Deck 6: The Muscular System

Question 1

The arrangement of muscles so that the action of one muscle is opposite to that of its partner is referred to as ________.

A)synergistic
B)antagonistic
C)dual
D)insertion

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A condition that occurs when a myosin head binds to an actin molecule in order to contract a muscle is called ________.

A)myosin filament
B)actin filament
C)cross-bridges
D)troponin

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of these muscle types permit voluntary movement?

A)cardiac
B)skeletal
C)smooth
D)All of the above permit voluntary movement

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is not a function of muscle?

A)regulate calcium in the blood
B)generate heat
C)move blood in veins
D)move lymph in lymphatic vessels

Question 5

What is released by motor neurons to stimulate a contraction?

A)myosin
B)acetylcholine
C)dopamine
D)calcium

Question 6

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ions that are necessary for skeletal muscle contractions.Which of the following ions does it store?

A)Mg++
B)Fe++
C)Na+
D)Ca++

Question 7

My sister Adel plays tennis with me every Wednesday evening.Towards the end of our game our quick hits are mostly powered by ________.

A)ATP and creatine phosphate reserves
B)anaerobic pathways of ATP production
C)aerobic pathways of ATP production
D)slow-twitch cells

Question 8

Overuse,misuse,and age are some of the factors that contribute to excessive stress on a tendon,causing inflammation known as ________.

A)bursitis
B)tetanus
C)tendinitis
D)spasms

Question 9

When a muscle is stimulated prior to full relaxation of a previous contraction and the second stimuli is added to the first contraction,it is referred to as ________.

A)tetanus
B)twitch
C)fatigue
D)summation

Question 10

If it were possible to have antagonistic muscle pairs in an arm contract simultaneously,what movement would the arm make?

A)The arm would move away from the body.
B)The arm would move toward the body in a curling movement.
C)The arm would be locked in position.
D)The arm could move easily in each direction.

Question 11

Why must tropomyosin cover the thin filament in just the right position before the muscle can relax?

A)It covers the myosin binding sites and, if left exposed, will allow the myosin to bind and pull.
B)Without it in the correct position, calcium cannot be released.
C)It is needed in the proper location or ATP cannot be used.
D)It has a particular binding place that facilitates the removal of calcium.

Question 12

Which functions in the attachment of muscle to bone?

A)synergistic
B)tetanus
C)ligaments
D)tendons

Question 13

When a muscle is stimulated before the muscle can fully relax,it can cause ________.

A)muscle twitch
B)tetanus
C)muscle failure
D)tendinitis

Question 14

Which of these structures is part of a muscle cell's plasma membrane that delivers signals to the sarcomere?

A)myosin heads
B)actin fibers
C)endoplasmic reticulum
D)T-tubules

Question 15

Which of the following are protein filaments that function in muscle contraction and are shaped like a golf club with two heads?

A)intermediate filaments
B)myosin filaments
C)myofilaments
D)actin filaments

Question 16

Which component of a muscle does the Ca++ combine with to allow a contraction to occur?

A)myosin heads
B)actin
C)troponin
D)T-tubules

Question 17

Which of these cell types can be described as muscle cells that contract rapidly,are rich in glycogen deposits,and depend on anaerobic respiration to produce ATP?

A)slow twitch cells
B)fast twitch cells
C)myoglobin
D)hemoglobin

Question 18

Which of these junctions represents the connection between the tip of a neuron and a skeletal muscle cell from which acetylcholine diffuses?

A)gap
B)tight
C)neuromuscular
D)desmosome

Question 19

The attachment point of a muscle to a bone that can move is called the ________.

A)origin
B)insertion
C)synergistic
D)antagonistic

Question 20

What delivers a signal from the motor neuron to all the sarcomeres of a muscle cell?

A)myofibril
B)myosin filament
C)transverse tubule
D)actin filament

Question 21

A(n)________ is a motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates.

Question 22

Muscle contraction results from the repeated cycle of interactions between myosin and actin.What is the last step of this cycle after which the cycle starts over again?

A)New ATP molecules bind to the myosin heads, causing them to disengage from the actin.
B)The myosin heads split the ATP into ADP and Pi and store the energy.
C)The myosin head bends (the power stroke).
D)Myosin heads extend toward the Z lines at the ends of the sarcomere.

Question 23

The ________ are the thinner of the two protein filaments that are found within myofibrils.

Question 24

Why is ATP needed for muscle contraction?

A)It causes tropomyosin to slide off the myosin binding sites of actin.
B)It's needed for calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
C)It causes calcium to bind to troponin.
D)Myosin has to physically contact the actin filament and move to pull it toward the midline of the sarcomere.

Question 25

Some insecticides interfere with the removal of acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft.What effect will this have on muscle contraction?

A)The muscle cell will lose all of its supply of calcium.
B)The muscle cell will be unable to be stimulated again.
C)The muscle cell will be in a state of constant stimulation, leading to a tetany response.
D)The muscle cell will have a single twitch and will be unable to contract again.

Question 26

Why does a person continue to breathe heavily after prolonged activity?

A)because of a lack of water
B)to relieve fatigue
C)to relieve O₂ debt
D)no reason

Question 27

Someone who has broken an arm and has had a cast on it for months will notice a distinct shrinking of the arm once the cast is removed.Why does this happen?

A)The cast has reduced blood flow to the muscle tissue to reduce swelling.
B)If the muscles are not used they will atrophy.
C)The other arm was used more to compensate for the unused one, and it's become stronger.
D)If the person was right-handed, they'll become left-handed.

Question 28

Muscle cells that contract slowly when stimulated but with enormous endurance are called ________.

Question 29

Muscle ________ are too short to be part of normal body movement but can generate heat,for example during shivering.

Question 30

The depletion of O₂ in the muscles of an individual that has exercised for a long period of time is known as ________.

Question 31

Which muscle cells are designed for endurance?

A)slow twitch cells
B)fast twitch cells
C)myoglobin
D)hemoglobin

Question 32

A person may have a muscle injury that really affects the tendon and not the muscle tissue itself.Why is it that after a hard workout,muscle pain will go away in a few days at most,but tendinitis lasts so much longer?

A)Muscle cells are more elastic, so they are harder to damage.
B)Unlike a tendon, muscle tissue has an ample blood supply so it's easier to repair.
C)Muscle cells can be rested but tendons have to be used all the time.
D)The electrical signals that muscle cells generate are used to aid in healing.

Question 33

When a muscle cramps,it is often due to dehydration.Why would stretching or massaging it relieve the condition?

A)It will increase blood flow, which will restore electrolytes and nutrients.
B)Massaging will help reduce swelling.
C)Stretching will make the muscle stronger over a long period of time.
D)Stretching and massaging will promote strengthening of the muscle.

Question 34

What causes delayed onset muscle soreness?

A)exercise in which a muscle lengthens while it contracts
B)walking on level ground
C)running on level ground
D)gentle stretching

Question 35

________ is a sustained powerful contraction of a muscle that results from frequent stimulation with no time between stimuli for relaxation.

Question 36

After a period of exercise,a person will breathe heavily for some time after the activity has ceased.What is happening during this time as the oxygen debt is being paid?

A)Lactic acid is being removed.
B)Creatine phosphate is being regenerated.
C)Glycogen stores are being regenerated.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 37

________ pairs up with troponin proteins to form a complex that regulates muscle contractions.

Question 38

What is the result of resistance exercise?

A)Existing muscle cells increase in diameter.
B)The number of muscle cells increases.
C)More mitochondria develop.
D)New blood vessels develop.

Question 39

________ provides the energy required for voluntary muscle contraction in an individual's body.

Question 40

A muscle will ________ if levels of calcium and potassium decrease in the blood.

Question 41

The release of acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction is shortly followed by the release of ________ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 42

The ________ is a modified form of endoplasmic reticulum that stores and releases calcium ions when a muscle contracts.

Question 43

A bundle of muscle cells is called a ________.

Question 44

During muscle contraction the heads of myosin filaments pull actin filaments toward the center of a ________.

Question 45

The striations of skeletal muscles are caused by the arrangement of many elongated ________.

Question 46

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Lactic acid
B)Transverse tubules
C)Tendons
D)Muscle twitch
E)Fast twitch muscle fibers
F)Tropomyosin
G)Myosin
H)Troponin
I)Slow twitch muscle fibers
J)Calcium ions
K)Actin
Protein that makes up the thick myofilament.

Question 47

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Lactic acid
B)Transverse tubules
C)Tendons
D)Muscle twitch
E)Fast twitch muscle fibers
F)Tropomyosin
G)Myosin
H)Troponin
I)Slow twitch muscle fibers
J)Calcium ions
K)Actin
Delivers the signals from the motor neuron to every sarcomere of the muscle cell.

Question 48

A(n)________ is the attachment point of a muscle to a bone that remains stationary during movement.

Question 49

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Lactic acid
B)Transverse tubules
C)Tendons
D)Muscle twitch
E)Fast twitch muscle fibers
F)Tropomyosin
G)Myosin
H)Troponin
I)Slow twitch muscle fibers
J)Calcium ions
K)Actin
Protein that makes up the thin myofilament.

Question 50

The muscle that extends and rotates the thigh when walking is called the ________.

Question 51

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Lactic acid
B)Transverse tubules
C)Tendons
D)Muscle twitch
E)Fast twitch muscle fibers
F)Tropomyosin
G)Myosin
H)Troponin
I)Slow twitch muscle fibers
J)Calcium ions
K)Actin
Calcium binds to this protein to initiate a contraction.

Question 52

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Lactic acid
B)Transverse tubules
C)Tendons
D)Muscle twitch
E)Fast twitch muscle fibers
F)Tropomyosin
G)Myosin
H)Troponin
I)Slow twitch muscle fibers
J)Calcium ions
K)Actin
Caused by a neuron,stimulating muscle cells to contract.

Question 53

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Lactic acid
B)Transverse tubules
C)Tendons
D)Muscle twitch
E)Fast twitch muscle fibers
F)Tropomyosin
G)Myosin
H)Troponin
I)Slow twitch muscle fibers
J)Calcium ions
K)Actin
Functions in the attachment of muscle to bone.

Question 54

________ is a condition in which there is an excessive stress on a tendon,causing inflammation.

Question 55

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Lactic acid
B)Transverse tubules
C)Tendons
D)Muscle twitch
E)Fast twitch muscle fibers
F)Tropomyosin
G)Myosin
H)Troponin
I)Slow twitch muscle fibers
J)Calcium ions
K)Actin
Causes soreness in muscles when the muscles are used more often than usual.

Question 56

During burst-like movements,such as tennis hits,ATP is produced by converting glucose into ________.

Question 57

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Lactic acid
B)Transverse tubules
C)Tendons
D)Muscle twitch
E)Fast twitch muscle fibers
F)Tropomyosin
G)Myosin
H)Troponin
I)Slow twitch muscle fibers
J)Calcium ions
K)Actin
Covers the myosin binding sites on actin.

Question 58

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Lactic acid
B)Transverse tubules
C)Tendons
D)Muscle twitch
E)Fast twitch muscle fibers
F)Tropomyosin
G)Myosin
H)Troponin
I)Slow twitch muscle fibers
J)Calcium ions
K)Actin
Muscle fibers designed for rapid and powerful responses.

Question 59

________ are the proteins that appear as dark bands that mark the ends of the sarcomeres.

Question 60

A band of connective tissue that aids in the attachment of muscle to bone is a(n)________.

Question 61

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Lactic acid
B)Transverse tubules
C)Tendons
D)Muscle twitch
E)Fast twitch muscle fibers
F)Tropomyosin
G)Myosin
H)Troponin
I)Slow twitch muscle fibers
J)Calcium ions
K)Actin
Muscle fibers designed for endurance,contract slowly,and have a steady supply of energy.

Question 62

Describe the four traits that all muscle types share.

Question 63

Why must muscles be arranged in pairs opposite to one another?

Question 64

Aerobic exercises do not increase skeletal muscle size,but cause various changes in the body.Explain what changes aerobic exercises initiate.

Question 65

How do calcium ions affect muscle contractions?

Question 66

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Lactic acid
B)Transverse tubules
C)Tendons
D)Muscle twitch
E)Fast twitch muscle fibers
F)Tropomyosin
G)Myosin
H)Troponin
I)Slow twitch muscle fibers
J)Calcium ions
K)Actin
Bind to troponin in the sarcomere to initiate muscle contraction.

Question 67

Compare and contrast the physiological effects of steroid use to increase and improve performance in both genders.

Question 68

Explain the function of ATP in muscle contractions.

Question 69

Myasthenia gravis is a disease caused by the immune system that attacks the acetylcholine receptors found on muscle cells.What effect would blocking these receptors have on muscle contraction?

Question 70

Rigor mortis sets in after the death of humans and other animals because the supply of ATP decreases to the point in which calcium can no longer be removed from the cell.At this point,the myosin molecules attach to the thin filament.The muscles stiffen and limbs cannot be moved.Why and for how long does the muscle then remain in this continuously contracted state?

Question 71

Steve decides to make a meal for some of his friends.He uses a variety of foods to prepare the meal,including some canned mushrooms.Unfortunately,he gave his friends a mild case of botulism food poisoning.His friends reported blurred vision and trouble speaking due to a flaccid paralysis of the muscle cells by the botulinum toxin.Propose a mechanism by which this toxin would inhibit muscle contraction.

Question 72

Turkey is often served at Thanksgiving meals in which family members vie for portions of white or dark meat.Why is the breast meat of a turkey considered white meat,while the darker meat is found in the leg muscles?