Deck 20: Sexual Reproduction, meiosis, and Genetic Recombination

Question 1

Of the subphases of prophase I of meiosis,the phase at which mammalian egg cells are arrested for years during oogenesis is

A)leptotene.
B)zygotene.
C)pachytene.
D)diplotene.
E)diakinesis.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

An individual has the genotype AaBbCcDdEe.How many different type of gametes can this individual make?

A)5
B)10
C)25
D)32
E)625

Answer 2

D

Question 3

How many chromatids are present in prophase I of meiosis I in a diploid cell,2n = 12?

A)6
B)12
C)24
D)48

Answer 3

C

Question 4

As a result of nondisjunction,an individual with Turner syndrome is genotypically XO,lacking one of the sex-determining chromosomes.Taking this into account,the fusion of the gamete containing the extra chromosome with a normal gamete could result in an individual with the genotype

A)XXX.
B)XXY.
C)XYY.
D)A or B
E)A, B, or C

Question 5

Mitosis and meiosis differ in that

A)homologues are separated in prophase I of meiosis.
B)homologues are separated in prophase II of meiosis.
C)homologues are separated in prophase of mitosis.
D)sister chromatids are separated in prophase I of meiosis.
E)sister chromatids are separated in anaphase of mitosis.

Question 6

Charlie,an Angus bull,is heterozygous (Bb)for coat color,where B = black and b = brown.Charlie therefore has a black coat.Black is Charlie's

A)genotype.
B)heterozygous state.
C)gene conversion.
D)phenotype.
E)homozygous state.

Question 7

Meiosis I results in the formation of

A)two diploid cells.
B)four diploid cells.
C)two haploid cells.
D)four haploid cells.
E)one quadraploid cell.

Question 8

It is your task to prove the chromosomal theory of inheritance in your cell biology class.Your task is limited by examining only one trait in Drosophila.You may use the tools of modern biotechnology to aid you in your progress.Which of the following would be least likely to help you in your endeavor?

A)examining a trait that is the genotype AA in all of the available parental stocks
B)examining a trait that is the genotype AA or aa in all of the available parental stocks
C)DNA sequence analysis
D)protein sequencing
E)genetic manipulation to add a marker to a particular chromosome in the germline

Question 9

Fungi produce spores by which of the following processes?

A)binary fission
B)mitosis
C)meiosis
D)gene conversion
E)cloning

Question 10

Genetic variability in sexually reproducing organisms arises within

A)crossover events between nonsister chromatids.
B)crossover events between sister chromatids.
C)egg and sperm genetic recombination from distinct individuals.
D)egg and sperm genetic recombination from an individual.
E)both choices B and C

Question 11

The genotype of a particular pea plant is TtYy,corresponding to a phenotype of tall and yellow.How many different types of gametes are expected to be produced by this individual?

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)5
E)8

Question 12

J.D.,a black Labrador retriever,is heterozygous (Bb)for coat color,where B is black and b is brown.J.D.therefore has a black coat.Bb is J.D.'s

A)genotype.
B)hemizygous state.
C)gene conversion.
D)phenotype.
E)homozygous state.

Question 13

Which of the following organisms spends its life cycle in the haploid state?

A)bacteria
B)fungus
C)Drosophila
D)trees
E)humans

Question 14

The alternative forms of a gene that can be expressed are known as

A)alleles.
B)genes.
C)loci.
D)spores.
E)haplotypes.

Question 15

Which of the following terms is used to describe organisms,particularly plants and fungi,that have distinct haploid and diploid phases of their life cycle?

A)polypoloidy
B)aneuploidy
C)alternation of generations
D)asexual propogation
E)both choices B and C are correct.

Question 16

Fungi produce gametes by which of the following processes?

A)binary fission
B)mitosis
C)meiosis
D)gene conversion
E)cloning

Question 17

You purchase a black dog from a pet shop that tells you this animal is a purebred and that they will forward its papers to you at a later date.In this breed,black is dominant to white.You mate the dog with a white dog of the same breed.If the dog you purchased was a purebred animal,what approximate percentages of colors should you see in the offspring?

A)100% black
B)100% white
C)50% white, 50% black
D)75% white, 25% black
E)25% white, 75% black

Question 18

In a dihybrid cross of individuals who are AaBb,what proportion of the F₂ offspring are expected to have the genotype AABB?

A)9/16
B)1/16
C)1/2
D)3/16
E)6/16

Question 19

The phases of meiosis that most resemble those of mitosis are

A)the meiosis I phases.
B)the meiosis II phases.
C)meiosis I, except for the pairing of homologues.
D)meiosis II, except for the pairing of homolouegs.
E)both choices A and B

Question 20

You have recently purchased a black angus bull named Maxwell,an advertised "pure-breeding" champion,for which you pay $1,000,000.You mate Max with several cows that are verified pure breeding black angus cows.Several years later,you mate different pairs of Max's offspring (F₁ × F₁)and find that,with certain pairings,approximately one fourth of the progeny are red (F₂).If B = black and b = red,what were the genotypes of the original cross (Maxwell × cow)?

A)BB x BB
B)Bb x BB
C)Bb x Bb
D)BB x bb
E)bb x bb

Question 21

Mosses and ferns produce gametes by the process of

A)binary fission.
B)mitosis.
C)meiosis.
D)cloning.
E)gene conversion.

Question 22

Which of the following is not a "natural" means of transferring DNA in prokaryotes?

A)conjugation
B)electroporation
C)transduction
D)transformation
E)infection

Question 23

When looking at a linear ascus of spores in Neurospora,you find the following octet:
Leu-
Leu-
+
+
Leu-
Leu-
Leu-
+
This sequence of spores most likely arose as the result of

A)gene conversion.
B)mitosis.
C)meiosis I.
D)meiosis II.
E)mutation.

Question 24

The synaptonemal complex forms in which subphase of prophase I of meiosis?

A)leptotene
B)zygotene
C)pachytene
D)diplotene
E)diakinesis

Question 25

All of the following are capable of reproducing by parthenogenesis except

A)bees.
B)Komodo dragons.
C)parasitic wasps.
D)kangaroos.
E)scorpions.

Question 26

In studying T cell proliferation (cell division)in response to a specific antigen,you decide to stimulate these T cells with antigen and examine the genes that are activated by the interaction.To do this,following stimulation you should isolate

A)DNA.
B)rRNA.
C)mRNA.
D)tRNA.
E)plasmid DNA.

Question 27

The DNA of gene X in humans has been isolated,cloned,and sequenced and is 8000 base pairs in length.From cells that were actively transcribing gene X,a cDNA library was made.In this case,gene X was found to produce from an mRNA that was 4200 bases in length.The most probable explanation of these results is that

A)there was no mRNA in the cells of the mRNA used to make the cDNA library.
B)the DNA encoded introns that were excised during mRNA processing.
C)a mutation resulted in a large loss of this particular gene.
D)reverse transcription of the mRNA isolate was not complete.
E)none of the above

Question 28

Using restriction enzymes,a eukaryotic gene is cut,ligated into a bacterial plasmid,and introduced into a strain of E.coli.To better the odds of getting expression of the eukaryotic gene in this system,you need to make certain that

A)the gene has a eukaryotic promoter for transcription.
B)the plasmid has a prokaryotic promoter for transcription.
C)the gene and the plasmid were cut with different restriction enzymes.
D)the gene product is toxic to the bacterial cell.
E)mRNA is used for ligation directly into the vector.

Question 29

A series of three genes is known to be on the same chromosome.In examining recombination events,you obtain the data shown below.
No observable recombination 30%
Between A and B 15%
Between B and C 35%
Between A and C 20%
What is the order of genes on this chromosome?

A)ABC
B)ACB
C)BAC
D)BCA
E)cannot determine from this information

Question 30

The genes along a particular linear chromosome are illustrated below.

Figure 20.1
The frequency of crossover events between these loci will be least frequent when considering genes

A)a and b.
B)b and c.
C)c and d.
D)d and e.
E)a and e.

Question 31

A mouse line that lacks a specific gene in order to study the effects of the absence of said gene is called called a(n)________.

A)transgenic
B)chimera
C)knockout
D)clone
E)mosaic

Question 32

You are attempting to clone your first gene.Up to the point of screening,everything has gone well.The vector has a gene for ampicillin resistance.In addition to the gene DNA,the insert also carries a gene for streptomycin resistance.Based on restriction digest,if properly inserted into the vector,your inserted DNA should be located within the ampicillin gene.Therefore,when screening,you should look for clones that are

A)ampicillin resistant and streptomycin resistant.
B)ampicillin sensitive and streptomycin sensitive.
C)ampicillin resistant and streptomycin sensitive.
D)ampicillin sensitive and streptomycin resistant.
E)Not enough information is given to determine the answer.

Question 33

Transplants of organs or tissues from two genetically unrelated organisms is known as a(n)

A)allograft.
B)chimerigraft.
C)transgenic animal.
D)xenograft.
E)none of the above

Question 34

Homologous chromosomes are held together in the

A)synaptonemal complex.
B)centromere.
C)kinetochore.
D)nucleus.
E)MTOC.

Question 35

During bacterial conjugation,interrupted matings yielded the following information: leu 10 minutes,arg 8 minutes,str 15 minutes,and amp 12 minutes.Based on this information,the order of the genes,beginning at the origin,is

A)amp-arg-leu-str.
B)str-amp-leu-arg.
C)leu-arg-str-amp.
D)arg-amp-leu-str.
E)arg-leu-amp-str.

Question 36

In mosses and fungi,the process of meiosis produces

A)egg cells.
B)pollen nuclei.
C)spores.
D)sperm cells.
E)prothalli.

Question 37

During bacterial conjugation,you wish to examine genes associated with the F plasmid of your bacterial strain of interest,as you feel that it possesses an additional gene.You are able to easily determine the presence or absence of the gene you believe to be associated with the plasmid.In order to investigate this possibility,you must allow conjugation between your strain and a compatible strain that is

A)an Hfr strain.
B)another F⁺ strain.
C)an F' strain.
D)an F⁻ strain.
E)the same F⁺ strain.

Question 38

Which of the following is not a reason to genetically engineer crop plants?

A)disease resistance
B)herbicide resistance
C)drought tolerance
D)decreased yield
E)enhanced nutrients

Question 39

In bacterial cells,a cell that had the F plasmid integrated into the chromosome is known as

A)F⁻.
B)F⁺.
C)F'.
D)Hfr.
E)none of the above

Question 40

A bacterial cloning vector for the cloning of large DNA fragments that was derived from an F plasmid is the

A)BAC.
B)YAC.
C)SacB.
D)Ti.
E)both choices A and C

Question 41

Some mice,known as ________ mice,are genetically bred to be missing particular genes.

Question 42

Describe F⁻,F⁺,Hfr,and F' bacterial cells.How would one use this information to map the E.coli genome?

Question 43

The first disease to be treated by gene therapy was ________.

Question 44

You mate a squash with the genotype AAbb with a squash with the genotype aaBB.The resulting F1 squash are all AaBb.After mating two F₁ squash,you obtain an F₂ generation of squash as follows:
A- B- 5
A- bb 45
aa B- 47
aa bb 3
Total 100
Are A and B linked? Why or why not?

Question 45

There is a great need for organs by humans that far exceeds the number available in the organ banks.Many times an available organ cannot be used because of tissue mismatches.Describe how you could use transgenic animals to fill this need.Also,what may be some of the possible negative aspects to such a treatment?

Question 46

The ________ plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is often used as a vector for cloning and introducing foreign genes into plants.

Question 47

In analyzing dihybrid data,Mendel discovered not only that these alleles separate from each other when examining one trait,but also that the alleles of a second trait will separate from each other without regard to those of the first trait.This observation was the basis of Mendel's law of ________.

Question 48

Metaphase II arrest is mediated by ________,a biochemical activity present in mature eggs.

Question 49

The ultimate goal of sexual reproduction is to produce genetic ________ in offspring and in the population.

Question 50

________ chromosomes pair during ________ of meiosis.

Question 51

One way to facilitate gene therapy to particular types of cells is via genetically engineered ________ infections.

Question 52

A pea plant is known to be heterozygous and is described as YyWw.This is the plant's ________.

Question 53

________ is the mechanism by which some organisms,such as Komodo dragons,can develop eggs into zygotes without the need of sperm.

Question 54

As a child,you greatly disliked having to receive vaccines by injection (shots).Therefore,you have elected to genetically engineer a vaccine that can be administered via ingestion.How would you design such a vaccine? What may be some limitations of the vaccine you have designed?

Question 55

Mendel,in working with monohybrid crosses,discovered that alleles are discrete entities,typically showing two variations per trait.These variations can be separated from each other and observed in the resultant offspring.This was the basis of Mendel's law of ________.

Question 56

Describe,in detail,how you would obtain a gene from a tomato plant and express this protein in bacterial cells.BamHI sites at either end surround the tomato gene of interest.You may use any vector of your own design in the process.

Question 57

A genetic cross was performed with two pea plants having green,wrinkled seeds.Of the resulting offspring,75% had green,wrinkled seeds and 25% had green,smooth seeds.With regard to wrinkled versus smooth seeds,the parents must have been ________.

Question 58

In an individual pea plant,the seeds are yellow and wrinkled.These attributes are the plant's ________.