Deck 15: Pulmonary Medications

Question 1

Which of the following characteristics or effects is MOST associated with ephedrine?

A)Short duration of action.
B)May induce peripheral vascular constriction.
C)Demonstrates strong alpha receptor activity.
D)Classified as a selective sympathomimetic.

Answer 1

B
Ephedrine increases norepinephrine synaptic concentration on all receptor types thus classifying it as a nonselective sympathomimetic.Ephedrine has a long duration of action,exhibiting mild alpha receptor activity and moderate beta₁ and beta₂ activity.Having an alpha and beta₁ receptor stimulation effect may induce peripheral vascular constriction and can accelerate cardiac responses.

Question 2

The adverse effects of immunosuppression,emotional lability,osteoporosis,retardation of growth,and muscle weakness are MOST associated with high dose and long-term use of which of the following muscarinic antagonists?

A)Corticosteroids
B)Methylxanthines
C)Mast cell stabilizers
D)Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies

Answer 2

A
The primary side effects associated with high does and long-term steroid therapy include immunosuppression with increased risk of infection,GI disturbance,emotional lability,insomnia,osteoporosis,retardation of growth,muscle weakness and atrophy,hyperglycemia,sodium and water retention,increased incidence of glaucoma and cataracts,and shift of body fat to the face.

Question 3

Blockade of muscarinic receptors results in which of the following physiological changes?

A)Prevents the increase in cGMP.
B)Decreases the action of camp.
C)Increases vagal tone.
D)Increases acetylcholine release.

Answer 3

A
Blockade of muscarinic receptors prevents the increase in cGMP that would ordinarily be caused by activation of these receptors.This leads to an increased action of cAMP resulting in bronchial smooth muscle relaxation.Vagal tone and acetylcholine release are reduced.

Question 4

Which of the following sensitivity types of allergic or immunological responses occurs immediately,is related to IgE antibody,the release of large amounts of histamine manifested by redness,itching,and hives?

A)Type I sensitivity
B)Type II sensitivity
C)Type III sensitivity
D)Type IV sensitivity

Question 5

Which of the following muscarinic antagonists inhibit phosphodiesterase (PDE)and block the inactivation or degradation process of the intracellular level of cAMP?

A)Corticosteroids
B)Methylxanthines
C)Mast cell stabilizers
D)Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies

Question 6

Administration of which of the following sympathomimetic agent would MOST likely produce a quick response and be more specific to the respiratory system?

A)Epinephrine (adrenaline)
B)Ephedrine
C)Short-acting Beta₂ adrenergic agonists (SABAs)
D)Long-acting Beta₂ adrenergic agonists (LABAs)

Question 7

Antitussives are appropriately recommended in which of the following conditions?

A)The presence of mucosal swelling and fluid leaks in sinuses
B)The presence of a productive cough
C)The presence of an unproductive cough
D)The presence of a respiratory allergic reaction

Question 8

Which of the following substances would MOST likely enhance cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)?

A)Corticosteroids
B)Prostaglandins
C)Cholinergic antagonists
D)All of the above

Question 9

A patient is postoperative and was prescribed morphine intravenously using a patient-controlled analgesic pump.Which of the following side effects related to the respiratory system may occur?

A)May induce an increase in ventilation.
B)May block Beta₂ stimulation resulting in bronchospasm.
C)May increase tidal volume and respiratory rate.
D)May depress the central nervous system leading to respiratory depression.

Question 10

In humoral immunity,antibodies are produced by the interaction of antigens and which of the following?

A)Neutrophiles
B)Monocytes
C)B lymphocytes
D)Eosinophils

Question 11

A spacer added onto a metered dose inhaler provides which of the following advantages?

A)Provides a mouthpiece to place in mouth.
B)Allows the person to inhale slowly and deeply one to two times.
C)Increases the speed of aerosol delivery.
D)All of the above.

Question 12

Which of the following pathological factors lead to bronchoconstriction?

A)Abnormal bronchomotor tone
B)Inflammation
C)Mechanical obstruction
D)All of the above

Question 13

Which of the following adrenergic receptors are predominantly in the bronchial smooth muscle?

A)Alpha receptors
B)Beta₁ receptors
C)Beta₂ receptors
D)Nicotinic receptors

Question 14

Which of the following statements is MOST true about cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)?

A)Inhibits mast cell degranulation.
B)Facilitates smooth muscle constriction.
C)Enhances mast cell release of histamine.
D)Is related to muscarinic receptor stimulation.

Question 15

Which of the following factors if stimulated or administered results in bronchoconstriction?

A)Adrenergic Beta₂ receptor
B)Adrenergic agonists
C)Cholinergic antagonists
D)Muscarinic receptor

Question 16

The administration of adrenergic drugs is BEST provided by which of the following methods in order to target respiratory tissues more effectively and bypass systemic circulation?

A)Oral
B)Inhalation
C)Intramuscular
D)Intravenous

Question 17

Which of the following conditions occur during the exudative phase of pathological changes in lungs due to oxygen toxicity?

A)Damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane leads to increased permeability to water,electrolytes,and protein.
B)Fibroblasts and type II epithelial cells proliferate.
C)Interstitial collagen deposition occurs.
D)Areas of fibrosis may develop.

Question 18

Which of the following mucoactive agents act to disrupt the chemical bonds in mucoid and purulent secretions,decreasing the viscosity of the mucus and promoting expectoration?

A)Expectorants
B)Wetting agents
C)Mucolytics
D)Surface-active agents

Question 19

Medications that stimulate the cholinergic receptors are referred to as which of the following?

A)Sympathomimetics
B)Sympatholytics
C)Muscarinic agonists
D)Parasympatholytics

Question 20

Which of the following normal respiratory functions are inhibited by the presence of bronchoconstriction?

A)Mucociliary transport
B)Removal of secretions
C)Alveolar ventilation and oxygenation
D)All of the above

Question 21

Long-acting beta₂ adrenergic agonists (LABAs)provide which of the following benefits?

A)Prescribed as a reliever medication.
B)Provides quick relief from symptoms of shortness of breath.
C)Prevents or decreases symptoms of bronchospasm.
D)Used as a maintenance drug and provides stable airways day to day.

Question 22

Which of the following receptor types is targeted for blockade by antihistamines?

A)Beta receptor activity
B)Alpha receptor activity
C)Adenosine receptor activity
D)H1 receptor activity

Question 23

The administration of an alpha adrenoceptor antagonist results in which of the following effects?

A)Prevention of reduction in camp
B)Bronchodilation
C)Fall in blood pressure
D)All of the above

Question 24

Which of the following medication classes is a stimulant to the central nervous system and skeletal muscle leading to improved diaphragmatic contractility and a decrease in diaphragmatic fatigue?

A)Corticosteroids
B)Mast cell stabilizers
C)Methylxanthines
D)Leukotriene inhibitors

Question 25

Which of the following medications is used clinically with a patient who may be struggling,fighting,or experiencing increased work of breathing while being mechanically ventilated?

A)Morphine
B)Valium
C)Neuromuscular blocking drugs
D)All of the above

Question 26

Inhibition of microbial protein synthesis is a mechanism of action associated with which of the following antimicrobial agents?

A)Penicillins
B)Tetracyclines
C)Antivirals
D)Cephalosporins

Question 27

Which of the following drug classes would be MOST appropriate to reduce vagal tone and acetylcholine release associated with bronchoconstriction?

A)Muscarinic antagonists
B)Nicotinic antagonists
C)Alpha adrenoceptor antagonists
D)Beta₂ antagonists

Question 28

Chronotropic is defined as which of the following?

A)Enhanced heart rate
B)Enhanced myocardial contractility
C)Lowered heart rate
D)Diminished systemic vascular resistance

Question 29

Which of the following medication classes would be MOST appropriate to prescribe if the goal was to have a steroid-sparing effect in a patient with asthma?

A)Corticosteroids
B)Mast cell stabilizers
C)Methylxanthines
D)Leukotriene inhibitors

Question 30

If the breathing patterns of a patient receiving supplemental oxygen deviate from the norm,which of the following interventions would MOST likely ensure that the patient is receiving the intended fraction of inspired oxygen?

A)Increase the oxygen flow via a nasal cannula.
B)Have the patient wear a moderate- to high-flow face mask.
C)Educate the patient to inspire via the nose and expire by the mouth.
D)Have the patient rest semi-reclined in bed.