Deck 38: Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Metabolically useful carbohydrates are monosaccharides which are derived through digestive mechanisms from polysaccharides and disaccharides.In addition to glucose, which of the following are also metabolically useful monosaccharides?

A)lactose and maltose
B)fructose and galactose
C)starch and glycogen
D)sucrose and amylase

Answer 1

fructose and galactose

Question 2

Once glucose enters the cell, it is trapped in the cell as glucose-6-phosphate (G6P).G6P serves as the starting point for four metabolic pathways.G6P is converted by ______ to pyruvate.G6P is also oxidized by ______ to ribose and carbon dioxide.Additionally, G6P is converted by ______ to glucuronic acid.Finally, G6P is incorporated into glycogen by ______.

A)the uronic acid pathway, glycogenesis, the hexose monophosphate shunt, glycolysis
B)the uronic acid pathway, glycolysis, the hexose monophosphate shunt, glycogenesis
C)glycolysis, the hexose monophosphate shunt, the uronic acid pathway, glycogenesis
D)glycogenesis, the uronic acid pathway, the hexose monophosphate, shunt, glycolysis

Answer 2

glycolysis, the hexose monophosphate shunt, the uronic acid pathway, glycogenesis

Question 3

The following laboratory data may be explained by:
Blood glucose level - below normal
Insulin level - above normal
C-peptide level - low to normal

A)hypoglycemia caused by alcoholism
B)overtreatment with insulin
C)pregnancy
D)errant test results

Answer 3

overtreatment with insulin

Question 4

In Cushing's syndrome, cortisol levels are increased.As a result, glucose levels are ______ in Cushing's syndrome because of the affect of cortisol on _____.

A)increased, glycolysis
B)increased, glycogenesis
C)decreased, glycogenolysis
D)increased, gluconeogenesis

Question 5

In an OGTT, insulin levels may be measured in addition to glucose levels.Which of the following is indicated by an insulin spike occurring 2 hours after a carbohydrate challenge?

A)nondiabetic
B)type 1 diabetic
C)type 2 diabetic
D)pregnancy-associated gestational diabetes

Question 6

In addition to hyperglycemia, which of the following are typical laboratory indicators of diabetes mellitus?
1)glucosuria
2)polyuria
3)hyperinsulinemia

A)1, 2, 3
B)1, 2
C)2, 3
D)1, 3

Question 7

Which of the following metabolic pathways provides the greatest amount of ATP per mole of glucose?

A)anaerobic glycolysis
B)aerobic glycolysis
C)tricarboxylic acid cycle and linked oxidative phosphorylation
D)glycogenesis

Question 8

Which of the following laboratory results provide provisional laboratory diagnosis of diabetes mellitus?
1)2-hour postprandial glucose = 175 mg/dL
2)fasting plasma glucose = 140 mg/dL
3)casual (random) glucose = 210 mg/dL

A)1, 2, 3
B)1, 2
C)2, 3
D)1, 3

Question 9

According to the Carpenter-Coustan OGTT for gestational diabetes, a fasting value of greater than ______ or a random value of greater than ______ suggests gestational diabetes, if subsequently confirmed.

A)100 mg/dL, 150 mg/dL
B)126 mg/dL, 200 mg/dL
C)100 mg/dL, 200 mg/dL
D)126 mg/dL, 150 mg/dL

Question 10

Which of the following metabolic pathways function to provide glucose for release to other cells or tissues?
1)glycogenesis
2)glycogenolysis
3)glycolysis
4)gluconeogenesis

A)1, 2
B)1, 3
C)2, 4
D)3, 4

Question 11

The following data provide laboratory evidence of:
Glucose - 650 mg/dL
Urinalysis - polyuria with 3+ glucose
Serum osmolality - 365 mOsm/kg
PH - 7.39
Anion gap - 10 mEq/L

A)diabetic ketoacidosis
B)hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
C)lactic acidosis
D)both a and c

Question 12

Which of the following is considered one of the earliest indicators of impending glomerular nephropathy associated with diabetes mellitus?

A)glycated hemoglobin
B)microalbuminuria
C)urine osmolality
D)BUN/creatinine

Question 13

Insulin ______ proteolysis, biolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis and ______ lipid synthesis and glycogenesis in the liver; ______ protein synthesis in muscle; and ______ triglyceride synthesis in fat cells.

A)inhibits, stimulates, increases, accelerates
B)stimulates, inhibits, decreases, decelerates
C)inhibits, inhibits, increases, decelerates
D)stimulates, stimulates, decreases, accelerates

Question 14

A person who has a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test result between 140 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL would be classified in which of the following categories?

A)impaired fasting glucose
B)impaired glucose tolerance
C)potential abnormality of glucose tolerance
D)secondary diabetes mellitus

Question 15

In diabetic ketoacidosis, plasma sodium levels are ______, plasma potassium levels are ______, and plasma bicarbonate levels are ______.

A)decreased, decreased, decreased
B)increased, increased, increased
C)increased, decreased, increased
D)decreased, increased, decreased

Question 16

Incretins:
1)are a group of hormones that are released from the intestinal mucosa upon the ingestion of glucose.
2)act on islet beta receptor sites, resulting in insulin release.
3)are a group of hormones that include gastric inhibitory peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1.
4)raise glucose levels by inhibiting insulin secretion, stimulating glucagon secretion, stimulating glycogenolysis, and inhibiting gluconeogenesis.

A)1, 2, 3, 4
B)1, 2, 3
C)1, 2, 4
D)2, 3, 4

Question 17

All of the following laboratory results suggest the presence of secondary diabetes except:

A)increased growth hormone level
B)increased cortisol level
C)increased epinephrine level
D)increased insulin level