Deck 8: Nutritional Assessment in Disease Prevention

Question 1

Since the 1960s, the mean total serum cholesterol level of U.S. adults has

A) increased
B) remained essentially unchanged
C) decreased

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Since the 1950s, the age-adjusted death rate for diseases of the heart in the United States has

A) increased
B) remained essentially unchanged
C) decreased

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Poor glycemic control in people with diabetes is associated with hemoglobin A1C levels that are

A) essentially unchanged from what they are in people who do not have diabetes
B) greater than they are in people who do not have diabetes
C) less than they are in people who do not have diabetes
D) none of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following approaches is considered the best for assessing changes in bone mineral density in response to therapeutic interventions for osteoporosis?

A) dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
B) dual-photon absorptiometry
C) quantitative ultrasonography
D) radiogrammetry

Question 5

Given the conversion factor of 0.02586, which one of the following correctly represents a serum cholesterol level of 225 mg/dL?

A) 2.59 mmol/l
B) 5.82 mmol/l
C) 8.70 mmol/l
D) 87.01 mmol/l

Question 6

The difference between the measured value as reported by a clinical laboratory and the "True" or "real" value is known as

A) accuracy
B) coefficient of variation
C) precision
D) reproducibility

Question 7

When a person lies down after standing for several minutes, serum cholesterol concentration

A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains essentially unchanged

Question 8

Which of the following cannot be accurately determined in the nonfasting state?

A) HDL-C
B) non-HDL-C
C) total cholesterol
D) triglycerides

Question 9

Which of the following is not a clinical determinant of the metabolic syndrome?

A) high-risk waist circumference
B) elevated serum triglyceride level
C) elevated serum HDL-C level
D) elevated plasma glucose level

Question 10

Type 2 diabetes is rarely diagnosed in individuals younger than 30 years of age.

Question 11

In the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), risk factor intervention efforts are implemented

A) before the risk factor even develops
B) once the risk factor has developed but before CVD is diagnosed
C) after CVD is diagnosed
D) at any time, regardless of when the risk factor develops or when CVD is diagnosed

Question 12

Which of the following factors is not associated with increased prevalence of hypertension?

A) increasing age
B) being of African descent
C) physical inactivity
D) a low waist circumference

Question 13

Which one of the following values correctly represents pre-hypertension for an adult?

A) 120 over 80
B) 120-139 over 80-89
C) 140-159 over 90-99
D) 160 over 100

Question 14

According to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Therapeutic Lifestyle Change diet, dietary cholesterol intake should be limited to

A) <100 mg/d
B) <200 mg/d
C) <240 mg/d
D) <300 mg/d

Question 15

Which one of the following combinations cannot occur?

A) high precision, low bias
B) high precision, high bias
C) low precision, low bias
D) low precision, high bias

Question 16

Which of the following T-scores would give a 50 year old female the greatest remaining lifetime risk of hip fracture?

A) +2
B) 0
C) -2

Question 17

According to the National Cholesterol Education Program, high HDL-C is considered a ___ risk factor because it ___coronary heart disease risk.

A) positive; decreases
B) positive; increases
C) negative; decreases
D) negative; increases

Question 18

The primary purpose of the Friedewald equation is to calculate

A) LDL-C
B) abdominal adiposity
C) percent lean body mass
D) triglycerides

Question 19

In the primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), risk factor intervention efforts are implemented

A) before the risk factor even develops
B) once the risk factor has developed but before CVD is diagnosed
C) after CVD is diagnosed
D) at any time, regardless of when the risk factor develops or when CVD is diagnosed

Question 20

In persons with diabetes, the testing of urine is recommended for

A) ketones only
B) glucose only
C) both glucose and ketones

Question 21

Individuals at increased risk of developing diabetes in the future because they have either impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance are said to have __________.

Question 22

Glycosylated hemoglobin is considered a good indicator of average blood glucose levels during the previous 8 to 12 weeks.

Question 23

__________ is a condition in which bone mineral density that is less than desirable but is not low enough to be diagnostic for osteoporosis.

Question 24

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute now recommends universal screening for lipid levels for all children ages 9 - 11 years.

Question 25

Diastole refers to the phase of cardiac relaxation.

Question 26

Bone is dynamic tissue that is constantly undergoing change in a process known as __________.

Question 27

Risk factor intervention efforts that are implemented before a certain risk factor even develops are known as __________ prevention.

Question 28

Although precision is necessary in order for accuracy to exist, accuracy is not necessary in order for precision to exist.

Question 29

Current clinical practice guidelines developed by the U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute for preventing cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents do not recommend universal screening of lipid levels in children and adolescents.

Question 30

Because cholesterol and triglycerides are fat soluble, they must be transported in the blood by spherical macromolecular complexes known as __________.

Question 31

As bone mineral density increases, the T-score decreases.

Question 32

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy is known as __________.

Question 33

One of the advantages of using non-HDL-cholesterol as an indicator of CHD risk is that it can be accurately determined in the non-fasting state.

Question 34

When using the CHD Risk Prediction Charts developed by the National Cholesterol Education Program, the higher the total points, the lower the CHD risk.

Question 35

__________ of the calcaneus is used as a screening method to identify persons who are at increased risk of osteoporosis and are candidates for further evaluation of bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Question 36

When classifying blood pressure in the pediatric population, the same cut-points are used as when classifying the blood pressure of adults.

Question 37

Osteoporosis is diagnosed by comparing a patient's bone mineral density (BMD) with the mean normal BMD in a population of healthy young adults of the same sex and assigning what is referred to as a __________.

Question 38

The majority of within-individual variability in cholesterol analyses is due to preanalytical factors.