Deck 16: Foundations, war, and Peace

Question 1

Given the effect of group size on collective action problems,what scenario is likely to be the most successful?

A)Over 180 countries sign an agreement to reduce pollution in oceans.
B)Twenty Mediterranean countries agree to reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea.
C)Germany,Austria,Slovakia,Hungary,Croatia,Serbia,Romania,and Ukraine sign an agreement to reduce pollution in the Danube River.
D)Uganda,Kenya,and Tanzania sign an agreement to reduce pollution in Lake Victoria.
E)The United States and Mexico sign an agreement to reduce pollution along their shared border.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which trend would NOT represent a threat to continuing economic engagement and cooperation?

A)The failure of China to open its borders fully to international trade,finance,and investment.
B)Developing countries gaining more control of international financial institutions.
C)The European Union turning toward self-sufficiency and economic isolation.
D)Rapid economic growth in the developing world that is incompatible with environmental sustainability.
E)Developing countries pulling back from globalization after finding the economic benefits not worth the costs.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The nineteenth century was a period of unprecedented economic growth.What systematic change did NOT encourage this expansion?

A)Expansion of railroads,making costs of transportation cheaper.
B)Increased use and affordability of steamships.
C)Decreased communication costs via the telegraph.
D)Several countries adopting the gold standard,making trade easier.
E)The creation of regional trade organizations,decreasing transaction costs.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

International anarchy is an important concept for international relations,as it implies:

A)that relationships between states are naturally chaotic and indeterminate.
B)an environmental factor where no government can persist more than 100 years.
C)that the international system is typically dominated by one state imposing rules upon others.
D)that the lack of a global authority shapes the types of interactions states can have with each other.
E)that there is no rule of law outside the territorial boundaries of states.

Question 5

What is NOT one of the ways in which the United States attempted to challenge,counteract,and contain the Soviet Union?

A)Expanding the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to Eastern European countries.
B)Establishing the Marshall Plan and other forms of economic aid to Western Europe.
C)Participating in proxy wars against the Soviet Union in developing countries.
D)Encouraging trade liberalization among its allies.
E)Declaring war on the Soviet Union and communist China.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an institution?

A)A set of rules for cooperation among states.
B)A prime minister declaring war on another country.
C)Organizations consisting of several sovereign states.
D)Nongovernmental organizations.
E)Informal norms,such as the norm against slavery.

Question 7

The European Union represents what kind of organization?

A)Collective security.
B)Regional trade.
C)Offensive alliance.
D)Terrorist.
E)World government.

Question 8

The study of world politics is like other fields of social science in that it:

A)tests its theories in Petri dishes.
B)rests on the tools of observation and theory.
C)does not offer consistent theories on human interaction.
D)ignores theoretical frameworks and looks merely at the data.
E)is understandable purely through observation.

Question 9

Nuclear weapons have been pivotal in defining the Cold War period.What is true of the way in which they helped shape the interests of the major powers during this time period?

A)The Soviet Union and the United States had enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other and their allies many times over.
B)The stockpiles of nuclear weapons were incapable of deterring limited nuclear attacks by either power.
C)The Soviet Union did not have the capacity to reach the West Coast of the United States with its missiles.
D)Any use of nuclear weapons had to first be approved by the United Nations.
E)Both sides agreed to not give their allies access to nuclear technology.

Question 10

What type of interactions are the most difficult to overcome?

A)Competitive interactions.
B)Zero-sum interactions.
C)Coordination interactions.
D)Positive-sum interactions.
E)Collaborative interactions.

Question 11

Which of the following does NOT make cooperation more difficult?

A)Numerous actors.
B)Existing incentives for states to act unilaterally.
C)Singular interactions between parties.
D)Linked issues providing more issues over which to bargain.
E)Imperfect information.

Question 12

What is NOT true of states?

A)They have sovereignty.
B)They are central authorities.
C)They have the ability to make and enforce laws.
D)All countries are governed by states.
E)They have political supremacy within their boundaries.

Question 13

Developing countries sought a third alternative to capitalism and communism via the Non-Aligned Movement.What was NOT a goal of that movement?

A)Redress of perceived inequities in the relationship between the advanced industrial world and the developing world.
B)Change to the state of economic ties between the developing world and the rest of the world.
C)Change in the balance of power between the East and the West.
D)Creation of more equitable ties between the North and the South.
E)Increase of prices for primary resources such as oil,copper,and bauxite.

Question 14

Why do some institutions continue to have biased voting procedures that privilege some states?

A)Weaker states prefer that more powerful states make and carry out important decisions.
B)The powerful states that benefit from the bias resist changing the procedures.
C)Formal institutions are easy to change,and states constantly create new procedures for their own benefits.
D)The members of the institutions know that rules and procedures do not really matter.
E)Powerful states want weaker states to think they can contribute to important decisions.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of bargaining?

A)A group of citizens agreeing to pay taxes to install new sidewalks.
B)The United States and Great Britain contributing to a joint effort to oust Saddam Hussein.
C)Two states fighting over a piece of territory.
D)The government raising the price per bushel of corn after being lobbied by farmers.
E)Teachers striking to get higher pay.

Question 16

When one country has respect for a neighboring country's sovereignty,it will:

A)invade the neighboring country to protect its citizens from harm.
B)attack the neighboring country that is blocking its access to waterways.
C)support a rival heir to the neighboring country's throne.
D)attempt to influence which treaties the neighboring country signs.
E)accept that the neighboring country has a different official religion.

Question 17

The Western victors of World War II created new international institutions to:

A)encourage the spread of nuclear weapons to any friendly,democratic nation.
B)counteract existing institutions established by the Germans.
C)create a stable economic system and prevent the problems encountered during the interwar period.
D)establish new colonial projects in Latin America and Africa.
E)contain the rise of the People's Republic of China and any other emerging threats to free trade.

Question 18

What was NOT a factor encouraging decolonization?

A)External events,including depression and war.
B)Upsurges in nationalist sentiment.
C)International pressure from countries like the United States.
D)Colonies beginning to acquire nuclear weapons.
E)Colonized people fighting for independence in many countries.

Question 19

Why is the Great Depression linked to the outbreak of World War II?

A)Economic declines always lead to war between countries.
B)The Great Depression made the United States abandon its support for the League of Nations.
C)It created the conditions for nationalistic and militaristic parties to come to power in many countries in the world.
D)The Great Depression prevented would-be allied states from having the capability to stop Axis powers from becoming militarily powerful.
E)The Great Depression made it easier for countries to liberalize,and their new interdependence sparked conflict.

Question 20

Mercantilism was a system:

A)under which each government directly owned and controlled all corporations.
B)by which imperial governments used military power to enrich themselves.
C)that eliminated all private enterprises.
D)that encouraged free markets in colonies.
E)that used private ships to transport goods to other countries.

Question 21

Why can it be hard to achieve credibility in international bargaining?

A)There are no objective measures of power.
B)Leaders are irrational when they are bargaining.
C)States have an incentive to misrepresent their position to achieve a better bargain.
D)States never want to feign weakness.
E)Bargaining is best left to diplomats,but diplomats rarely know the full extent of their own state's power.

Question 22

What concept does NOT have direct implications for the bargaining model of war?

A)Democratic peace.
B)Audience costs.
C)Resolve.
D)Incomplete information.
E)Indivisible goods.

Question 23

What is a reason why states may NOT balance against other powerful states or alliances?

A)Democracies do not care about power.
B)International institutions are able to effectively constrain and punish belligerent states.
C)A powerful state is not likely to start a war and is not a threat.
D)Bandwagoning against an adversary can be less costly than trying to balance.
E)Joining in an alliance is likely to make a state have less power while bargaining.

Question 24

How can domestic interest groups influence the bargaining model of war?

A)Hawkish interest groups can increase the range of possible bargains for the state.
B)Dovish interest groups can increase the range of possible bargains for the state.
C)Bureaucracies can nullify the impact of the bargaining model.
D)Domestic ethnic groups can change a divisible good to an indivisible good.
E)Domestic interests do not calculate into the bargaining model of war.

Question 25

Which of the following statements about war is true?

A)War occurs frequently between powerful countries.
B)War occurs frequently between developing countries.
C)Recently,civil wars have been less frequent than interstate wars.
D)War tends to occur when states rely too much on diplomacy.
E)War occurs infrequently between any states.

Question 26

Why do states usually try to solve their disagreements through bargaining?

A)War is a costly option that states would rather avoid if possible.
B)States use the negotiation period to prepare surprise attacks against their opponents.
C)International institutions force states to negotiate.
D)Bargaining usually results in the best result for all of the actors who are involved in a dispute.
E)Negotiating with other states is the only way to achieve a state's goals.

Question 27

The increasing number of democracies across the globe may not lead to more peace because democracies:

A)tend to be more war prone.
B)can break down and lead to more conflict than stable autocratic states.
C)tend to have more civil wars than autocratic states.
D)are less likely to trade with other countries.
E)prevent the rise of nationalism.

Question 28

Which is a major risk of alliance commitments?

A)A state will no longer have to worry about security and stop pursuing power.
B)A state may become more adventurous in its foreign policy in ways an ally does not like.
C)Major powers typically make meaningless alliances.
D)Domestic groups are likely to oppose the creation of new alliances.
E)Alliances tend to be financially burdensome for minor powers.

Question 29

A major difference between the Stag Hunt and the Prisoner's Dilemma is that:

A)in the Prisoner's Dilemma the best strategy is to stand tough,while in the Stag Hunt the best strategy is to back down.
B)in the Prisoner's Dilemma the best strategy is to do the opposite of what your opponent does,while in the Stag Hunt the best strategy is to do the same thing the others do.
C)mutual defection is the equilibrium result in the Prisoner's Dilemma,but in the Stag Hunt it is only one of two expected outcomes.
D)mutual defection is the equilibrium result in the Stag Hunt,but in the Prisoner's Dilemma the expected outcome is mutual cooperation.
E)in the Stag Hunt there is an individual incentive to defect,while in the Prisoner's Dilemma the barrier to cooperation is a lack of trust.

Question 30

What is true about the domestic consequences of war?

A)The benefits and costs are both distributed evenly.
B)The benefits are distributed evenly,but the costs are distributed unevenly.
C)The benefits are distributed unevenly,but the costs are distributed evenly.
D)The benefits and costs are both distributed unevenly.
E)Substate actors never benefit from war.

Question 31

Game theory is:

A)an approach to understanding human behavior derived from studies of gambling.
B)an approach to studying international relations that assumes actors do not take negotiations seriously.
C)the use of role-playing to understand the actions of world leaders.
D)a tool for analyzing strategic interactions.
E)the use of war games to prepare for negotiations with other countries.

Question 32

Which is NOT a way that institutions can encourage cooperation?

A)Exercising their power over states and forcing them to act cooperatively.
B)Creating norms and rules for other countries to follow.
C)Monitoring the behavior of states and reporting on their activities.
D)Making joint decision making cheaper between parties.
E)Acting as an arbiter in disputes.

Question 33

Why might a state engage in a diversionary conflict?

A)To gain more support domestically.
B)To prevent further scrutiny from an international organization.
C)To prevent a trading partner from realizing it is losing out on the terms of trade.
D)To hide the real war that a leader wants to start.
E)To satisfy the military's desire for starting a larger conflict.

Question 34

Which of the following examples would be an interstate war?

A)A rebel group in Colombia assassinating government officials.
B)Iraq attacking Kuwait.
C)The United Nations sending peacekeepers to Sierra Leone.
D)Sunni and Shiite militias fighting each other in Iraq.
E)The South Vietnamese insurgency fighting the government of Vietnam.

Question 35

Why do countries comply with international institutions?

A)International institutions force countries to fulfill their agreements.
B)International institutions are neutral and unbiased mediators.
C)International institutions never have their own agendas to pursue.
D)International institutions can reduce the cost of coming to an agreement.
E)International institutions are easily manipulated by weaker countries.

Question 36

When are attempts of collective security most effective?

A)When they have as many nations as possible involved.
B)When they have important issues to consider.
C)When they include a small number of states.
D)When they have to punish a member country.
E)When they are challenged frequently.

Question 37

What is the commitment problem of an alliance?

A)It is questionable whether member states will uphold the terms of the alliance.
B)Member states may not actually sign an alliance treaty.
C)Once an alliance treaty is signed,it is questionable whether it will be ratified.
D)It is difficult to tell which alliances really exist and which ones are fictional.
E)It is often unclear in an alliance who can declare war.

Question 38

The democratic peace theory of international conflict argues that:

A)democratic countries are less likely to go to war than their autocratic peers.
B)countries with democratic governments are less likely to go to war with other democracies.
C)autocratic countries are more likely to go to war with other autocratic countries.
D)democratic countries that respect the rights of their citizens tend to be less willing to send their citizens to war.
E)a democratic superpower creates a safer world than an autocratic superpower.

Question 39

How do institutions constrain leaders and inform opponents?

A)Leaders can easily hide their failed wars and avoid facing difficult elections due to them.
B)Democracies have established rules for secrecy that prevent controversial actions from leaking to the public.
C)Elections and public debates force leaders to commit to policies and risk punishment if they pursue bad policies.
D)Infrequent elections allow leaders to make the right choices instead of popular ones.
E)Democracies tend to have better taxation systems and general state capacity.

Question 40

War is more likely when:

A)states can easily spy on other states and evaluate their military capabilities.
B)leaders effectively communicate their resolve to their opponents.
C)there are rapid changes in the military balance between two countries.
D)military technology makes defensive fortifications extremely effective against attack.
E)two states both claim territory that has little strategic importance.

Question 41

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization likely had what effect on the United States' bargaining range when dealing with communist countries?

A)It had no effect on the bargaining range.
B)It increased the potential costs to the communist states and made the range of preferable bargaining outcomes for the United States larger.
C)It increased the potential costs for the United States and made the range of preferable bargaining outcomes for the communist states larger.
D)It increased the potential benefits to the communist states and made the range of bad bargaining outcomes for the United States larger.
E)It shifted the status quo closer to the communist countries.

Question 42

The 3 I's framework means:

A)individuals,interests,and institutions.
B)interests,interaction,and institutions.
C)individuals,interaction,and iteration.
D)interests,iteration,and institutions.
E)interests,information,and the Internet.

Question 43

The provision of international public goods,such as collective security,tend to be most effective when there:

A)is a large group of states that would all benefit from it.
B)is an international institution devoted to the provision of that good.
C)is a powerful state that is willing to pay the costs in providing the public good.
D)is large enough costs to war to make bargaining possible.
E)does not exist a real rival to challenge the existence of the public good.

Question 44

The bargaining model shows that each of the following can lead to a breakdown of negotiations,thus resulting in war,EXCEPT:

A)issue indivisibilities.
B)commitment problems.
C)historical animosities.
D)incomplete information.
E)bargaining over goods that increase an actor's future power.

Question 45

Diversionary wars appear to be:

A)observed in a wide variety of international interactions.
B)fairly rare,though some examples do exist.
C)carried out only by democracies,never by military juntas or dictators.
D)logically impossible.
E)only conducted by leftist political leaders.

Question 46

Terrorist groups typically:

A)are stronger than states.
B)are weaker than states.
C)have abundant resources.
D)are well armed.
E)abstain from criminal activity.

Question 47

What security concept made the Cold War particularly stable between major powers and their alliances?

A)Power balancing.
B)Power bandwagoning.
C)Free trade.
D)Preemptive war.
E)Diversionary war.

Question 48

Why is it harder for terrorists to credibly convey their capabilities as opposed to a state?

A)Terrorists do not really know how strong they are.
B)Their methods require surprise.
C)They are inherently untrustworthy as individuals.
D)Terrorists have strong incentives to stick to an agreement.
E)Terrorists are likely to use such communication as propaganda.

Question 49

Wars are more likely to occur between two countries when:

A)one of the countries is extremely powerful.
B)the costs of war for both countries involved are large.
C)the commitment to refrain from launching a challenge in the future is less credible.
D)both countries possess nuclear weapons.
E)one country is led by a member of the military.

Question 50

The strategy in which states form alliances to join forces with the stronger side in a conflict is known as:

A)bandwagoning.
B)balancing.
C)buck-passing.
D)brinksmanship.
E)fire alarm monitoring.

Question 51

In comparing civil and interstate wars in the last 50 years:

A)there have been more ongoing civil wars annually than interstate wars.
B)there have been more ongoing interstate wars than civil wars.
C)there have been about the same number of either type of war ongoing at any one time.
D)interstate wars have become increasingly more deadly than civil wars.
E)interstate wars are,on average,longer than civil wars.

Question 52

Indivisibility creates problems for the bargaining model's prediction that war should NOT occur because:

A)all states value indivisible goods highly,so they bargain fiercely and have more incentive to bluff.
B)indivisible goods make it impossible to calculate the probable outcome of war and the bargaining range is unknown.
C)it is difficult to credibly commit to a bargain over an indivisible good when power shifts over time.
D)when goods are indivisible,states are unlikely to agree to any split of the good.
E)none of the states can see the good over which they are bargaining.

Question 53

Why is the study of civil war a topic of consideration for scholars of international relations?

A)No other discipline of political science is interested in civil war.
B)Civil wars always involve at least two states in the fighting.
C)Civil wars often contain similar interactions to those of interstate wars.
D)Rebels in civil wars often target their attacks on neighboring states.
E)The majority of participants in civil wars are foreign to the land in which they are fighting.

Question 54

External intervention into an intrastate war by the United Nations is:

A)less common now than it was during the Cold War.
B)only justifiable in the case of genocide.
C)impossible without the consent of the affected country.
D)a violation of a state's sovereignty.
E)likely to force the target country to withdraw from the United Nations.

Question 55

What made it difficult for the United Nations to uphold collective security issues during the Cold War?

A)The Soviet Union boycotted the United Nations.
B)The United Nations was too new to be effective.
C)There were not many collective security issues during the Cold War.
D)The states that had security issues during the Cold War were not yet members of the organization.
E)Either the United States or the Soviet Union would veto most motions.

Question 56

What is a reasonable explanation for why bargaining may NOT work between terrorist groups and the state?

A)Terrorists are irrational.
B)Terrorists do not usually have concrete goals.
C)Terrorists are too weak to actually pose a threat.
D)States cannot determine who is the actual head of a terrorist organization.
E)States cannot credibly negotiate with terrorists.

Question 57

Which country was considered the dominant world power during the nineteenth century?

A)China.
B)The United States.
C)Russia.
D)Spain.
E)Great Britain.

Question 58

Which military alliance persisted from the Cold War into the present?

A)The European Union.
B)The Warsaw Pact.
C)The North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
D)The League of Nations.
E)The Triple Alliance.

Question 59

Why would civil war be seen as a bargaining failure?

A)If they are fighting,then they could not have possibly agreed upon a nonwar solution.
B)An agreement short of war should generally be possible for both the state and nonstate actors.
C)A civil war only breaks out if the two sides cannot agree to a cease-fire.
D)Most bargaining interactions about civil wars occur between two states.
E)It is a bargaining failure,as the bargaining model of war fails to describe the processes that guide a civil war.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT true of institutions?

A)Institutions are defined as rules of behavior for actors.
B)Institutions include both formal and informal rules.
C)Institutions can facilitate cooperation.
D)Institutions can guide the behavior of actors.
E)Institutions,once established,cannot be changed.

Question 61

According to democratic peace theory:

A)democracies are less likely to engage in wars than nondemocracies.
B)states becoming democracies are less likely to engage in wars than nondemocracies.
C)democracies are unlikely to go to war with other democracies.
D)nondemocracies are unlikely to instigate wars with democracies.
E)all states will eventually become peaceful democracies.

Question 62

What do institutions have to do with war?

A)Nothing;in anarchy,institutions have no effect.
B)Alliances are institutions that influence the likelihood of war.
C)Institutions provide information that makes war impossible.
D)Only domestic institutions matter;international institutions are irrelevant.
E)Institutions always make war more likely,as they complicate negotiations.

Question 63

Typically,what do we assume the leaders of states primarily want?

A)Peace.
B)Economic prosperity.
C)To maintain political office.
D)Respect.
E)To be forgotten by history.

Question 64

If nondemocratic leaders lose office after they have lost a war,what usually happens to them?

A)They are able to live comfortably in the country while drawing upon a Swiss bank account.
B)They often are afforded high honors and many of them begin international lecture tours.
C)They usually go on to lead a less powerful country.
D)They often get a lower position (e.g.,senator,military commander)in government until they retire.
E)They are often punished by being exiled,imprisoned,or even executed.

Question 65

Which is NOT a factor that can facilitate cooperation?

A)Iteration.
B)Linkage.
C)Outside options.
D)Fewer actors.
E)International institutions.

Question 66

When we say that war is the result of bargaining failure,we mean that:

A)states always have face-to-face bargaining before war breaks out.
B)there is always some deal that both states would prefer to war.
C)war is more likely when the states involved speak different languages.
D)states are unwilling to come to the negotiation table in the first place.
E)multinational corporations could not come to an agreement.

Question 67

In international relations,the term anarchy refers to:

A)a lack of world government.
B)international chaos.
C)a state of war.
D)a lack of military alliances.
E)irrational leaders.

Question 68

In the game of Stag Hunt,which of the following is true?

A)There are no stable outcomes.
B)The only stable outcome is mutual cooperation.
C)The only stable outcome is mutual defection.
D)There are two stable outcomes: mutual cooperation and mutual defection.
E)Actors try to optimize other players' payoffs.

Question 69

Which is true of collective security organizations?

A)They must exclude those countries that might initiate hostilities.
B)They have functioned effectively in deterring aggression by major powers.
C)They work best when they allow small states to participate fully in all decisions.
D)They tend to fail if states are unwilling to use force against aggressors.
E)They can only exist between states that speak the same language.

Question 70

Credible alliances make war:

A)always more likely,because they create uncertainty.
B)always less likely,because they deter aggression.
C)more costly for the opposing side.
D)more destructive.
E)obsolete.

Question 71

Which of the following is a collective security organization?

A)North American Free Trade Agreement.
B)United Nations.
C)Triple Entente.
D)U.S.-South Korean alliance.
E)World Trade Organization.

Question 72

Which era of world history can be defined as "wealth is power and power is wealth"?

A)Pax Britannica.
B)Cold War.
C)Mercantilist period.
D)New World order.
E)The post-Cold War era.

Question 73

"Hawkish" preferences differ from the rally-around-the-flag effect in that:

A)hawks tend not to care about reelection in democracies.
B)they make war less likely because they deter other states.
C)they cannot be reflected in a simple bargaining model.
D)other states are unaware of them.
E)they often result from the influence of narrow interests on the leader.

Question 74

The strategy whereby the United States created a thick institutional structure after World War II was known as:

A)détente,or easing of tension.
B)tying hands,or self-binding.
C)containment,or balancing.
D)balance of terror,or mutually assured destruction.
E)the Red Scare,or communist containment.

Question 75

A game in which each actor will always do better by defecting rather than cooperating,even though each actor would be better off with mutual cooperation,is called:

A)Stag Hunt.
B)Prisoner's Dilemma.
C)Chicken.
D)Cooperation.
E)Conflict.

Question 76

The Marshall Plan was a:

A)NATO-led military plan to contain the Soviet Union.
B)post-World War II plan by the major powers to divide Germany.
C)U.S.-led economic plan for European reconstruction.
D)joint U.S.-U.K.plan to establish the Bretton Woods system.
E)plan to recruit colonial subjects into the British army.

Question 77

We say that democracies are more transparent than nondemocracies.This means that:

A)democracies are more peace-loving than nondemocracies.
B)democracy is fragile and can be overturned by war.
C)it is easier for outsiders to determine the capabilities of democracies.
D)the foreign policies of democracies are unstable.
E)autocracies have faded away in the contemporary period.

Question 78

Narrow or particularistic interests can have a substantial influence on leaders even in democracies because:

A)leaders do not care about being reelected.
B)the general public always believes that wars will not hurt them.
C)the general public suffers from collective-action problems.
D)they are typically more powerful than states themselves.
E)it is easier to repress people in democracies.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true about the role of alliances in World War I?

A)They kept the conflict contained.
B)They caused the war to end quickly.
C)They allowed the major powers to ignore the problems of their smaller allies.
D)They did not exist until the war was over.
E)They caused small conflicts to escalate to war.

Question 80

The term détente refers to:

A)a lessening of tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States.
B)the achievement of nuclear parity between the Soviet Union and the United States.
C)the alliance of Japan,Germany,and Italy during World War II.
D)the Soviet-German nonaggression pact signed during World War II.
E)a period of increasing aggression between Germany and Great Britain where each side taunted each other with military deployments.