Deck 10: A: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

When you feel hunger or thirst,each of these psychological states would be classified as which element of motivation?

A) need
B) drive
C) deprivation
D) incentive value

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following refers to the process of initiating,directing,sustaining,and terminating the activities of an organism?

A) perception
B) motivation
C) emotion
D) learning

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Motivation is defined as

A) an internal deficiency that energizes behavior.
B) the goals which reward our behavior and maintain behavior.
C) internal mechanisms which initiate, maintain, direct, and terminate behavior.
D) needs associated with impulses for self-actualization.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In terms of motivation,a need is a(n)

A) reinforcement response.
B) internal deficiency.
C) drive.
D) behavioral response.

Question 5

It is not uncommon for older people to suffer from dehydration despite experiencing a lack of thirst,which means that they have

A) a drive but not a need.
B) a need but not a drive.
C) both a drive and a need.
D) neither a need nor a drive.

Question 6

In the motivational sequence,needs generate drives,which in turn activate

A) goals.
B) expectations.
C) incentives.
D) responses.

Question 7

An internal lack or deficiency is referred to as

A) a drive.
B) a goal.
C) a need.
D) homeostasis.

Question 8

While studying in the library,Kayleigh became very hungry and went to a vending machine which was empty,and to the cafeteria which was closed.So she drove home and cooked herself a meal and ate it,satisfying her hunger.This food-seeking behavior was initiated by a bodily need with her search being sustained and directed to various food sources until her need was met.This illustrates

A) motivation.
B) behavioral dieting.
C) the opponent-process theory.
D) the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Question 9

Desirable goals may motivate behavior in the absence of internal need.This property is known as a goal's

A) gradient potential.
B) drive potential.
C) homeostasis value.
D) incentive value.

Question 10

Regarding drives,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The strength of drives may differ from that of the need on which they are based.
B) Drives are a biological state induced by internal incentives.
C) Drives may be activated by responses as well as by needs.
D) Drives result from satisfying a goal.

Question 11

Our motives and emotions are influenced by which of the following?

A) external cues
B) learning
C) cultural values
D) all of these

Question 12

An energized motivational state is referred to as

A) a drive.
B) a goal.
C) a need.
D) homeostasis.

Question 13

Motivation and emotion are both derived from the Latin word movere,which means to

A) mediate.
B) move.
C) emphasize.
D) make.

Question 14

The chain of events that make up the model of motivation ends when which of the following is reached?

A) a drive
B) a goal
C) an incentive
D) a transductive level

Question 15

After having a very large meal at her mother's house,Stefani complains that she is "too full to move." Soon after,Stefani's aunt arrives with a strawberry pie,which is Stefani's favorite; and Stefani eats three large pieces of the pie.Stefani's eating of the pie after having a large meal is best explained by the

A) "pull" of external stimuli.
B) "push" of internal needs.
C) process of homeostasis.
D) drive reduction of stimulus motives.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the motivational process?

A) drive - need - response - goal attainment
B) need - drive - response - goal attainment
C) need - drive - goal attainment - response
D) drive - need - goal attainment - response

Question 17

The "target" of one's motivated behavior is known as a(n)

A) drive.
B) goal.
C) incentive.
D) transductive level.

Question 18

Regarding motivation and emotions,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The words motivation and emotion both derive from the Latin word movere, which means to move.
B) If you are unaware of your emotions, you will be vulnerable to health problems, such as depression or addiction.
C) "Simple" motivated activities, such as eating, are solely under the control of the body.
D) External cues, expectations, learning, cultural values, and other factors influence our motives and emotions.

Question 19

If you have been fasting for two days,but do not feel hungry,we would say that you have

A) a drive for food but not a need for food.
B) a need for food but not a drive for food.
C) both a drive and a need for food.
D) neither a need nor a drive for food.

Question 20

Regarding the activities of an organism,motivation is the process of initiating,directing,sustaining,and __________ these activities.

A) supplying
B) terminating
C) surveying
D) elaborating

Question 21

Fresh,live grubworms are highly nutritious; however,if you are very hungry,you will probably reject them as food because the grubworms are

A) high in incentive value.
B) high in motivation.
C) low in incentive value.
D) low in stimulus motives.

Question 22

A glass of industrial sludge removed from a polluted river would probably not be desirable to you,even though you were very thirsty,because the glass of sludge is

A) high in incentive value.
B) high in motivation.
C) low in incentive value.
D) low in stimulus motives.

Question 23

The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need is known as its __________ value.

A) homeostatic
B) stimulus
C) extrinsic
D) incentive

Question 24

Which of the following is classified as a biological motive?

A) aggression
B) physical contact
C) security
D) pain avoidance

Question 25

Hunger,thirst,pain avoidance,sleep needs,and regulation of body temperature are ___________ motives.

A) stimulus
B) extrinsic
C) biological
D) incentive

Question 26

Biological motives are

A) needs that are learned, such as the need for power or for achievement.
B) innate but not necessary for survival.
C) not innate but necessary for survival.
D) innate and necessary for survival.

Question 27

Needs that must be met for one's survival are referred to as __________ motives.

A) biological
B) incentive
C) extrinsic
D) stimulus

Question 28

Which of the following is a biological motive?

A) curiosity
B) the desire for money
C) physical contact
D) thirst

Question 29

Stimulus motives differ from biological motives in that stimulus motives

A) are innate and necessary for survival.
B) appear to be innate, but are not necessary for survival.
C) are acquired through various forms of conditioning and learning.
D) include needs for security, status, approval, and achievement.

Question 30

Which of the following help to explain motives that do not seem to come from internal needs,such as the drives for success,status,or approval?

A) gradient potential
B) drive potential
C) homeostasis value
D) incentive value

Question 31

Which of the following is a stimulus motive?

A) aggression
B) physical contact
C) affiliation
D) pain avoidance

Question 32

Motives can be divided into three major categories,which are

A) physical, social, and individual.
B) biological, stimulus, and learned.
C) prepotent, homeostatic, and incentive.
D) primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Question 33

You have just eaten a large meal and feel extremely full.Then,the waiter tells you about their signature dessert,"Death by Chocolate." Your ordering of this dessert is best explained by

A) drive reduction.
B) an internal need.
C) an incentive value.
D) homeostasis.

Question 34

Thomas Edison,who patented over 1,000 inventions,was interested in exploring new ideas and ways of doing things.His insatiable curiosity would be called a __________motive.

A) stimulus
B) biological
C) learned
D) survival

Question 35

Your needs for physical contact as well as your needs for activity and exploration are classified as __________ motives.

A) biological
B) learned
C) homeostatic
D) stimulus

Question 36

Which of the following is a stimulus motive?

A) elimination of wastes
B) the desire for money
C) the desire to explore
D) thirst

Question 37

Learned motives involve needs that are

A) often social in nature.
B) innate but not necessary for survival.
C) not innate but necessary for survival.
D) innate and necessary for survival.

Question 38

A commercial for an ice cold beverage shown on a day with record high temperatures is probably an effort to arouse one's __________ motives.

A) biological
B) extrinsic
C) learned
D) stimulus

Question 39

Regarding incentives,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Our actions are energized by a mixture of internal needs and external incentives.
B) Incentive value cannot be used to explain the drives for success, status, and approval.
C) Some goals are so desirable that they can motivate behavior in the absence of an internal need.
D) Some goals are so low in incentive value that they may be rejected even if they could meet the internal need.

Question 40

Concerning stimulus motives,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Stimulus motives express our needs for stimulation and information.
B) Stimulus motives appear to be innate.
C) Stimulus motives are not necessary for survival.
D) Stimulus motives include the needs for security, approval, affiliation, and status.

Question 41

Your body's tendency to maintain equilibrium is similar to which of the following in your home?

A) a thermostat
B) a rechargeable battery
C) a smoke detector
D) an electric generator

Question 42

Throughout the day,activities in the liver,kidneys,and endocrine glands undergo large changes.Body temperature,blood pressure,and amino acid levels also shift from hour to hour.In fact,people tend to be more energetic and alert when these and other activities are at their highest point once a day.This is a description of

A) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
B) sensation-seeking patterns.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) biological condensation.

Question 43

When your body falls below its ideal level for body temperature,it will automatically begin to shiver in order to raise your temperature and bring your body back into

A) optimum potential level.
B) thermostatic potential.
C) homeostasis.
D) incentive levels.

Question 44

The term circadian rhythm comes from circa,which "about," and diem,which means

A) clock.
B) body.
C) day.
D) light.

Question 45

"Snob appeal," an advertising approach that appeals to status,is an effort to arouse one's __________ motives.

A) biological
B) homeostatic
C) learned
D) stimulus

Question 46

Most people are more energetic,alert,and in a better mood at

A) the high point of their circadian rhythms.
B) the median point of their circadian rhythms.
C) the low point of their circadian rhythms.
D) varying points within their circadian rhythms depending on the season.

Question 47

The needs for power,affiliation,approval,status,and security are classified as __________ motives.

A) homeostatic
B) biological
C) stimulus
D) learned

Question 48

On the basis of religious faith,a starving Hindu refuses to eat beef that has been made available to him.In this case,it might be said that a

A) learned motive overpowered a biological motive.
B) stimulus motive overpowered a biological motive.
C) biological motive overpowered a learned motive.
D) biological motive overpowered a stimulus motive.

Question 49

Which of the following is a learned motive?

A) power
B) physical contact
C) regulation of body temperature
D) pain avoidance

Question 50

Biological drives are essential because they maintain a steady state of bodily equilibrium called

A) thermostasis.
B) biological rhythm.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) homeostasis.

Question 51

Which of the following is a learned motive?

A) curiosity
B) achievement
C) physical contact
D) thirst

Question 52

During the day changes occur in

A) body temperature.
B) blood pressure.
C) amino acid levels.
D) all of these.

Question 53

Your body will automatically try to bring the body back into a state of equilibrium when your body falls below its ideal level,or

A) thermostatic potential.
B) set point.
C) match point.
D) optimum potential.

Question 54

A circadian rhythm refers to a cycle

A) of sexual receptivity caused by hormone cycles.
B) of bodily activity approximately 24 hours in length.
C) of emotional arousal.
D) during which various bodily systems are in a dysfunctional state.

Question 55

The term "homeostasis" means

A) "standing steady."
B) "equal parts."
C) "vitrous balance."
D) "sameness."

Question 56

About ten minutes after Janice starts her 30-minute walk on the treadmill,she begins to perspire,which helps to cool her off.Her body's tendency to maintain normal body temperature is a function of

A) instinct.
B) drive.
C) social learning.
D) homeostasis.

Question 57

When the human body enters a state of disequilibrium

A) the first reactions of your body are automatic.
B) you become aware of discomfort before your body reacts.
C) the chemicals in your body do not change.
D) primary motives are ignored until balance is restored.

Question 58

The maintenance of steady states of temperature and blood pressure are examples of

A) thermostasis.
B) homeostasis.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) motivational learning.

Question 59

Scientists have long known that body activity is guided by internal "biological clocks" known as

A) biofeedback.
B) stimulus motives.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) homeostatic equilibrium.

Question 60

The body monitors and maintains internal states,such as body temperature,at relatively constant levels.This is due to

A) incentives.
B) drive reductions.
C) homeostasis.
D) learning.

Question 61

With jet lag,one would be expected to experience

A) excessive arousal.
B) fatigue, irritability, upset stomach, and depression.
C) periods of mental inefficiency interspersed with periods of enhanced mental agility.
D) changes in personality traits.

Question 62

Aaron is switching from a day shift at work back to a late night/early morning.He can expect to experience

A) excessive arousal and increased mental clarity.
B) irritability, fatigue, depression, and an upset stomach.
C) periods of mental inefficiency interspersed with periods of enhanced mental agility.
D) changes in his long-standing personality traits.

Question 63

If you were to travel across five time zones,you would feel best if you

A) went to sleep immediately on arriving to catch up with your sleep.
B) traveled from west to east.
C) stay outdoors upon arriving and eat and sleep on the new schedule.
D) did all of these.

Question 64

It is bedtime as far as the brain is concerned,when levels of which of the following rise late in the evening?

A) melatonin
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) androgens

Question 65

Regarding jet lag,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) For major time zone shifts (five hours or more), it can take up to two weeks to resynchronize.
B) Adjusting to jet lag is slowest when you stay indoors.
C) Shift work changes can have the same effect on the body as jet lag.
D) It is easier for people to adapt to time change when they fly east.

Question 66

Which of the following can help reset one's circadian rhythms?

A) staying indoors in artificial light during the initial shift
B) five-minute periods of exposure to bright light intermittently in the early morning
C) plenty of coffee and high energy drinks early in the morning
D) all of these

Question 67

Regarding jet lag,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Research has not fully proven the existence of the malady known as "jet lag."
B) Jet lag is worse when you fly west.
C) It usually takes about a day to get over jet lag.
D) Jet lag can be reduced by short exposures to bright light early in the morning.

Question 68

Bright light affects the timing of body rhythms by reducing the amount of

A) melatonin.
B) serotonin.
C) acetylcholine.
D) androgens.

Question 69

If one is "cramming" for final exams,it is better to

A) take frequent naps throughout the day in order to be able to stay awake at night.
B) give yourself a day to recover before pulling another "all nighter."
C) maintain your regular sleep pattern.
D) do none of these.

Question 70

You can increase your efficiency by scheduling recreation,chores,and studying

A) around your personal circadian rhythms.
B) by establishing a new circadian rhythm.
C) according to one's median level on a homeostasis chart.
D) according to your horoscope.

Question 71

Which of the following is a good indicator of a person's circadian rhythm with most people reaching a low point two to three hours before their normal waking time?

A) serotonin level
B) noradrenaline level
C) digestive function
D) core body temperature

Question 72

Adaptation of circadian rhythms is faster if people are flying

A) west.
B) east.
C) during the high point of their circadian rhythms.
D) during the low point of their circadian rhythms.

Question 73

Gradually matching your sleep-waking cycle to a new time schedule is called

A) drive reduction.
B) adjusted homeostasis.
C) fundamental attribution.
D) preadaptation.

Question 74

Jet lag results when travelers experience a lack of synchronization between the local time of the place they have traveled to and their

A) ASC's.
B) sensation-seeking patterns.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) opponent processes.

Question 75

"Day people" wake up alert,are energetic early in the day,and fall asleep early in the evening,while "night people" wake up groggy,are lively in the afternoon or early evening,and stay up late.This occurs because "day people" have early peaks and "night people" have later peaks in their

A) ASCs.
B) sensation-seeking patterns.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) opponent processes.

Question 76

Bright light affects the timing of body rhythms by reducing the amount of melatonin produced by the

A) adrenal glands.
B) pineal gland.
C) pituitary gland.
D) pancreas.

Question 77

Winter depressions that occur when people endure several months of long dark days are partly explained by changes in __________ levels.

A) melatonin
B) acetylcholine
C) androgen
D) thyroxin

Question 78

Martha is flying east from Chicago to Stockholm.What would you tell her about "jet lag"?

A) She should be able to adapt within one day since she is flying east.
B) She should begin to preadapt her sleep-and-waking cycle to Stockholm time.
C) When she arrives in Stockholm, she needs to stay indoors until her body adapts.
D) All of these would be good suggestions for Martha.

Question 79

One might expect an ambassador forced to return on short notice to his or her native country to perform poorly because

A) minimal needs for intellectual stimulation have not been met.
B) optimal needs for intellectual stimulation have not been met.
C) low levels of anxiety have risen to moderate levels.
D) circadian rhythms have been disrupted.

Question 80

In national championship collegiate athletic competitions,the team that has to travel across five time zones is at a disadvantage because of

A) sleep deprivation.
B) jet lag.
C) disruption in biorhythms due to a fear of flying.
D) preadaptation.