Deck 2: Chemistry Comes to Life

Question 1

In what ways are hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds similar?

A)Both are based on attraction between atoms that carry differences in electrical charge.
B)Both are based on attraction between two atoms that carry negative charges.
C)Both are based on repulsion between atoms that carry differences in electrical charge.
D)Both involve an even sharing of electrons between atoms.
E)Both are based on attraction between two atoms that carry positive charges.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Oxygen,with an atomic number of 8,is a neutral atom and would have ________ electrons in the first electron shell and ________ electrons in the second electron shell.

A)1; 7
B)5; 3
C)4; 4
D)2; 6
E)3; 5

Answer 2

D

Question 3

An element with more or fewer neutrons than the same element as it appears on the periodic table is known as which of the following terms?

A)ion
B)buffer
C)isotope
D)isomer

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The Cl ion has a single negative charge and the atomic number of 17.How many electrons are on its innermost shell?

A)18
B)17
C)9
D)2

Question 5

The pH scale measures ________.

A)OH- concentration
B)buffer concentration
C)H+ concentration
D)All of the above are true.

Question 6

A substance consisting of weak acids or bases designed to maintain a specific pH of a solution within a cell or a biological system would be which of the following?

A)buffer
B)catalyst
C)pH
D)acids

Question 7

What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

A)Covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons, whereas ionic bonds are the sharing of protons.
B)Covalent bonds involve the attraction between slightly charged molecules, whereas ionic bonds involve the attraction between two fully charged ions.
C)Covalent bonds involve the sharing of neutrons, whereas ionic bonds involve the attraction of slightly charged atoms.
D)Covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons, whereas ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Question 8

You have information about an atom that contains 7 protons,8 neutrons,and 8 electrons.Which of the following statements would be true?

A)It will have an atomic weight of 23.
B)It will be an ion.
C)It will have 8 electrons in its outermost shell.
D)It will have an atomic number of 15.

Question 9

Any substance that when dissolved in water will give off H+ ions is referred to as a(n):

A)pH.
B)buffer.
C)catalyst.
D)acid.

Question 10

Saturated fatty acids are so named because they are saturated with ________.

A)hydrogen.
B)nitrogen.
C)carbon.
D)oxygen.

Question 11

A molecule consisting of a long chain of glucose monomers linked by covalent bonds that serves as an energy source for plants and animals would be which of the following?

A)polysaccharide
B)oligosaccharide
C)monosaccharide
D)sucrose

Question 12

Which of the following monomers is not paired correctly?

A)glucose-carbohydrates
B)amino acids-proteins
C)nucleotides-nucleic acids
D)All of these are paired properly.

Question 13

A neutral atom must contain ________.

A)an equal number of protons and neutrons
B)an equal number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
C)an equal number of protons and electrons
D)an equal number of neutrons and electrons

Question 14

If I tested your intestinal fluid and found that it was basic,which of the pH values listed would best describe this solution?

A)6.8
B)3.2
C)1.2
D)8.0

Question 15

Your roommate is experiencing heartburn and asks you to purchase her an antacid.Chemically speaking,you know that the antacid will help eliminate her pain because ________.

A)it is a buffer and will prevent the pH in her digestive tract from changing
B)it has a low H+ concentration to increase the pH in her digestive tract
C)it is probably high in H+
D)it has a low pH to balance the acidity in her digestive tract

Question 16

A substance in which other substances are dissolved is known as what?

A)solute
B)acid
C)solvent
D)buffer

Question 17

The compound magnesium chloride (MgCl2)turns into Mg++ and Cl- when placed in water.You can guess that the Mg and Cl atoms are held together normally by a(n)________ bond.

A)covalent
B)electronegative
C)hydrogen
D)ionic

Question 18

Which of the following carbohydrates is made by plants and is not digested by humans?

A)lactose
B)starch
C)cellulose
D)glycogen

Question 19

The interaction between two polar molecules would involve ________.

A)ionic bonds
B)peptide bonds
C)covalent bonds
D)hydrogen bonds

Question 20

A neutral atom has an atomic number of 14.How many electrons would be in its outer electron shell?

A)14
B)4
C)8
D)There is not enough information provided to determine.

Question 21

By analyzing the chemical formulas,you can determine that this molecule, CH₃CH(NH₂)COOH,is a(n)________,whereas the molecule C₅H₁₀O₅ is a(n)________.

A)cholesterol; amino acid
B)amino acid; sugar
C)nucleotide; glycerol
D)fatty acid; sugar

Question 22

You received your genetic material from your parents in the form of DNA.Your DNA provides your cells with instruction for making ________.

A)lipids
B)proteins
C)polysaccharides
D)cholesterol

Question 23

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process is called a(n)________.

Question 24

A molecule with hydrophobic properties and polar molecular attributes would be called a(n)________.

Question 25

A polysaccharide that is made by plants and can be digested by humans is ________.

Question 26

Alteration of the ________ structure of a protein can transform the protein into an infectious agent known as a prion.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary

Question 27

________ is the process of using water to break down polymers to their monomer subunits.

Question 28

Which of the following is not found in ATP?

A)a nitrogen-containing base
B)a sugar
C)a phosphate group
D)All of these are found in ATP.

Question 29

A(n)________ consists of many monomer subunits bonded together in order to produce a large molecule.

Question 30

A(n)________ is a nonprotein substance that aids in forming the enzyme-substrate complex in metabolic reactions.

Question 31

A researcher suspects that the food in an ecosystem has been contaminated with radioactive phosphates over a period of months.Which of the following substances could be examined for radioactive phosphate to test the hypothesis?

A)the amino acids within proteins produced by organisms living in the area
B)the starch produced by plants in the area
C)the DNA of the organisms in the area
D)All of the above are true.

Question 32

Partially hydrogenated fats are also referred to as ________ fats.

Question 33

Triglycerides ________.

A)are fatty acids bonded to glycerol through hydrolysis
B)have solid unsaturated form at room temperature, such as butter
C)can provide twice the energy per gram than proteins
D)All of the above are true.

Question 34

A substance that,when disassociated in water,will give off hydrogen ions is referred to as a(n)________.

Question 35

________ refers to a structure of a protein in which two or more polypeptide chains bind together to form a functional protein.

Question 36

Regulatory lipids that control metabolic processes or cellular functions are called ________.

A)triglycerides
B)carotenoids
C)phospholipids
D)steroids

Question 37

Lipids that regulate metabolic processes in biological systems are called ________.

Question 38

An organic compound that provides instructions for the synthesis or production of polypeptide chains is referred to as which of the following?

A)nucleotide
B)lipids
C)ATP
D)DNA

Question 39

The hydrogen,ionic,and covalent bonds that stabilize the shape of a protein contribute to which level of structure of a protein?

A)primary
B)quaternary
C)secondary
D)tertiary

Question 40

Based on your knowledge of the chemical composition of humans,your body would contain the largest amount of ________.

A)oxygen
B)potassium
C)sodium
D)phosphorous

Question 41

Explain the relationship between nucleic acids and proteins.How would a change to the DNA ultimately affect proteins?

Question 42

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Monosaccharides
B)Triglycerides
C)Compound
D)Denaturation
E)Element
F)Polarity
G)Active site
H)Tertiary structure
I)Hydrogen bonds
J)Amino acids
Lipid molecules composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids that can be saturated,unsaturated,or polyunsaturated.

Question 43

Explain the major differences between covalent and ionic bonding.

Question 44

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Monosaccharides
B)Triglycerides
C)Compound
D)Denaturation
E)Element
F)Polarity
G)Active site
H)Tertiary structure
I)Hydrogen bonds
J)Amino acids
A pure form of matter that cannot be broken down to simpler forms.

Question 45

The ________ can be used to measure whether a substance is an acid or a base.

Question 46

A(n)________ is a polymer that forms muscle,bone,hair,and other structural components of the body.

Question 47

The energy storing polysaccharide that can be found mainly in liver and muscle cells is called ________.

Question 48

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Monosaccharides
B)Triglycerides
C)Compound
D)Denaturation
E)Element
F)Polarity
G)Active site
H)Tertiary structure
I)Hydrogen bonds
J)Amino acids
The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein.

Question 49

A(n)________ is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions or when disassociated in water will give off hydroxide ions.

Question 50

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Monosaccharides
B)Triglycerides
C)Compound
D)Denaturation
E)Element
F)Polarity
G)Active site
H)Tertiary structure
I)Hydrogen bonds
J)Amino acids
The basic monomer of a protein that can be joined by peptide bonds using dehydration synthesis reactions.

Question 51

Radioactive iodine (131I)is commonly used in medical situations for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid conditions.The most common isotope of iodine that is not radioactive is 127I.Chemically,what is different between 127I and 131I? What is the same between them?

Question 52

Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons are called ________.

Question 53

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Monosaccharides
B)Triglycerides
C)Compound
D)Denaturation
E)Element
F)Polarity
G)Active site
H)Tertiary structure
I)Hydrogen bonds
J)Amino acids
Weak bonds that function to stabilize water and nucleic acids such as DNA.

Question 54

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Monosaccharides
B)Triglycerides
C)Compound
D)Denaturation
E)Element
F)Polarity
G)Active site
H)Tertiary structure
I)Hydrogen bonds
J)Amino acids
The tendency of a molecule to have positive and negative regions.

Question 55

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Monosaccharides
B)Triglycerides
C)Compound
D)Denaturation
E)Element
F)Polarity
G)Active site
H)Tertiary structure
I)Hydrogen bonds
J)Amino acids
The site where a substrate binds to an enzyme.

Question 56

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Monosaccharides
B)Triglycerides
C)Compound
D)Denaturation
E)Element
F)Polarity
G)Active site
H)Tertiary structure
I)Hydrogen bonds
J)Amino acids
The smallest molecular units of carbohydrates,also known as simple sugars.

Question 57

Explain some of the modern uses for radioisotopes in society.

Question 58

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Monosaccharides
B)Triglycerides
C)Compound
D)Denaturation
E)Element
F)Polarity
G)Active site
H)Tertiary structure
I)Hydrogen bonds
J)Amino acids
A process that causes a three-dimensional protein to change shape,resulting in the loss of biological function.

Question 59

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Monosaccharides
B)Triglycerides
C)Compound
D)Denaturation
E)Element
F)Polarity
G)Active site
H)Tertiary structure
I)Hydrogen bonds
J)Amino acids
A substance made up of two or more elements whose properties are usually different from those of the substance.

Question 60

Athletes are often told to eat starch before a strenuous athletic event.What monomer can be released from starch after hydrolysis,and what is it used for? Because cellulose (fiber)is made of the same type of monomer as starch,why aren't athletes told to eat fiber before an event?

Question 61

Your friend tells you that all dietary fat is bad for your health.Is this correct?

Question 62

Within your body,there are two major categories of hormones.One category is the steroid (or lipid-soluble)hormones,and the other category is referred to as nonsteroid (or water-soluble)hormones,which are composed of proteins or amino acids.Estrogen and testosterone are examples of steroid hormones,whereas insulin is an example of a nonsteroid hormone.A researcher heats estrogen,testosterone,and insulin to a very high temperature.After heating the hormones,the researcher tests to determine whether they still work properly.She finds that estrogen and testosterone still function,but insulin does not.Based on the chemical nature of these molecules,explain why insulin no longer functions.

Question 63

When new food products are being analyzed for nutritional content,the food will be subjected to hydrolysis in the lab.The end products are analyzed to determine things such as fat and sugar content.Suppose a lab is analyzing a new product that claims to be fat free.After the hydrolysis of the product is complete,they find glucose,glycerol,hydrocarbons,and amino acids.Is this product free of fat? Justify your answer.