Deck 9: Schizophrenia

Question 1

All of the following are examples of negative and emotional symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT

A) alogia.
B) anhedonia.
C) associative loosening.
D) affective flattening.
E) avolition.

Answer 1

associative loosening.

Question 2

The erroneous belief that one control the weather would be an example of a __________.

A) somatic delusion
B) paranoid delusion
C) delusion of persecution
D) delusion of grandeur
E) referential delusion

Answer 2

delusion of grandeur

Question 3

The most common type of hallucinations are __________.

A) tactile
B) visual
C) multi-sensory
D) auditory
E) olfactory

Answer 3

auditory

Question 4

Heinrich believes he is being followed by the FBI and is convinced that agents are trying to frame him. Heinrich appears to be suffering from

A) delusions of reference.
B) somatic delusions.
C) delusions of grandeur.
D) paranoid delusions.
E) biblical delusions.

Question 5

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include

A) flowery speech.
B) hallucinations and delusions.
C) catatonic behaviour.
D) auditory hallucinations only.
E) lack of ability to communicate.

Question 6

Which of the following are classified as positive symptoms?

A) Social withdrawal and lack of interest in activities
B) Spare speech and language
C) Lack of coping abilities
D) Hallucinations
E) Inability to feel pleasure

Question 7

When asked how she was feeling, Mona answered "I am fine, just like a bottle of wine . . . that wine was so smooth . . . and I used to drink it with . . . pickles, which I grew in my garden . . . and I had to weed so often." This response is an example of

A) neologisms.
B) lack of abstractness.
C) tangentiality.
D) derailment.
E) loosening of associations.

Question 8

An important and basic fact about schizophrenia is its __________.

A) homogeneity
B) heterogeneity
C) relationship to dissociative identity disorder
D) simplicity
E) universality

Question 9

The likelihood of developing schizophrenia in North America is about __________ percent.

A) 2.5
B) 10
C) 5
D) 1
E) 0.5

Question 10

Shandra believes that the weatherman on Cable 10 is delivering messages from outer space to Earth. This is an example of

A) a negative symptom.
B) alogia.
C) a tangential thought.
D) a hallucination.
E) a delusion.

Question 11

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are those that involve

A) lack of emotion.
B) loss of motivation.
C) less serious symptoms.
D) speech and language.
E) extravagant versions of normal behaviour.

Question 12

All of the following are types of delusions EXCEPT

A) delusions of persecution.
B) somatic delusions.
C) delusions of emancipation.
D) delusions of reference.
E) delusions of grandeur.

Question 13

Devon often sits with one foot behind his head for extended periods of time until a nurse moves it, and then does not move again. This is an example of

A) alogia.
B) echopraxia.
C) catatonic posturing.
D) affective flattening.
E) waxy flexibility.

Question 14

A false belief that is strongly held, held even when there is evidence to prove otherwise, is called a

A) waxy flexibility.
B) delusion.
C) hallucinatory concept.
D) tangential focus.
E) firm conviction.

Question 15

One remaining puzzle concerning schizophrenia is

A) how long it has been around.
B) why there has been a lack of research on the disorder.
C) why it only tends to be found in European and Asian countries.
D) the cost of the disorder to society.
E) how it relates to multiple personality disorder.

Question 16

The least common of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia is/are __________.

A) auditory hallucinations
B) delusions of grandeur
C) alogia
D) thought disorder
E) paranoid delusions

Question 17

Schizophrenia patients with paranoid delusions

A) tend to have low IQs and exhibit cognitive abnormalities.
B) tend to have very high IQs but nonetheless exhibit some cognitive abnormalities.
C) tend to have low IQs.
D) are not intellectually impaired but do exhibit some cognitive abnormalities.
E) are not intellectually impaired and show no signs of cognitive abnormalities.

Question 18

Bleuler, in his early descriptions of schizophrenia, gave great emphasis on

A) disorganized speech and thought disorder.
B) visual hallucinations.
C) delusions.
D) hallucinations.
E) delusions of grandeur.

Question 19

The belief that one's neighbours are plotting against you is an example of a __________ delusion.

A) persecutory
B) somatic
C) religious
D) grandiose
E) referential

Question 20

The feeling that bugs are crawling around under your skin is

A) an example of a delusion of grandeur.
B) generally experienced by certain religious tribes.
C) indicative of problems in brain functioning.
D) only experienced by those on a bad acid trip.
E) an example of a somatic delusion.

Question 21

The __________ is thought to have the best prognosis, whereas the __________ type is thought to have the poorest.

A) paranoid; disorganized
B) undifferentiated; catatonic
C) disorganized; undifferentiated
D) residual; undifferentiated
E) catatonic; paranoid

Question 22

A schizophrenogenic mother has been described as

A) rejecting.
B) depressed.
C) overly involved with the child.
D) manic and unpredictable.
E) a carrier of the schizogene.

Question 23

Dimitri has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Unless his mother carefully monitors his personal hygiene habits, he tends to ignore them. This is an example of

A) anhedonia.
B) alogia.
C) avolition.
D) antilistlessness.

Question 24

The most commonly accepted theory of schizophrenia today is the

A) rejecting mother model.
B) schizogenetic theory.
C) diathesis-stress theory.
D) social drift theory.
E) collective unconscious theory.

Question 25

A person with schizophrenia displaying flattened affect

A) withdraws socially.
B) does not express emotion.
C) does not experience physiological arousal.
D) laughs at inappropriate moments.

Question 26

For Carl Jung, there was a universal connection between schizophrenia and the __________.

A) collective preconscious
B) unconscious
C) collective unconscious
D) subconscious
E) collective consciousness

Question 27

Based on findings that symptom-based subtypes of schizophrenia do not have prognostic value, proposed changes to DSM-5 will

A) create symptom-based subtypes that have prognostic value.
B) eliminate the symptom-based subtypes.
C) create subtypes based on severity of impairment.
D) create subtypes based upon presence / absence of disease markers.
E) require clinicians to submit regular, anonymous patient symptom and cognitive-impairment profiles to a central database.

Question 28

Digit span recall

A) is higher in schizophrenia patients than in the normal population.
B) is considered to be a potential biological marker of schizophrenia.
C) is not sensitive enough to detect a large majority of schizophrenia patients.
D) has been shown to be a reliable marker of schizophrenia.
E) is deficient in about 50 percent of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Question 29

Which of the following is not one of the major subtypes of schizophrenia as described by the DSM-IV-TR?

A) disorganized
B) residual
C) schizotypal
D) paranoid
E) catatonic

Question 30

A person now currently experiencing prominent positive psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia would likely be diagnosed with the _________ type.

A) psychotic
B) residual
C) undifferentiated
D) catatonic
E) paranoid

Question 31

The __________ type is the least disabling and the most common of the five DSM-IV-TR subtypes.

A) disorganized
B) residual
C) catatonic
D) paranoid
E) undifferentiated

Question 32

Research examining the eye movements of people with schizophrenia has found

A) eye movements that mirror visual hallucinations.
B) they generally tend to stare vacantly at most objects.
C) their eye movements tend to be more erratic.
D) they are able to keep slow moving targets in focus, but are unable to rapidly shift their eyes.
E) few differences between the eye movements of people with schizophrenia compared to those without the disorder.

Question 33

For a diagnosis, a bizarre delusion must be judged __________.

A) possible
B) impossible
C) plausible
D) conceivable
E) harmless

Question 34

The best description of anhedonia is

A) poor concentration for an extended period of time.
B) the inability to experience pleasure.
C) impoverished emotional expression.
D) lack of drive or initiative.

Question 35

The endophenotype for schizophrenia refers to the ______________.

A) presence of one or more vulnerability markers (biological, behavioral, subjective symptomatic) for schizophrenia
B) a person who will develop schizophrenia but has not yet demonstrated outward manifestations of the disorder
C) a person who has internal but not outward manifestations of schizophrenia
D) the presence of reliable genetic markers in asymptomatic persons
E) the presence of reliable bio-behavioral markers in asymptomatic persons

Question 36

The vulnerability-stress perspective purports that

A) individuals who undergo a lot of stress and difficulty become more vulnerable to developing schizophrenia.
B) individuals with poor coping skills tend to react negatively to stress.
C) certain people are vulnerable to schizophrenia, and symptoms generally develop after exposure to stress.
D) individuals who are genetically susceptible to schizophrenia are better able to handle severe stress.
E) people with schizophrenia are more vulnerable to life stressor than others.

Question 37

If a person describes or presents with __________ hallucinations, no other symptoms are needed for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

A) olfactory
B) gustatory
C) tactile
D) visual
E) auditory

Question 38

One criticism of the DSM-IV-TR with respect to diagnosing schizophrenia is

A) it does not rely on the person's presenting symptoms and history as the main indications of illness.
B) none of the subtypes have received any research support as valid distinctions.
C) clinicians tend not to agree with each other's diagnoses.
D) clinicians rarely use structured interviews in making a diagnosis.
E) the lack of objective criteria for the disorder.

Question 39

Specificity of a disease marker refers to the proportion of ____________ for the marker, whereas sensitivity refers to the proportion of _____________ for the marker.

A) true positives; true negatives
B) true negatives; true positives
C) false positives; false negatives
D) false negatives; false positives
E) true negatives; false negatives

Question 40

Echopraxia and echolalia are symptoms of the __________ type of schizophrenia.

A) undifferentiated
B) residual
C) disorganized
D) paranoid
E) catatonic

Question 41

The concordance rate for schizophrenia for monozygotic twins is

A) 100%.
B) 25%.
C) 67%.
D) 10%.
E) 48%.

Question 42

Overall, the inconsistent research findings regarding environmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia support a(n) _______ model, which asserts that__________.

A) high-risk; certain factors almost always produce schizophrenia in vulnerable persons
B) cumulative; various environmental stressors accumulate to increase risk
C) expressed emotion; various negative family interaction patterns play a role
D) biological environmental; pre- and peri-natal factors interact with genetic factors to increase risk
E) neuropsychological; various test scores combine to indicate etiology for schizophrenia

Question 43

Penetrance refers to

A) the degree to which a gene associated with a condition will be expressed in offspring.
B) the degree to which a gene will penetrate the chromosome during meiosis.
C) the frequency with which a gene associated with a condition will become dominant.
D) the degree to which the presence of a dominant gene will show its effects.
E) the frequency by which a gene associated with a condition will be passed on.

Question 44

According to findings of combined meta-analyses, the number one ranked brain and behavioral abnormality in schizophrenia is

A) impaired general intellectual ability.
B) increased neurotransmitter receptors in post-modern brain tissue.
C) irregular eye movements when following a point of light.
D) slowness in writing symbols paired with numbers (processing speed).
E) impaired learning and recall of words and stories.

Question 45

The one form of psychotherapy found to be helpful in treating schizophrenia is

A) humanistic therapy.
B) interpersonal psychotherapy.
C) behavioural therapy.
D) cognitive-behaviour therapy.
E) psychoanalysis.

Question 46

In Meehl's theory of schizophrenia, "hypokrisia" refers to __________ .

A) an abnormally high number of schizotypal genes
B) atypical neuronal connectivity
C) abnormally low neuronal reactivity to stimulation
D) abnormally high inter-neuronal connectivity
E) abnormally high neuronal reactivity to stimulation

Question 47

The main drawback of anti-psychotic medication in treating schizophrenia is

A) its relative ineffectiveness in dealing with the cognitive impairment suffered by schizophrenia patients.
B) that the use of medication often requires longer hospital stays.
C) its relative lack of effectiveness.
D) the occurrence of more frequent relapses of illness.
E) its inability to alleviate the frequency and severity of hallucinations and delusions.

Question 48

An early treatment for schizophrenia might have involved which of the following?

A) insulin coma
B) hypnosis
C) psychoanalysis
D) psychotherapy
E) chlorpromazine

Question 49

Apart from the frontal lobes, one of the most researched regions of the brain and its relationship to schizophrenia is the

A) left parietal lobe.
B) left temporal lobe.
C) right temporal lobe.
D) left occipital lobe.
E) right parietal lobe.

Question 50

If schizophrenia were purely genetic, the concordance rate for monozygotic twins would be about

A) 50%.
B) 45%.
C) 25%.
D) 80%.
E) 100%.

Question 51

A proportion of children at risk for schizophrenia show all of the following early behavioural abnormalities EXCEPT

A) unusual preoccupation with imaginative companions.
B) early signs of impaired movement.
C) more withdrawn and socially reclusive, or more antisocial and aggressive than other children.
D) cognitive limitations not shared by other children.
E) early signs of impaired fine motor skills.

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of a deficit on a frontal lobe task experienced by people with paranoid schizophrenia?

A) slower response time to press the keys in the Continuous Performance Task
B) sorting cards according to previous sorting rules on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
C) responding slowly when the sorting rule is changed to 'shape' in the WCST
D) responding slowly when the sorting rule is changed to 'colour' in the WCST
E) inability to determine whether the symbol presented meets the necessary criterion in the CPT

Question 53

In Meehl's theory of schizophrenia, "hypokrisia" refers to the __________ component of the theory.

A) diathesis
B) emotional
C) social
D) stress
E) cognitive

Question 54

Currently, there is evidence for up to __________ "risk" genes in developing schizophrenia.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 9
E) 12

Question 55

In summarizing the research on the frontal lobe deficiency, one could interpret the research of Lara Davidson (2003) as suggesting that

A) frontal brain impairment probably affects some patients with schizophrenia, but the impairment is not a necessary part of the syndrome.
B) frontal brain impairment probably affects very few patients with schizophrenia, but is not a necessary part of the syndrome.
C) frontal brain impairment probably affects all patients with schizophrenia, and is a necessary part of the syndrome.
D) an abnormally working frontal brain does not appear to be related at all to the symptoms presented by patients with schizophrenia.
E) only the positive symptoms of the illness reflect an abnormally working frontal brain.

Question 56

Research on expressed emotion indicates that people with schizophrenia are most likely to suffer a relapse if

A) family members are critical and overinvolved.
B) family members ignore them and fail to provide support.
C) society labels them and rejects them.
D) family and peers are unable to see past their illness.
E) family members are critical and uninvolved.

Question 57

All of the following lines of evidence resulted in the conclusion that schizophrenia may be associated with dopamine activity EXCEPT

A) people who do not have schizophrenia but who take cocaine can show psychotic reactions.
B) several drugs, including cocaine, lower or inhibit dopamine activity.
C) medications that reduce schizophrenic symptoms inhibit dopamine release.
D) people with schizophrenia tend to have a greater number of dopamine receptors in certain areas of their brains.
E) overdoses of amphetamines produce symptoms similar to paranoid schizophrenia.

Question 58

Recent evidence shows that exposure to the flu virus during the __________ month of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia later in life.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth
E) fifth

Question 59

Recent research shows that by age 16, nearly a third of individuals who go on to develop psychotic disorder have ___________ and ____________.

A) motor difficulties; at least one positive symptoms reported by teacher
B) speech and language delays; at least one positive symptom self-reported
C) motor difficulties; deficient IQ
D) family interaction problems ; deficient IQ
E) speech and language difficulties ; at least one positive symptom parent-reported

Question 60

One of the first brain regions that interested researchers in linking the brain to schizophrenia was/were the __________.

A) occipital lobes
B) temporal lobes
C) frontal lobes
D) parietal lobes
E) posterior cortex

Question 61

Digit span performance has been studied as a cognitive marker of schizophrenia.

Question 62

Addington's work on early identification and intervention in schizophrenia finds

A) the prodromal phase often includes becoming withdrawn and suspicious.
B) there are no reliable methods to identify individuals at high risk.
C) early intervention normalizes symptoms, functioning, and quality of life.
D) most high risk individuals who do not convert to psychosis have normal functioning.
E) early intervention has no impact on symptoms, but normalizes functioning.

Question 63

Sluggish schizophrenia is one subtype of schizophrenia found in the DSM-IV-TR system for the classification of mental disorders.

Question 64

The positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the "good" and "bad" symptoms.

Question 65

Negative symptoms tend to become more prominent after an individual has suffered from schizophrenia for several years.

Question 66

Cognitive remediation for schizophrenia targets ___________ and research thus far shows ____________.

A) thinking skills like memory and attention; small effects upon cognition, symptoms and academic functioning
B) cognitive appraisals of threat; medium effects on cognition and significant effects upon symptoms and functioning
C) day-to-day problem solving; medium effects upon cognition and adaptive functioning
D) thinking skills like memory and attention; medium effects upon cognition and significant effects upon symptoms and functioning
E) cognitive appraisals of threat; normalized symptoms and functioning

Question 67

Visual hallucinations tend to be the most common form in schizophrenia.

Question 68

The research shows that the symptom-based subtypes shift over time and do not have much use in terms of prognosis.

Question 69

Modern research shows that inadequate parenting by fathers plays an equally important causal role as does that of mothers in the development of schizophrenia.

Question 70

A recent meta-analysis of 22 studies finds that social skills training for schizophrenia

A) has moderate effects on symptoms, functioning and relapse rates.
B) has small effects on social functioning only.
C) has moderate effects on social and psychosocial functioning, living skills and negative symptoms.
D) has small effects on paranoid symptoms, but not withdrawal symptoms.
E) has moderate effects on positive symptoms but does not appear to improve functioning.

Question 71

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia refer to exaggerated, distorted adaptations of normal behaviour.

Question 72

Positive symptoms are objectively observed and apparent to the clinician.

Question 73

Lifetime prevalence for schizophrenia in North America and Europe has been found to be about 1%.

Question 74

Schizophrenia is characterized by its complexity.

Question 75

Hippocrates is credited with the first scientific descriptions of schizophrenia in about 300 BC.

Question 76

Compared to the other subtypes of schizophrenia, the paranoid type is the most serious.

Question 77

Heterogeneity in schizophrenia makes it easier to predict the course for affected individuals

Question 78

Dancing down the street is an example of grossly disorganized behaviour.

Question 79

Recent research on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for schizophrenia finds__________. The next step for research will be ____________.

A) moderate benefits for positive and negative symptoms that are sustained over time; examining the impact upon functioning
B) moderate benefits for positive and negative symptoms, sustained over time, and with positive impact on functioning ; examining predictors of response to treatment
C) moderate benefits for positive symptoms ; examining impact on negative symptoms
D) moderate benefits for negative symptoms ; examining impact on positive symptoms
E) moderate benefits for positive and negative symptoms ; whether benefits are sustained over time

Question 80

Auditory hallucinations were extremely common prior to 1700.