Holland
C)Spain
D)France

Question 19

The French and Indian War formally erupted in the summer of ________.

A)1745
B)1765
C)1755
D)1775

Question 20

Much credit for Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War should go to ________.

A)Robert Walpole
B)George III
C)William Pitt the Elder
D)Samuel Fox

Question 21

The war over the Austrian succession and the British-Spanish commercial conflict might have remained separate disputes;what united them was ________.

A)the role of France
B)the immediate British conquest of the French colonies
C)the slow-moving Prussian threat to the Low Countries
D)the lasting Prussian threat to France

Question 22

Under mercantilism,colonies existed to provide markets and natural resources for the industries of the home country,and in turn,the home country was to ________.

A)protect and administer the colonies
B)educate and Christianize the colonies
C)generate free trade for the colonies to spur the local economy
D)produce agricultural and manufactured goods to supply the colonies

Question 23

After 1713,what did the following colonies have in common: Nova Scotia,Newfoundland,Bermuda,Jamaica,and Barbados?

A)They were all founded by Christopher Columbus.
B)They were all important sugar producers.
C)They all relied on slave labor.
D)They were all British colonies.

Question 24

At the conclusion of the French and Indian War,what two imperial problems did the British government face?

A)the costs of maintaining its empire and the vast expanse of new territory in North America that it had to organize
B)how to protect itself from the Spanish Empire in North America and the loss of its North American territories
C)how to integrate the French-speaking territories peacefully into British holdings and the costs of maintaining its empire
D)the vast expanse of new territory in North America that it had to organize and how to avoid a Spanish attack on its newly-conquered land

Question 25

What was the outcome of the 1783 Treaty of Paris?

A)The treaty granted independence to the American colonies.
B)The treaty granted control of all of Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi River valley to Britain.
C)The treaty ended the Seven Years' War.
D)The treaty preserved the Habsburg dynasty.

Question 26

The intendants used by Charles III amounted to an expansion of _________.

A)slavery
B)royal power
C)the power of the creoles
D)sugar cultivation

Question 27

At the outbreak of the French and Indian War,new political alliances formed in Europe and included an alliance between ________.

A)Prussia and Austria
B)Great Britain and Austria
C)France and Great Britain
D)France and Austria

Question 28

From the British victory in the French and Indian War,Great Britain became not only a European power,but also a world power until ________.

A)the worldwide depression in the 1930s
B)World War I
C)World War II
D)the beginning of the Cold War

Question 29

What did the world learn about the Atlantic Passage from memoirs and ship logs?

A)Cargo was shipped in filthy conditions.
B)Sailors were treated with respect and good pay.
C)The work of sailors was unrelenting and brutally hard.
D)The process of moving Africans to the Americas was horrific and inhumane.

Question 30

The philosophy of John Locke contributed to the rhetoric surrounding which war?

A)the American Revolution
B)the War of Jenkins's Ear
C)the War of the Austrian Succession
D)the Seven Years' War

Question 31

Mercantilist thinkers assumed that ________.

A)a stable economy was one that maintained its wealth,not allowing it to grow or decline
B)only modest levels of economic growth were possible
C)rapid growth every fiscal year was possible and necessary
D)a capitalist system was superior to any other economic system

Question 32

The leader of the Yorkshire Association Movement was ________.

A)Christopher Wyvil
B)Lord North
C)John Wilkes
D)William Pitt the Younger

Question 33

What was the reaction of the American colonists to the Quebec Act?

A)The Americans regarded the Quebec Act as an attempt to prevent their mode of self-government from spreading beyond the Appalachian Mountains.
B)The Americans felt that the Quebec Act would support their political plans.
C)The Americans were threatened by the Quebec Act because it allied France to the Native Americans.
D)The Americans embraced the Quebec Act as a precedent for resisting Britain.

Question 34

According to the text,which of the following were closely related?

A)warfare in West Africa and slavery in the Americas
B)warfare in Latin America and the political development of the Ohio River valley
C)warfare in Eastern Europe and the political development of the American colonies
D)warfare in Western Europe and the economic development of Indian commerce

Question 35

What two areas were often the source of conflict and wars between the great powers in the mid-eighteenth century?

A)China and the access to the Mediterranean Sea
B)the African coast and access to the Mediterranean Sea
C)overseas empires and central and eastern Europe
D)overseas empires and western Europe

Question 36

Although the primary trade pattern of the transatlantic economy was from Africa and Europe to the Americas,a secondary trade pattern existed between ________.

A)New England and the West Indies
B)New England and India
C)the West Indies and South America
D)the West Indies and India

Question 37

To what region was the greatest number of slaves sent?

A)North America
B)Europe
C)the West Indies
D)South America

Question 38

What was one of the most important causes that drove European nations to increase their taxes in the mid-eighteenth century?

A)They wished to settle more colonies in the New World.
B)They wished to import more slaves from Africa.
C)They wished to increase their trade networks.
D)They had to pay off their war debts from prolonged wars.

Question 39

Which of the following factors allowed European nations to exert influence and dominance over much of the world?

A)cultural superiority
B)religious convictions and the spread of Christianity to new colonies
C)technological superiority
D)agricultural advances and population increases

Question 40

The commercial empires of the 1700s were a feature of the _________ stage of European imperialism.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 41

The Yorkshire Association Movement was started in England to ________.

A)reduce taxes
B)decrease involvement in foreign wars
C)abolish slavery
D)reform the government

Question 42

What was the British motivation for passing the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act?

A)Britain wanted to exert authority over the unruly colonists.
B)Britain needed to raise money to pay its debts.
C)Britain was losing money on sugar and legal papers.
D)The British Parliament was feeling pressure from citizens to force more contributions from the colonists.

Question 43

What prompted the emergence in Europe of eating dessert after a meal?

A)the discovery of chocolate
B)the introduction of New World customs
C)the increased access to sugar
D)the introduction of coffee

Question 44

The Intolerable Acts were prompted by ________.

A)colonial protest of earlier tax measures
B)the need to raise revenue
C)Thomas Paine's Common Sense
D)the end of the Seven Years' War

Question 45

Religion among slave communities in the Americas is best described as ________.

A)Christian
B)a mixture of Christian and African traditions
C)forbidden,but practiced in secret
D)virtually nonexistent

Question 46

The American Revolution had what effect on British policy in the short term?

A)The pace of reform increased.
B)The Yorkshire Movement quickly achieved its aims.
C)Some reforms were achieved.
D)The country underwent a reactionary perioD.

Question 47

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle,1748,resulted in which of the following?

A)Prussia retained Silesia
B)Spain's defeat in North America
C)France renewed Britain's privilege from the Treaty of Utrecht
D)the end of British power in southeast Asia

Question 48

What conditions in Africa facilitated the capture and forced transport of African slave labor?

A)stable political relations between African communities
B)political unrest and intertribal warfare
C)strong trade networks within Africa
D)well-developed transportation and roads in Africa

Question 49

After 1800,European empires increasingly claimed to use formally ________ labor,though they still involved much harsh treatment of non-white indigenous populations.

Question 50

The ________ system was meant to maintain Spain's monopoly on trade.

Question 51

The technique used to assure discipline,prevent injury to the crew,and prevent suicide among Africans on the Atlantic Passage was to ________.

A)tightly pack the Africans in the ship's hold
B)feed the Africans well and keep them entertained
C)keep the Africans in iron shackles throughout the voyage
D)kill any African who created unrest during the voyage

Question 52

A fundamental element in the first two periods of European imperial ventures in the Americas was the presence of ________.

Question 53

What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?

A)Britain received all of Canada,the Ohio River valley,and the eastern half of the Mississippi River valley.
B)The American colonies were granted independence from Britain.
C)The continental conflict of the Seven Years' War ended with no significant changes in prewar borders.
D)Spain received all of South America as well as areas in North America,including Florida,Mexico,California,and the Southwest.

Question 54

The mid-eighteenth-century wars had what impact on the domestic politics of the nations that took part?

A)Conscription meant that war affected all sectors of European society.
B)The use of total warfare meant that every aspect of life was impacted directly.
C)The impact was felt primarily through the demands for taxation caused by the wars.
D)Fought primarily in France and Britain,the conflicts devastated these two nations directly.

Question 55

What were the effects of the Yorkshire Association Movement?

A)The movement collapsed without effect.
B)Many people gained experience with political protest.
C)Parliament implemented a permanent economical reform.
D)George III made long-term bonds with the House of Commons.

Question 56

What advantage did the peninsulares receive in the Spanish Colonies?

A)They received land.
B)They received the revenue from silver mines.
C)They received the best,most profitable jobs in the region.
D)They were treated like second-class citizens.

Question 57

Until the mid-eighteenth century,the primary purpose of the Spanish Empire was to supply Spain with the precious ________ mined in the New World.

Question 58

The use of Coromantee illustrates ________.

A)the harsh conditions imposed by slavery
B)the common origins of most slaves in the Americas
C)religious customs among black slaves
D)the survival of African culture under slavery

Question 59

________ is the practice whereby governments heavily regulated trade and commerce in the hope of increasing national wealth.

Question 60

By the end of the seventeenth century,Spain,Holland,and ________ ruled all of South America.

Question 61

Newly-arrived Africans were subjected to a process known as ________,during which they were prepared for the laborious discipline of slavery and made to understand that they were no longer free.

Question 62

The text states that colonial economic realities and the mercantilist theory diverged,sometimes significantly.If colonies had been acquired and administered strictly according to the mercantilist theory,and if European technological superiority had been so overwhelming that the Europeans could do whatever they wanted,what kinds of colonies would the European powers have wanted? What would the Europeans have wanted to do with these colonies? What would the Europeans have wanted to avoid?

Question 63

The ________ Movement was a popular attempt to establish an extra-legal institution to reform the government in Great Britain.

Question 64

What were the political and ideological impacts of the American Revolution on the citizens of Europe? How did the successful overthrow of Britain offer political hope for other nations?

Question 65

What were the main points of conflict between Spain and other European nations in the mid-1700s? What policies exacerbated those conflicts,and how did the policies create a benefit to Spain?

Question 66

Based on details about the Seven Years' War,explain the reasons for the conflict as well as the outcome.Discuss how the war changed the balance of power in Europe.

Question 67

Describe in detail the four well-defined stages that European contacts and the rest of the world have gone through since the Renaissance.Be certain to describe the groups of people affected,the key countries involved,and the transformations that led to the development of the next distinct stage.

Question 68

A ________ is a person of European descent born in the Spanish colonies.

Question 69

Great Britain lost its control of the American colonies in the 1783 ________.

Question 70

After the repeal of the Stamp Act,in 1766,Parliament issued the ________ Act,which stated that although the Stamp Act was repealed,Parliament alone had the sole power to legislate for the colonies.

Question 71

Refer to the passage "Encountering the Past: Sugar Enters the Western Diet." How did the colonization of the Americas affect the demand for sugar? Why did sugar consumption increase so rapidly in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Describe the typical changes in the European diet as detailed in this passage.

Question 72

What factors led to the alliance of France and the American colonists? Explain the historical factors that led to this alliance as well as the risks and benefits to France of establishing ties with the colonists.

Question 73

Describe the human impact of the transatlantic slave trade.Be sure to consider the number of people enslaved and killed,the treatment accorded slaves,and the impact of the trade on the societies of West Africa.

Question 74

John Wilkes printed his ideas in his newspaper called ________.

Question 75

The British architect of the North American theater of war during the Seven Years' War was ________.

Question 76

The Spanish experimented with various systems to retain control over their American holdings and the wealth they generated.Which systems would you expect to be the most successful,and why? Which systems seem to you to be particularly bad ideas,and why?

Question 77

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle brought the official end to ________.

Question 78

What clues can be found in the document A Slave Trader Describes the Atlantic Passage that indicate the prejudice of the captain? How does this document capture the typical Atlantic passage of a slave? What effects would this treatment have on those who survived to be sold into slavery?

Question 79

To increase the efficiency of tax collection and to end bureaucratic corruption,Charles III introduced the institution of the ________ into the Spanish Empire.