Deck 24: The Birth of Modern European Thought

Question 1

Friedrich Nietzsche portrayed Christianity as a religion that ________.

A)glorified the strength that life required
B)glorified human weaknesses
C)demanded heroic living
D)superseded in glory the demands of war

Answer 1

glorified human weaknesses

Question 2

Max Weber believed that ________.

A)the emergence of rationalism was the major development in human history
B)bureaucratization led to the destruction of modern society
C)only economic factors could account for major developments in human history
D)human history reached a high point in the Middle Ages

Answer 2

the emergence of rationalism was the major development in human history

Question 3

What was the first important work by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche?

A)The Will to Power
B)Beyond Good and Evil
C)The Birth of Tragedy
D)The Genealogy of Morals

Answer 3

The Birth of Tragedy

Question 4

Auguste Comte developed the theory of ________.

A)positivism
B)survival science
C)evolutionary ethics
D)relativity

Question 5

Literacy rates were lowest in ________.

A)France
B)Scandinavia
C)the Netherlands
D)Italy

Question 6

Theodor Herzl ________.

A)believed that liberal politics could protect Jews in Europe
B)called for a separate Jewish state in which Jewish rights and liberties would be protected
C)called for reforms to benefit Jews living in ghettos
D)believed that Jews did not deserve an assurance of rights and liberties without initiating a move toward a new Jewish state

Question 7

Darwin's Descent of Man ________.

A)contended that neither the origin of humans nor human character required the existence of a god
B)was a confirmation that human origins derived from an omniscient god
C)gave scientific support to the notion that biology was the basis of social success
D)gave scientific support to the notion that Europeans were biologically superior to other humans

Question 8

In his Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races,Count Arthur de Gobineau ________.

A)portrayed Western troubles as springing from racial mixing
B)claimed Western troubles were the result of resistance to intermarriage
C)railed against the racism that had long existed in European culture
D)blamed the black race for what he called "contrary discrimination"

Question 9

Who believed that the struggle in nature demonstrated how human beings should not behave?

A)Charles Darwin
B)Thomas Henry Huxley
C)Herbert Spencer
D)Julius Wellhausen

Question 10

In London,what group excluded women from its ranks,claiming that discussion of primitive people was an unfit subject for females?

A)the Ethnological Society
B)the Geological Society
C)the Society of Ethnological Enlightenment
D)the League for Social Order

Question 11

The man generally accepted as father of popular science fiction was ________.

A)H.G.Wells
B)Jules Verne
C)Jonathan Swift
D)Sir Thomas More

Question 12

Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf ________.

A)was a success
B)was a failure
C)resulted in the release of many bishops from government imprisonment
D)paved the path for clergy to transition into a secular life

Question 13

The doctrine of papal infallibility was first formally promulgated in ________.

A)1325
B)1489
C)1789
D)1869

Question 14

By the start of World War I,most major nations of Europe ________.

A)began providing free public education for the masses
B)provided free elementary and secondary education for the masses
C)began providing free university education for the masses
D)provided free elementary,secondary,and university education for the masses

Question 15

Who believed that struggle against one's fellow human beings was an ethical imperative?

A)Julius Wellhausen
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Charles Darwin
D)Herbert Spencer

Question 16

Who contended that the story of Jesus was a myth?

A)David Friedrich Strauss
B)William Robertson Smith
C)Ernst Renan
D)Julius Wellhausen

Question 17

The Petit Journal is an example of ________.

A)pulp fiction
B)a socialist newspaper
C)a right-leaning newspaper
D)a mass-circulation newspaper

Question 18

Which of the following became a major factor in the emerging mass politics?

A)political cartoons
B)letters to the editor
C)front-page editorials
D)transcripts of political speeches

Question 19

In France,the French Catholic Church and the Third French Republic ________.

A)agreed to replace religious instruction with civic training
B)were formally separated in 1905
C)worked together to improve the education system
D)were essentially one institution

Question 20

The first genuinely realistic novel is considered to be ________.

A)A Doll's House
B)Madame Bovary
C)Mrs.Warren's Profession
D)Mrs.Dalloway

Question 21

The salafiyya movement believed that ________.

A)Arabs should modernize themselves on the basis of a modified version of Islam
B)the Arab world should imitate the West
C)there was no inherent contradiction between science and Islam
D)the West and modern thought were incompatible with Islam

Question 22

By midcentury,science had a strong foothold in ________.

A)state-funded elementary schools
B)church schools
C)state-funded elementary schools and church schools
D)French and German universities

Question 23

Which of the following statements about evolution is true?

A)Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace explained how changes in organisms occur.
B)Charles Darwin originated the concept of evolution.
C)Alfred Russel Wallace drew on Darwin's work.
D)Charles Darwin drew on the works of Wallace.

Question 24

Which of the following most helped the school-teaching profession grow?

A)university-educated schoolteachers
B)higher-paid teachers
C)more male schoolteachers
D)state-sponsored education

Question 25

Late-Victorian anthropologists drew a parallel between women and ________.

A)children
B)nonwhite races
C)unlearned men
D)animals

Question 26

Christian missionaries in Muslim lands were most successful in ________.

A)converting Muslims to Christianity
B)helping to abolish slavery
C)educating young Arabs in science and medicine
D)promoting more tolerant views of nonwhites

Question 27

T.H.Huxley claimed to have found ________.

A)scientific proof of female superiority
B)scientific proof of female inferiority
C)scientific proof of equality between men and women
D)biological evidence of original sin

Question 28

What type of view of women emerged in late-nineteenth-century fiction and art,inspired largely by pseudoscience?

A)a worshipful view
B)a misogynistic view
C)a liberal view
D)a scientific view

Question 29

Auguste Comte's works were influential because they ________.

A)helped convince learned Europeans that all knowledge must resemble scientific knowledge
B)were the first works to provide evidence that nature evolved independently of a supernatural force
C)challenged Darwin's theory of natural selection
D)provided scientific evidence disputing the biblical story of Creation

Question 30

Skeptics who questioned the morality of Christianity cited ________.

A)the cruelty and unpredictability of the Old Testament God
B)its intolerance against people of other faiths
C)the irrationality of the New Testament God
D)its lack of equality between men and women

Question 31

Most social scientists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century ________.

A)reinforced traditional gender roles
B)supported wider sexual freedoms for women
C)embraced some but not all feminist ideas about gender roles
D)began to take a more liberal view of marriage,family,and child rearing

Question 32

Many of the books and journals of the late nineteenth century were mediocre because ________.

A)many new readers were only marginally literate
B)many authors were only marginally proficient
C)reading tastes changed frequently
D)publishing companies lacked adequate financing

Question 33

The Swedish writer Ellen Key believed that ________.

A)government should financially support mothers and their children
B)children should be raised in state-supported communes
C)government should assume physical custody and financial support of the children of unmarried mothers
D)mothers and fathers had equal financial responsibility for their children

Question 34

The factor that caused the greatest loss of faith in Christianity among literate Europeans was ________.

A)doubt about the historical validity of the Bible
B)doubt about the morality of Christianity
C)Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection
D)doubt about the scientific validity of Creationism

Question 35

Which of the following modern-day practices would the social Darwinists of the nineteenth century be most likely to support?

A)UN peacekeeping troops in war-torn countries
B)welfare states
C)universal health care
D)price wars between competitors

Question 36

Liberals and conservatives recognized that ________.

A)minimal education was needed to help keep new voters in check
B)extensive education was needed to ensure the orderly political behavior of new voters
C)literacy would jeopardize the productivity of the workforce
D)education leading to better jobs and political influence was within reach of the masses

Question 37

Scholars in Germany,France,and Britain claimed that humans had written and revised the books of the Bible to ________.

A)accommodate problems in Jewish society and politics
B)reflect Christian social and political mores
C)incorporate scientific knowledge as it became known
D)make it more credible to contemporary readers

Question 38

Herbert Spencer and Thomas Huxley were similar in __________.

A)being related closely to Darwin's work
B)criticizing the institutions but not the teachings of the organized churches
C)that both originated theories concerning the mechanism of evolution
D)arguing against Social Darwinism

Question 39

Mass-circulation newspapers,when first introduced,were characterized by ________.

A)a high quality level
B)a focus on straight news stories
C)stories about sensational crimes and political scandals
D)an emphasis on weather and commodities prices

Question 40

From midcentury on,writers used science to question ________.

A)ethics
B)history
C)religion
D)philosophy

Question 41

________,written by H.G.Wells,was about a mad surgeon's inhuman experiments on animals.

Question 42

________ suggested that the earth is much older than the Bible indicates and implied that God was not involved in the effort required to create the earth.

Question 43

What did Charles Darwin,Sigmund Freud,Karl Vogt,and T.H.Huxley have in common?

A)They claimed that science showed women were inferior to men.
B)They used science to examine the role of humans as a part of nature.
C)They used science to explore the inner worlds of humans.
D)They claimed that science proved some races were superior to others.

Question 44

The philosophy of ________ promulgated the theory that human intellectual development progressed through theology and metaphysics and finally culminated in the stage of scientific understanding.

Question 45

Charles Darwin applied the principle of evolution by natural selection to humans in his book ________.

Question 46

Modernists were driven by ________.

A)admiration for middle-class society and morality
B)a concern for the aesthetic
C)a deep concern for social issues
D)a respect for the values of their predecessors

Question 47

Literacy paved the way for women to greatly expand their employment in the arena of ________.

Question 48

In A Room of One's Own,Virginia Woolf concluded that ________.

A)both male and female writers should be able to think as both men and women
B)female writers should imitate male writers
C)male writers were superior to female writers
D)female writers should bring feminine traits to their writing

Question 49

What field of science most influenced racial thinking at the end of the nineteenth century?

A)physics
B)biology
C)evolution
D)medicine

Question 50

The Manet painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergère suggests ________.

A)different social classes did not mix socially in modern urban life
B)the middle classes enjoyed a life of leisure
C)the working class was excluded from most urban leisure activities
D)leisure activities in modern urban life allowed people from different classes to mix

Question 51

Max Weber and Ernest Renan approached Islam as a(n)_________.

A)historical phenomenon
B)spiritual development
C)religion equal to Christianity
D)phenomenon caused by Christian crusaders

Question 52

In A Room of One's Own,the "room" of the title symbolized _________.

A)a place for creative expression
B)financial independence
C)a university education
D)the life of single women

Question 53

Which of these women's domestic roles was emphasized by most male intellectuals of the late 1800s?

A)educational
B)housekeeping
C)reproductive
D)service

Question 54

The primary reason churches opposed state-financed schools was that they feared ________.

A)future generations educated in state-financed schools would lack religious training
B)losing students to state-financed schools would result in their demise
C)states would require them to improve their educational standards
D)states would limit the churches' power to control all aspects of the schools' operation

Question 55

Which of these regions of Europe had lower literacy rates in the late 1800s?

A)western and northern
B)southern and eastern
C)northern and eastern
D)southern and western

Question 56

Sigmund Freud was unusual in paying close attention to _________.

A)dreams
B)religion
C)mental states
D)psychoses

Question 57

What argument did critics of the Contagious Diseases Acts use to justify their demands for their repeal?

A)If it weren't for male customers,there'd be no prostitutes.
B)Since it's legal for men to engage in prostitution,it should be legal for women.
C)Prostitution provides a benefit to society.
D)Both men and women should be subject to random medical examinations.

Question 58

The Contagious Diseases Acts in England were designed to ________.

A)reduce disease in British slums
B)wipe out diseases such as cholera,which affected all of society
C)protect men from contracting diseases from prostitutes
D)impose harsh penalties on military men who spread venereal disease

Question 59

Uniformitarianism,developed by Charles Lyell,is based on the idea that natural laws __________.

A)are immutable
B)change over time
C)cannot be determined
D)change too rapidly to be formulated

Question 60

Which of the following groups or institutions acted as the primary forum for feminist writers to advance their ideas at the turn of the century?

A)churches
B)socialist groups
C)literary networks
D)universities

Question 61

Prominent women psychoanalysts such as Karen Horney and ________ challenged Freud's views on women.

Question 62

Explain the juxtaposing views held by Herbert Spencer and T.H.Huxley regarding evolutionary ethics.

Question 63

The Irish writer ________ argued against romanticism and false respectability.

Question 64

In the late nineteenth century,the conflict between church and state centered on ________.

Question 65

How did science fiction find immediate acceptance by the popular culture?

Question 66

The first person to use race to explain history was ________.

Question 67

Why was the nineteenth century such a difficult period for Christian churches? What challenges did they face as Europe made advances in other areas?

Question 68

Explain how anti-Semitism developed,despite advancements made by Western European Jews following the French Revolution.How did politicians play a role in intensifying feelings of anti-Semitism?

Question 69

Describe the steps taken by feminists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.What issues did they tackle,and what was the outcome? Were they successful in their causes?

Question 70

Theodor Herzl advocated __________.

Question 71

Explain how Carl Jung's theories differed from Sigmund Freud's.Include a discussion of both Freud's early and later theories.How did Freud respond to Jung's theories?

Question 72

The most important proclamation of Pope Leo XIII was the encyclical ________,which,in part,urged employers to seek just and peaceful relations with workers.

Question 73

Why did many late-nineteenth century writers exhibit hostility toward women? What led to such a viewpoint?

Question 74

In his novel In Search of Time Past,Marcel Proust adopted a ________ format that helped him to explore his memories.

Question 75

By World War I,few scientists believed they could portray the ________ about physical reality.

Question 76

Explain how higher literacy rates worked to provide consumers for the Second Industrial Revolution.

Question 77

Explain the dynamics that existed in Germany in the church-state conflict.What views were expressed by the primary players in the conflict?

Question 78

Describe the major characteristics of the Enlightenment and Romantic movement and explain how these concepts influenced the intellectual orientation of the late nineteenth century.

Question 79

The Ladies' National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts was led by ________.

Question 80

Cubist painters such as Georges Braque and ________ saw painting as an autonomous realm of art with no purpose beyond itself.