Deck 16: Psychopathology

Question 1

Autism spectrum disorder may be associated with 

A)larger than normal amounts of neurotrophins. 
B)reduced amounts of neurotrophins. 
C)childhood exposure to viruses. 
D)parenting style.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Schizophrenia is far more likely to occur in people who are over 25 years of age.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

True or false?  Injections of sodium lactate can initiate a panic attack in individuals diagnosed with panic disorder.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

True or false?  Behaviors that resemble obsessive-compulsive disorder have been seen in dogs who develop exaggerated grooming habits.

Question 5

Which of the following individuals is most likely to have a child with autism spectrum disorder? 

A)Linda, a skilled mechanical engineer. 
B)Samantha, who is pregnant for the first time at age 28. 
C)Susan, a gifted artist and poet with a family history of bipolar disorder. 
D)Ashley, an actress who regularly smokes marijuana.

Question 6

Autism spectrum disorder usually becomes apparent​ 

A)at birth. 
B)within the first few years of life. 
C)between the ages of three and six years. 
D)at puberty.

Question 7

Mental disorders affect _________ percent of the United States population.

A)fewer than 1 
B)about 26 
C)about 52 
D)about 77

Question 8

Brain growth in autism spectrum disorder usually 

A)proceeds at a normal rate. 
B)first accelerates then decelerates relative to healthy controls. 
C)first decelerates then accelerates relative to healthy controls. 
D)proceeds at an increased rate throughout childhood and adolescence.

Question 9

True or false?  Most medications that improve mood in people with major depressive disorder act to suppress REM sleep.

Question 10

Rates of mental disorders are 

A)higher in the United States than in most other countries, due to superior diagnostic methods. 
B)higher in the United States than in most other countries, due to higher levels of stress. 
C)lower in the United States than in most other countries, due to the stigma attached to mental disorders within the public and medical communities. 
D)lower in the United States than in most other countries, due to the higher levels of poverty, war, and stress outside the U.S.

Question 11

True or false?  Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder,but are about equally likely as men to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Question 12

The concordance rate in identical twins for autism spectrum disorder is between _________ percent.

A)10 and 17 
B)23 and 41 
C)53 and 65 
D)76 and 88

Question 13

True or false?  According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)the depression that accompanies bipolar disorder is quite different than the depression seen in cases of major depressive disorder.​ 

Question 14

True or false? Hallucinations,such as hearing voices,are a common type of positive symptom experienced by patients with schizophrenia.​ 

Question 15

True or false?  Criminal psychopaths show impaired abilities to identify fear in a another person's voice.

Question 16

Medications that influence the activity of serotonin,GABA,and glutamate have produced encouraging improvements in the behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Question 17

Scientists who do not have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder do not experience increases in concentration and focus while using methylphenidate (Ritalin).

Question 18

Among the most common mental disorders are 

A)autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 
B)schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder. 
C)anxiety and mood disorders. 
D)antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.

Question 19

Autism spectrum disorder affects 

A)school aged males and females equally. 
B)about three times as many preschool aged females as males. 
C)about twice as many adult males as females. 
D)about four times as many school-aged males as females.

Question 20

Mental disorders​ 

A)result from interactions between biology and experience. 
B)always result from brain diseases. 
C)always result from biochemical imbalances. 
D)can be found in the majority of the human population.

Question 21

Research by Angold et al.(2000)on the use of medication for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)found that 

A)there is no evidence that children are being inappropriately medicated. 
B)fewer than 5 percent of children on medication are being inappropriately medicated. 
C)more than half of children on medication are being inappropriately medicated. 
D)medication is rarely used to treat the disorder.

Question 22

In 2011,approximately how many American children between the ages of 4 and 17 years were diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? 

A)less than 1 percent 
B)about 7-8 percent 
C)about 11 percent 
D)about 15 percent

Question 23

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia? 

A)hallucinations 
B)social withdrawal 
C)mood disturbance 
D)lack of motivation

Question 24

The heritability of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is _________ 

A)less than 10 percent. 
B)between 20 and 40 percent. 
C)between 40 and 60 percent. 
D)70 percent or higher.

Question 25

Compared with healthy controls,people with autism spectrum disorder show 

A)increased numbers of minicolumns. 
B)reduced numbers of minicolumns. 
C)minicolumns that are farther apart. 
D)larger minicolumns.

Question 26

When patients with schizophrenia perform behaviors that we would not expect to see in a typical person,we refer to these behaviors as _________ symptoms.

A)negative 
B)positive 
C)active-phase 
D)prodromal

Question 27

Worldwide,schizophrenia is diagnosed in approximately _________ percent of the population.

A)0.5-1 
B)1-3 
C)5 
D)7-8

Question 28

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)may involve abnormalities in the 

A)hippocampus. 
B)hypothalamus. 
C)septum. 
D)basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex.

Question 29

Schizophrenia affects 

A)men more often than women. 
B)women about twice as often as men. 
C)women about three times as often as men. 
D)men and women at about the same rates.

Question 30

Schizophrenia means "split mind" in Greek.To what "split" does this term refer? 

A)the split in personality, characterized by the existence of two or more separate personalities within the same person 
B)the patients' split with between their emotions and their thoughts 
C)the changes that take place as the condition progresses, or a split from the previous person to the person with schizophrenia 
D)a disconnect in the corpus callosum, which does not allow information to be transferred from one hemisphere to the other

Question 31

Most cases of schizophrenia are diagnosed for the first time between _________ years of age.

A)10 and 12 
B)12 and 18 
C)18 and 25 
D)25 and 40

Question 32

Meta-analytic research into the impact of mirror functioning on autism spectrum disorder has found that it is 

A)absent in all children with autism spectrum disorder, regardless of level of functioning. 
B)reduced in low-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder, but relatively normal in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder. 
C)reduced in all children with autism spectrum disorder, regardless of level of functioning. 
D)unclear whether mirror neuron functioning is involved in autism spectrum disorder at all.

Question 33

When patients with schizophrenia fail to perform behaviors considered to be normal,we refer to these "missing" behaviors as _________ symptoms.

A)negative 
B)positive 
C)active-phase 
D)prodromal

Question 34

Schizophrenia is best described as a 

A)single disorder, affecting all patients in similar ways. 
B)single disorder, with multiple causes. 
C)spectrum of disorders, with multiple courses and outcomes. 
D)spectrum of disorders, with a single cause.

Question 35

Your parents have been advised to give your little brother methylphenidate (Ritalin)as treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).What advice would you give them? 

A)Don't bother. The drug rarely produces any improvements in behavior. 
B)Make sure the diagnosis is correct, as Ritalin has no effect on behavior unless you really have ADHD. 
C)Proceed with caution. Ritalin can improve behavior, but it also produces significant side effects. 
D)Try giving him a cup of coffee first, and if he reacts well to that, he probably will respond well to Ritalin, too.

Question 36

Autism spectrum disorder may be associated with structural abnormalities in the 

A)basal ganglia, raphe nucleus, and hippocampus. 
B)cerebellum, amygdala, and hippocampus. 
C)orbitofrontal cortex, corpus callosum, and cingulate cortex. 
D)locus coeruleus, red nucleus and hippocampus.

Question 37

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is most frequently treated with 

A)intensive behavioral therapies, similar to those used to treat autism. 
B)medication with tranquilizers. 
C)medication with stimulant drugs, possibly in conjunction with behavioral therapies. 
D)medication with antidepressant drugs.

Question 38

The use of medications for treating autism spectrum disorder 

A)has been more effective than behavioral treatments. 
B)is effective with low-functioning children, but has little effect on high-functioning children. 
C)has not yet been evaluated scientifically due to ethical concerns. 
D)has been ineffective.

Question 39

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia? 

A)delusions 
B)hallucinations 
C)psychotic episodes 
D)social withdrawal

Question 40

Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 

A)show consistent deficits in gray matter growth beginning in early childhood. 
B)may simply need more time for their brains to mature than other children. 
C)show obvious signs of brain damage, particularly in the frontal lobes. 
D)cannot be expected to improve as they mature.

Question 41

Ventricular enlargement of the brains of some schizophrenic patients appears to develop from 

A)increased fluid pressure in the ventricles from blocking of fluid pathways. 
B)increases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue. 
C)decreases in neurons in adjacent areas. 
D)increased production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Question 42

If your identical twin has schizophrenia,what does that mean for you? 

A)If you inherited the gene for schizophrenia, you will be diagnosed with schizophrenia too. 
B)Your chances of being diagnosed with schizophrenia are not increased as long as you were not raised by the same parents. 
C)Your chances of being diagnosed with schizophrenia are the same as the rest of the population-about 1 percent. 
D)You have about a 50 percent chance of also being diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Question 43

The same genes that contribute to schizophrenia might also be involved in the development of 

A)panic disorder. 
B)antisocial personality disorder. 
C)major depressive disorder. 
D)bipolar disorder.

Question 44

see Figure 16.7

Schizophrenia occurs 

A)more frequently in rural than in urban environments. 
B)more frequently in urban than in rural environments. 
C)about as frequently in urban as in rural environments. 
D)more frequently in rural environments in wealthy countries and in urban environments in poorer countries.

Question 45

Schizophrenia in a child is correlated with 

A)high birth weight. 
B)abnormally large head circumference. 
C)birth complications such as lack of oxygen and emergency Caesarean section. 
D)abnormally high neurotrophin levels in umbilical blood.

Question 46

If a concordance rate for a disorder is found to be 60 percent in identical twins,what does this mean? 

A)Genetics play little if any role in either twin's risk for the disorder. 
B)The environment plays little if any role in either twin's risk for the disorder. 
C)The probability of both twins being diagnosed with the disorder is about 60 percent. 
D)If one twin is diagnosed with the disorder, the other twin has about a 60 percent chance of also being diagnosed with the disorder.

Question 47

Schizophrenia may be associated with 

A)the mercury found in routine childhood immunizations. 
B)routine prenatal ultrasound. 
C)contracting influenza in early childhood. 
D)prenatal exposure to viruses.

Question 48

Schizophrenia occurs 

A)most frequently among people from the upper and middle socioeconomic statuses. 
B)most frequently among people from the lower socioeconomic status. 
C)without respect to socioeconomic status. 
D)more commonly among me from the lower socioeconomic status and women from the upper and middle socioeconomic statuses.

Question 49

Positron emission tomography (PET)studies of patients with schizophrenia have found 

A)low metabolic activity throughout the brain. 
B)less metabolic activity in the temporal lobes than in the frontal lobes. 
C)hypofrontality, or less activity in the frontal lobes. 
D)overactivity in the right hemisphere.

Question 50

The abnormal saccades seen in relatives of people with schizophrenia are 

A)eye movements during the visual tracking of a stimulus. 
B)eye movements during REM sleep. 
C)EEG waveforms recorded over the occipital lobe. 
D)chemicals found in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 51

Studies of rates of schizophrenia among adopted children have shown that 

A)the presence of schizophrenia in the adopted parents correlated with schizophrenia in the adopted children. 
B)the presence of schizophrenia in the biological parents correlated with schizophrenia in the adopted children. 
C)the presence of schizophrenia in the adopted parents appeared to be as important as the presence of schizophrenia in the biological parents in predicting outcomes of the adopted children. 
D)neither schizophrenia in the adopted parents nor in the biological parents appeared related to the presence of schizophrenia in the adopted children.

Question 52

How should we interpret the correlation between schizophrenia and birth complications? 

A)Birth complications clearly cause schizophrenia in the mother. 
B)Birth complications clearly lead to the later development of schizophrenia in the child. 
C)Infants who will later develop schizophrenia are difficult to carry and deliver. 
D)Birth complications may trigger schizophrenia, or an infant who is vulnerable to schizophrenia may be difficult to carry and deliver, or both.

Question 53

The concordance rate among identical twins for schizophrenia is approximately _________ percent.

A)10 
B)25 
C)50 
D)90

Question 54

The hippocampus in some patients with schizophrenia 

A)is smaller than normal. 
B)is larger than normal. 
C)shows unusual disorganization. 
D)

Question 55

According to Crow (1997),the brains of some people with schizophrenia are 

A)more symmetrical in structure and function than brains of typical controls. 
B)more symmetrical in structure, but not function, compared to brains of typical controls. 
C)more symmetrical in function, but not structure, compared to brains of typical controls. 
D)less symmetrical in structure and function than brains of typical controls.

Question 56

Which of the following individuals has the highest risk of being diagnosed with schizophrenia? 

A)a 23-year-old woman whose mother was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. 
B)a 62-year-old man born in Panama. 
C)a 5-year-old child diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 
D)a 42-year-old man who uses heroin regularly.

Question 57

The case study of the Genain quadruplets indicates that 

A)genetics play a major role in schizophrenia, with little if any influence from the environment. 
B)the environment plays a major role in schizophrenia, with little if any influence from genetics. 
C)genetics play a strong role in schizophrenia, but environmental factors contribute as well. 
D)environmental factors play the strongest role in schizophrenia, but genetics contribute slightly to the outcomes.

Question 58

In this illustration of eye movements during the tracking of a visual stimulus,which of these lines depicts the tracking movements shown by many people with schizophrenia and their relatives? 

A)Line number 1 
B)Line number 2 
C)Line number 3 
D)None of the lines. People with schizophrenia and many of their relatives are unable to perform this task.

Question 59

Use of which of the following substances has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals? 

A)MDMA (ecstasy) 
B)methamphetamine 
C)heroin 
D)marijuana

Question 60

Research has identified several factors that might explain the prevalence of schizophrenia in urban environments.One of them is the stress related to 

A)"keeping up" with neighbors financially, by buying expensive houses and cars. 
B)commuting long distances to work. 
C)racism. 
D)outdoor noise levels.

Question 61

When used to treat schizophrenia,traditional antipsychotics are 

A)effective against negative symptoms, but not against positive symptoms. 
B)effective against positive symptoms, but not against negative symptoms. 
C)equally effective against both positive and negative symptoms. 
D)ineffective against both positive and negative symptoms.

Question 62

The behavior of people with schizophrenia is difficult to distinguish from the behavior of people using which of the following drugs? 

A)amphetamine 
B)marijuana 
C)heroin 
D)MDMA (ecstasy)

Question 63

Bipolar disorder affects about _________ percent of the United States population in a given year.

A)0.4 
B)2.6 
C)5.6 
D)10

Question 64

Most medications used to reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia act as 

A)dopamine agonists. 
B)dopamine antagonists. 
C)serotonin agonists. 
D)serotonin antagonists.

Question 65

Compared with healthy controls,people with schizophrenia show evidence of having 

A)abnormally low amounts of dopamine. 
B)abnormally high amounts of dopamine. 
C)increased numbers of glutamate receptors in their brains. 
D)reduced numbers of glutamate receptors in their brains.

Question 66

You are responsible for treating a patient who has just taken a large amount of phencyclidine (PCP).Which of the following might help your patient? 

A)a drug that acts as a dopamine agonist. 
B)a drug that acts as a dopamine antagonist. 
C)a drug that acts as a glutamate antagonist. 
D)MDMA (ecstasy) to promote increased serotonin activity.

Question 67

Following an initial period of brain growth prenatally and in the first 2 years of life,human beings experience a second period of cortical gray matter growth 

A)Following an initial period of brain growth prenatally and in the first 2 years of life, human beings experience a second period of cortical gray matter growth 
B)at puberty. 
C)at 18, which is why most countries consider 18 to be the beginning of legal adulthood. 
D)at around 25, which is when brain growth is then considered complete.

Question 68

Which of the following best describes the actions of typical and atypical antipsychotic medications? 

A) Both types of medication act as dopamine agonists. 
B)Both types of medication act as dopamine antagonists. 
C)Typical antipsychotics act as dopamine antagonists, but atypical antipsychotics act as dopamine agonists. 
D)Typical antipsychotics act as dopamine antagonists, and atypical antipsychotics act on neurotransmitters other than dopamine.

Question 69

Bipolar disorder is 

A)more common in men than women. 
B)more common in women than men. 
C)equally common in men and women. 
D)about three times as common in women as in men.

Question 70

In the treatment of schizophrenia,an advantage of the atypical antipsychotics over typical antipsychotics is their 

A)lack of side effects. 
B)superiority in treating positive symptoms. 
C)superiority in treating negative symptoms. 
D)ability to enhance dopamine activity.

Question 71

Tardive dyskinesia may result from 

A)medication with traditional antipsychotics. 
B)medication with clozapine. 
C)overactivity in GABA neurons. 
D)increases in dopamine activity associated with schizophrenia.

Question 72

Compared with healthy individuals,people with schizophrenia experience 

A)less brain growth in the teen years. 
B)excessive brain growth in the teen years. 
C)excessive loss of gray matter during their teen years. 
D)excessive loss of white matter during their teen years.

Question 73

Some patients given L-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson's disease reportedly 

A)develop Tourette's syndrome. 
B)become euphoric. 
C)experience panic attacks. 
D)develop symptoms similar to schizophrenia.

Question 74

If medication with traditional antipsychotics is discontinued,tardive dyskinesia 

A)disappears immediately. 
B)disappears after a period of about six months to a year. 
C)disappears after a period of about 3 years. 
D)can continue indefinitely, and may be permanent.

Question 75

One problem with the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is 

A)the lack of response to dopamine agonists shown by some patients. 
B)the lack of response to dopamine antagonists shown by some patients. 
C)research findings showing people with schizophrenia produce abnormal amounts of dopamine. 
D)research findings showing people with schizophrenia have normal numbers of dopamine receptors.

Question 76

Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia suggest that medication with traditional antipsychotics might interfere with _________ systems.

A)sensory 
B)motor 
C)executive 
D)emotional

Question 77

Why are researchers investigating a possible role for glutamate in schizophrenia? 

A) Known antipsychotic medications have their primary effects on glutamate. 
B)People with schizophrenia have abnormal levels of glutamate activity. 
C)PCP use, which affects glutamate systems, mimics most symptoms of schizophrenia. 
D) Glutamate levels are directly influenced by cocaine and amphetamine.

Question 78

The World Health Organization (WHO)published data suggesting that 

A)patients with schizophrenia recovered more frequently in wealthy countries like the United States than in developing countries like India, Nigeria, and Colombia. 
B)patients with schizophrenia recovered more frequently in developing countries like India, Nigeria, and Colombia than in wealthier countries. 
C)psychosocial approaches to schizophrenia were a waste of time and resources. 
D)psychosocial approaches were used in treating the vast majority of patients with schizophrenia in the United States, but rarely in developing countries.

Question 79

Mania is characterized by 

A)loss of interest in pleasurable activities. 
B)thoughts of death and suicide. 
C) boundless energy and elevated mood.​ 
D) depressed motor activity.

Question 80

Substantial drops in the population of patients institutionalized for mental disorders coincided with 

A)the use of typical antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia. 
B)the use of clozapine to treat schizophrenia. 
C)the widespread use of psychosocial rehabilitation. 
D)reduced exposure of pregnant women to viruses.