Deck 10: Emotional Development and Attachment

Question 1

Today 3-year-old Chandra is going for her first flight on an airplane. As the engines begin to roar, the plane vibrates as it picks up speed, and as it finally lifts off the ground, she looks at her mother's expression. Her mother is smiling as she looks out of the window, so Chandra thinks that flying must fun and begins smiling herself. This is an example of

A) social referencing.
B) sympathy.
C) empathic feelings.
D) emotional intelligence.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon

A) the age of the child, because people are much more accepting of a difficult temperament in a young child.
B) how flexible the child is when he or she is confronted with new experiences.
C) the goodness of fit between the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment.
D) the gender of the child, because people are more willing to accept a difficult temperament in a boy than in a girl.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a child with an easy temperament?

A) Positive quality of mood
B) Regular biological functions
C) Adapts easily to new situations
D) High activity level

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A suggestion for parents of children with a difficult temperament would be to

A) be patient because children easily outgrow the characteristics of a difficult child as they get older.
B) frequently expose the child to novelty because this is the best way to help them become more flexible about what happens to them.
C) try to keep the child's environment regular and predictable and give the child plenty of time to adapt to changes.
D) let the child spend time with other children who have more easy going temperaments.

Question 5

Kendra, a two-year-old girl, sees another child crying because she hurt her hand. Kendra starts crying just because she sees the other girl's distress. Kendra is displaying

A) social referencing.
B) sympathy.
C) empathy.
D) primordial emotion.

Question 6

Children do not develop self-conscious emotions such as pride or shame until they

A) have developed object permanence.
B) can think about how events affect their self-evaluations.
C) understand reversibility.
D) can empathize with the feelings of others.

Question 7

We have developed emoticons to use in electronic communication because

A) people do not like having to read just plain text in electronic messages so this breaks up the message.
B) the addition of symbols that represent emotions increases the likelihood that our message is communicated clearly.
C) people can interpret these little characters in different ways and it makes the message more individual.
D) it helps the reader identify the national origin of the person who is sending the message.

Question 8

A boy in the United States who is hurt on the playing field may come off the field feeling very angry because

A) the area of the brain that control the emotion of anger and the one that controls the emotion of sadness are right next to each other.
B) in this culture it is more acceptable for a boy to express the emotion of anger than the emotion of sadness.
C) a young child has not yet learned how to distinguish between the emotions of anger and sadness.
D) either emotion would be equally acceptable under these circumstances.

Question 9

Max is a baby with a difficult temperament. His parents have never kept a strict schedule, eating at different times, and having different caregivers take care of Max. Max does not adapt well and his development is compromised. Chess and Thomas describe this as a __________ issue.

A) regulation
B) goodness of fit
C) social referencing
D) patterning

Question 10

Your body's physiological reaction to a situation, your interpretation of it, communication with another person, and your own actions are all part of what we call

A) temperament.
B) arousal.
C) emotion.
D) empathy.

Question 11

Looking at how others are reacting when we are uncertain about how we should react is a process called

A) social referencing.
B) sympathy.
C) empathic feelings.
D) emotional intelligence.

Question 12

The ways we learn to think about emotions are our

A) emotion schemas.
B) temperamental templates.
C) primordial emotions.
D) basic emotions.

Question 13

Self-conscious emotions are also known as:

A) primary emotions.
B) secondary emotions.
C) reflexive emotions.
D) interpretative emotions.

Question 14

Which of the following is not considered to be a self-conscious emotion?

A) Distress
B) Shame
C) Pride
D) Embarrassment

Question 15

When children think about the negative aspects of something they have done or their moral failures, they experience a sense of ___________, but when they feel badly about a personal failure or something they believe they cannot change, they experience ___________.

A) shame; guilt
B) empathy; shame
C) guilt; empathy
D) guilt; shame

Question 16

As we look at temperament throughout childhood and adolescence, based on research we could say that

A) there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur.
B) temperament is a very unstable characteristic, especially during childhood.
C) there is seldom, if ever, any noticeable changes in temperament as children get older.
D) if there is going to be a change in temperament, it is most likely going to occur during adolescence.

Question 17

Andrea is a baby who has very irregular patterns of eating, sleeping and elimination. She does not warm up to new people easily and spends the majority of her day crying. Andrea has a(n) __________ temperament.

A) easy
B) slow-to-warm
C) difficult
D) reactionary

Question 18

Ella and Kenzie are toddlers in a daycare. Ella watches as Kenzie cries when her mother drops her off. Ella walks up to Kenzie and gives her a hug. Ella is demonstrating

A) social referencing.
B) sympathy.
C) empathy.
D) primordial emotion.

Question 19

The cultural norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or shouldn't, be shown are known as

A) emotional display rules.
B) sociocultural emotion.
C) emotiguides.
D) emotional interpretation.

Question 20

Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that

A) basic emotions emerge at about the same time in infants around the world, but Western infants are much more fearful and angry than other infants.
B) surprisingly we find large difference in the early emotions that infants express as we compare one country to another.
C) basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and show emotions can differ from one culture to another.
D) different parts of the brain are responsible for controlling emotions in different infants.

Question 21

What is the most common mental health disorder to co-occur with depression?

A) Anxiety disorder
B) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) Oppositional defiant disorder
D) Conduct disorder

Question 22

One of the explanations that has found some support for why the incidence of depression is greater in girls than in boys starting in adolescence is that

A) there are biological differences between adolescent males and females.
B) girls do not form the same type of supportive interpersonal relationships that boys do.
C) there are far fewer treatments for depression available to adolescent girls.
D) girls are more likely to experience negative life events than boys.

Question 23

Four-year-olds were told that they could eat a marshmallow right away, but if they could wait they would get two marshmallows. This experiment was a test of the

A) moral values of young children.
B) children's ability to understand and follow complex instructions.
C) children's effortful control of their behavior.
D) children's ability to empathize with the needs of another person.

Question 24

In recent years, the level of anxiety reported by children

A) has been disputed among professionals because many believe that children cannot be diagnosed with these disorders.
B) has increased to levels similar to child psychiatric patients in the 1950s.
C) has decreased substantially because of the use of anti-anxiety medications.
D) has decreased for children living in urban areas.

Question 25

Having predictable routines for an infant is one way to

A) encourage a child to show empathy.
B) help a young child develop self-control.
C) help a child develop perspective taking skills.
D) teach a child to internalize her feelings.

Question 26

What type of intervention is designed for individuals who have already expressed suicidal intentions and have made an attempt?

A) Universal interventions
B) Indicated interventions
C) Selective interventions
D) Second-chance interventions

Question 27

When children's ability to delay gratification was tested, the researchers found that ___________ children were better able to regulate their behavior, that __________ were able to wait longer before "peeking", and there ___________ a gender difference in the likelihood that a child would peek at some point.

A) older; girls; was not
B) younger; girls; was
C) older; boys; was
D) younger; boys; was not

Question 28

What area of the brain is hyperreactive in people with anxiety disorders?

A) The temporal lobes
B) The amygdala
C) The hypothalamus
D) The prefrontal cortex

Question 29

Which ethnic group has the highest rate of suicide fatalities?

A) Native American and Alaskan Native teens
B) Caucasian teens
C) African American and Hispanic teens
D) Asian and Eastern European teens

Question 30

Aggression is a primary symptom in all of the following disorders except

A) oppositional defiant disorder.
B) tourette's syndrome.
C) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
D) conduct disorder.

Question 31

Parents who want to protect their children from their feelings and try to distract or cheer up their children so they don't focus on the negative emotions are

A) emotion coaching.
B) social referencing.
C) emotion redirecting.
D) emotion dismissing.

Question 32

What type of therapy has been shown to be effective in helping adolescents with depression change their maladaptive behaviors and help them change the way they think about and deal with their problems?

A) Psychotherapy
B) Immersion therapy
C) Cognitive behavioral therapy
D) Family therapy

Question 33

One of the important differences between fear and anxiety is that

A) anxiety is considered a normal emotion, but fear is pathological.
B) young children experience anxiety, but older children experience fear.
C) anxiety is much easier to deal with than fear.
D) anxiety involves anticipation of something that may or may not occur, but fear tends to be a response to a real event.

Question 34

You can help an infant learn to regulate his own emotions by

A) being sensitive to the infant's signals so he doesn't need to get frantic to get a response from you.
B) ignoring the infant when he shows any signs of distress or frustration.
C) overstimulating the infant so that he needs to calm himself down after you play with him.
D) letting the infant spend a good deal of time by himself so he becomes familiar with his own feelings.

Question 35

What is the difference between anxiety and an anxiety disorder?

A) Anxiety involves a component of fear whereas an anxiety disorder does not.
B) Typical anxiety will not respond to medication, anxiety associated with a disorder does.
C) Anxiety disorders involve levels of anxiety that interfere with daily living and cause distress.
D) Anxiety disorders are hereditary, typical anxiety is not.

Question 36

A pattern of behavior that includes being negative, defiant, disobedient, and hostile toward authority figures, and which lasts more than 6 months, is the definition of a(n)

A) oppositional defiant disorder.
B) status violation.
C) covert destructive disorder.
D) conduct disorder.

Question 37

Emotional intelligence involves all of the following except

A) controlling one's own emotions.
B) understanding one's own emotions.
C) altering temperament to fit the situation.
D) understanding the emotions of others.

Question 38

Parents who want their children to explore and understand their feelings engage in

A) emotion coaching.
B) social referencing.
C) emotion redirecting.
D) emotion dismissing.

Question 39

A fear which has no rational basis and which is so severe that it interferes with day-to-day functioning is called a(n)

A) anxiety disorder.
B) innate fear.
C) panic disorder.
D) a phobia.

Question 40

Depression in childhood is ________________, the childhood incidence is ____________ for boys than girls, and in adolescence the gender difference ________________.

A) fairly common; less; continues to increase
B) relatively rare; greater; reverses
C) very common; greater; continues to increase
D) relatively rare; less; widens further

Question 41

When an infant has a secure attachment to a parent, the infant can

A) begin developing the early stages of language.
B) work on individuating from the parent.
C) focus on cognitive development, such as developing object permanence.
D) venture away from the parent to explore the environment.

Question 42

Conduct disorders are difficult to treat, but one treatment that has shown some promise for these families is

A) tough love or boot camps.
B) desensitization therapy.
C) multisystemic treatment.
D) social cognitive therapy.

Question 43

Separation anxiety appears in infants during the stage of

A) preattachment.
B) attachment in the making.
C) clear-cut attachment.
D) goal-corrected partnership.

Question 44

The research that Ainsworth conducted on attachment was done using

A) the experimental method.
B) observations.
C) case studies.
D) correlational studies.

Question 45

Stranger anxiety develops in infants during the stage of

A) preattachment.
B) attachment in the making.
C) clear-cut attachment.
D) goal-corrected partnership.

Question 46

When a baby feels safe and secure in the presence of the caregiver to whom she is attached, she can

A) work on her cognitive development, such as developing object permanence.
B) rely exclusively on that caregiver without the need to develop other secure attachments.
C) use the caregiver as a secure base and begin exploring the environment.
D) indiscriminately attach to any other people that the baby encounters.

Question 47

Studies of severely neglected children who were later adopted found that

A) after an initial two-year period of adjustment following the adoption, the children were indistinguishable from children raised from birth by their own parents.
B) as long as the adoption occurred before the child's second birthday, the neglect did not appear to have an effect upon the child's ability to form attachments.
C) there were much larger differences in the quality of the attachment that these children formed with different people than is typical for children raised by their own parents.
D) years later, the hormonal responses of these children made them likely to run to any available adult in times of distress.

Question 48

A pattern of family interaction in which the child misbehaves, the parents tries to punish the child but is ineffective, and the child escalates the misbehavior until the parents give up is what Gerald Patterson and his colleagues have called a

A) reciprocating family environment.
B) dysfunctional family environment.
C) coercive family environment.
D) toxic family environment.

Question 49

Jeffrey is an infant who has a mother that smiles at him often, plays with him, but doesn't pick him up when he cries. When he is sleepy, she tries to get him to stay awake to read books. When he is sad, she tries to make him laugh. Jeffrey most likely has developed a(n) __________ attachment.

A) anxious avoidant
B) disorganized/disoriented
C) anxious ambivalent
D) resistant

Question 50

Multisystemic treatment has been one of the more effective treatments for conduct disorders because

A) it keeps the family unit together so the child can learn to function in his or her home, school and community.
B) it relies on medications that provide powerful chemical control for the child's behavior.
C) the child and the child's parents each learn separately how to deal with the problem.
D) it recognizes that the source of the problem resides inside the child and not out there in the environment.

Question 51

The pattern of attachment called anxious avoidant attachment has been associated with a caregiver who is

A) intrusive or even may have been abusive.
B) unresponsive to the needs to the infant.
C) able to anticipate the infant's needs before the infant even signals what he needs.
D) overly responsive to the signals of the infant.

Question 52

Infants who are classified as _______________ are unpredictable in the way they behave and show no coherent way of dealing with attachment issues.

A) anxious avoidant
B) disorganized/disoriented
C) anxious ambivalent
D) resistant

Question 53

Harry Harlow's research with macaque monkeys raised with surrogate mothers led him to conclude that

A) it was contact comfort that created the mother-infant attachment bond.
B) forming an attachment depends upon reduction of the hunger drive.
C) attachment was unique to the human mother-infant relationship.
D) attachment was related to the resolution of the Oedipal complex in the mother-infant relationship.

Question 54

Early-onset conduct disorder is associated with all of the following except

A) ethnic minority status.
B) inadequate parenting.
C) neurocognitive problems.
D) temperament and behavior problems.

Question 55

Cross-cultural studies of attachment have found that the proportion of children classified as securely attached _________ differ from one country to another, but the proportion of infants in the different categories of insecure attachment _________ differ.

A) did; also did
B) did; did not
C) did not; did
D) did not; also did not

Question 56

The difference between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorders is that

A) conduct disorders are easier to treat than oppositional defiant disorder.
B) conduct disorders are more serious and include violations of the rights of others and societal norms.
C) oppositional defiant disorders usually do not need any intervention and go away on their own.
D) oppositional defiant disorders are associated with harm to others and destruction of property.

Question 57

The four types of attachment described by Ainsworth are based on two dimensions. They are

A) control and demandingness.
B) security and organization of behavior.
C) approach and avoidance.
D) sensitivity and responsiveness.

Question 58

The symbolic representation of a particular attachment relationship is what Bowlby called a(n)

A) internal working model.
B) secure base.
C) safe haven.
D) schema.

Question 59

The Strange Situation is a way to

A) determine whether a mother has bonded with her infant.
B) document the changes in an infant's emotional responsiveness.
C) measure the amount of guilt or shame an infant feels when she misbehaves.
D) assess the quality of an infant's attachment to his mother.

Question 60

The disorder that has the primary symptoms of irritable/angry mood and temper outburst is

A) oppositional defiant disorder.
B) conduct disorder.
C) schizophrenia.
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Question 61

There are no difference in the incidence of depression among different ethnic groups of children and adolescents.

Question 62

Young infants are not able to exercise self-control.

Question 63

When the circumstances of a child's life situation change, there is evidence that

A) the quality of their attachment relationship is unlikely to be affected.
B) a secure attachment might become insecure, but an insecure attachment cannot change for the better.
C) an insecure attachment can change to a secure one, but a secure attachment will be unaffected by a change in circumstances.
D) a change in life circumstances can change a secure attachment to an insecure one, or an insecure attachment to a secure one.

Question 64

In tasks that require children to resist the temptation to peek at something interesting, boys are less likely to be able to resist temptation.

Question 65

Individuals in individualistic cultures, such as the United States, are more reluctant to express their emotions than individuals in collectivist cultures, such as Japan.

Question 66

Which of the following does not increase the negative effect of insensitive mothers?

A) Involvement of the father
B) Poor quality nonmaternal care
C) Spending more than 10 hours a week in child care
D) Multiple out of home care arrangements prior to the age of 15 months

Question 67

In order to assess attachment in childhood, rather than using the Strange Situation, children are

A) made to separate and reunite with their peers rather than their parent.
B) asked to make up stories that tap into whether the child has a secure base script.
C) placed in threatening situations and their reaction is recorded and analyzed.
D) asked to describe their internal working model of attachment relationships.

Question 68

As children become adolescents

A) their attachment to peers increases, while their attachment to parents necessarily decreases.
B) attachment is no longer an aspect of development that has relevance to adolescents.
C) they can maintain a positive, high quality attachment relationship with both their parents and their peers.
D) attachment to an intimate romantic partner increases, as attachment to both parents and peers decreases.

Question 69

Cross-cultural research on attachment has found that

A) mothers all over the world describe the characteristics of a securely attached infant in the same way.
B) what mothers consider to be the characteristics of a securely attached infant can differ from one culture to another.
C) all mothers say that they want their infants to be independent and to be able to move away from them to explore the environment.
D) in all cultures studied to date, a mother being very controlling of her infant is a characteristic associated with maternal sensitivity and responsiveness.

Question 70

When a child is diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder, the child

A) indiscriminately will go to any person who is available.
B) is incapable of forming an attachment relationship with anybody.
C) forms attachments sequentially, rather than having multiple attachments at one time.
D) will never be able to successfully form an attachment.

Question 71

Research conducted on the internal working models of adults in their romantic relationships has found that

A) the percent of adults with different types of attachment styles was similar to the percent of infants in those same categories.
B) many more adults than infants were classified as securely attached.
C) many more infants than adults were classified as anxious ambivalent/resistant.
D) compared to infants, very few adults were classified as securely attached.

Question 72

Beliefs such as "Others are unpredictable and I don't know what to expect from them" or "I can't explore because I might miss an opportunity for love" would reflect having a

A) secure internal working model.
B) bidirectional emotional model.
C) anxious ambivalent/resistant internal working model.
D) goal-directed attachment model.

Question 73

Children who have been adopted from institutional settings in which they received inadequate care are best able to recover from this early deprivation if

A) they are adopted before the age of 6 months.
B) they are adopted into a family with older children.
C) their adoptive mother is not employed outside the home.
D) the child is never placed in day care.

Question 74

The most effective approach to treating children with reactive attachment disorder has been to

A) work with the extended family, not just the parents.
B) improve the quality of the parents' martial relationship.
C) develop the mother's sensitivity to her baby.
D) work with children who were 2 years old or older when they were adopted.

Question 75

Research that looked at the impact of early attachment on later intimate romantic relationships found that

A) there was a direct link between early attachment and the ability to have intimate, romantic relationships in early adulthood.
B) there was no predictive value of early attachment once the quality of later peer relationships was considered.
C) the quality of peer relations together with early attachment was more predictive of some aspects of adult relationships than either attachment or peer relationships on their own.
D) early attachment predicted the positive aspects of romantic relationships, but peer relations predicted the negative aspects.

Question 76

When a child is diagnosed with disinhibited social engagement disorder, the child

A) indiscriminately will go to any person who is available.
B) is incapable of forming an attachment relationship with anybody.
C) forms attachments sequentially, rather than having multiple attachments at one time.
D) will never be able to successfully form an attachment.

Question 77

Adolescents with a secure internal working model of attachment

A) are willing to seek help when they need it because they expect they will receive it.
B) function very independently and do not need to rely on others for help or assistance.
C) are likely to have their expectations for help rejected, so this changes their internal working model.
D) are willing to give assistance to others who need it, even if they themselves are reluctant to accept assistance from others.

Question 78

We now have strong evidence for the idea that there are biological causes for the increase in depression at midpuberty.

Question 79

Preschool children think that you only need to feel guilty about something you do if someone else is there to see what happened.

Question 80

Research shows a tendency for many children to maintain the same temperament over time.