Deck 6: Economics

Question 1

Among the Lacandon Maya,an extensive cultivating society:

A)Individuals have the right to buy and sell any land use.
B)Individuals retain right to land they have cleared even if they leave it fallow.
C)Individuals and families must petition the chief yearly for an allotment of land.
D)Individuals may not buy and sell land but heads of families may do so.
E)Individuals may only gain access to land through inheritance.

Answer 1

Individuals retain right to land they have cleared even if they leave it fallow.

Question 2

The critical elements of any economic system are:

A)Reciprocity,redistribution,and market exchange.
B)Production,distribution,and consumption.
C)Currency,capital,and exchange.
D)Government,exchange,and consumption.
E)Agriculture,trade,and taxation.

Answer 2

Production,distribution,and consumption.

Question 3

Marcel Mauss,and many other anthropologists,theorized that an important function of gift giving is to:

A)Hold societies together.
B)Expand the technological base of a society.
C)Build up the economic resources of some families at the expense of other families.
D)Provide an outlet for the innate human desire to give and receive gifts.
E)Build up the power of the state.

Answer 3

Hold societies together.

Question 4

How do contemporary pastoralists primarily obtain access to land for grazing?

A)Through contracts with landowners as they pass through areas.
B)Through legal documents that allow them permanent use rights.
C)Through labor exchange with agriculturalists as they pass through the areas.
D)Through warfare and acquisition of property as they migrate through areas.
E)Through inheritance of private property.

Question 5

Land in horticultural societies is:

A)Owned by individuals.
B)Owned by chiefs or headmen.
C)Owned by men but worked by women.
D)Communally owned by kin groups.
E)Not owned by anyone.

Question 6

Material goods,natural resources,or information used to create other goods or information is known as the:

A)Economic system.
B)Consumption resources.
C)Distributive resources.
D)Productive resources.
E)Economizing behavior.

Question 7

A high degree of specialization of labor:

A)Is characteristic of all human societies.
B)Occurs more among horticulturalists than pastoralists.
C)Is unrelated to the food-getting strategy of a group.
D)Exists only in industrialized societies.
E)Tends to correlate with high population and agricultural intensification.

Question 8

In foraging (hunting and gathering)societies,land:

A)Is generally owned by individuals who are generous about letting others use it.
B)Is customarily used by certain groups,but others are not denied access to it.
C)Is owned by the corporate group and not the individual.
D)Is owned by chiefs or headmen,who have the right to sell it if desired.
E)Is privately and exclusively owned by men.

Question 9

The right of an individual or family to use a piece of land and pass that land to descendants,but not to sell or trade the land is called:

A)Private property.
B)Rights of lien.
C)Patrimonial rights.
D)Usufruct right.
E)Rights of inheritance.

Question 10

Among extensive cultivators,one of the key factors that determines whether land will be considered exclusive and defended is:

A)Contact with Western cultures (societies that have Western contact defend,others do not).
B)The types of crops planted (lands where tree crops are planted are defended but root crops are not).
C)The presence of irrigation works (lands with such works are defended,others are not).
D)The presence of warrior societies (cultures with warrior societies defend lands,others do not).
E)The relationship of land and population (societies with high population density defend lands,others do not).

Question 11

In Western cultures dominated by capitalism,extremely high emphasis is placed on:

A)Status.
B)Family and kinship connections.
C)Wealth and material prosperity.
D)Reciprocal relations of gift giving.
E)Behaving appropriately for one's social position.

Question 12

Economics is defined as:

A)The study of financial fluctuations within a particular society.
B)The study of the ways in which the choices people make combine to determine how their society uses resources for production and distribution.
C)The study of the interaction between culture,politics,and finances.
D)The study of how the financial market influences a society's financial and cultural elements.
E)The study of activities that affect distribution,exchange,and consumption.

Question 13

As social complexity and population increase,the differences between economic systems is mostly measured as a difference in:

A)Access to productive resources.
B)Management of distribution systems.
C)Quantity of consumption of goods and services.
D)Fitness and leisure activities available to the population.
E)Political organizations.

Question 14

In agricultural societies,the principal form of resources is:

A)Capital.
B)Trade.
C)Labor.
D)Livestock.
E)Status.

Question 15

Where resources are scarce and large areas are needed to support the population,territorial boundaries are:

A)Strictly defended and the cause of high amounts of conflict.
B)Loosely marked,but strictly defended by military coalitions.
C)Usually not defended.
D)Strictly marked,but loosely defended during certain seasons.
E)Marked and privately owned by influential members of the community.

Question 16

Peasants generally:

A)Own the land that they farm.
B)Support a wealthy,landowning class.
C)Have higher standards of living than horticulturalists.
D)Become landowners if they work hard enough.
E)Survive only by doing part time factory work for wages.

Question 17

The idea of private ownership of land tends to develop in societies where:

A)Material and labor investment in land becomes substantial.
B)Land is freely available to all.
C)Population is declining.
D)Technology is not widespread.
E)Men hunt and women gather.

Question 18

Which of the following is most essential in pastoralist societies?

A)Rights of ownership of land.
B)Rights of access to land.
C)The ability to sell land.
D)The ability to acquire land through inheritance.
E)The ability to transfer rights of land ownership as part of a marriage contract.

Question 19

One critical economic difference between a firm and a household is:

A)Firms look for profit in their cash transactions,households rarely do.
B)Firms have no obligations to the communities in which they are found;households have many.
C)Firms may grow with relative ease,but the structure of households limits their growth.
D)Firms may expand their size through hiring new members but the membership of a household is fixed.
E)Firms usually behave in a manner that is economically rational,households rarely do.

Question 20

In economics,economizing behavior is:

A)Behavior designed to save money for a household.
B)Choosing to buy a generic rather than a name brand product.
C)Attempting to increase profits by investing savings.
D)Only present in capitalist market economies.
E)Making choices in ways believed to provide the greatest benefit.

Question 21

Balanced reciprocity is most typical of what kinds of trading relationships?

A)Industrialized peoples with market economies.
B)Non-industrialized peoples without market economies.
C)Non-industrialized peoples with market economies.
D)Foraging societies with no formal economies.
E)Exchange between household economies and firms.

Question 22

The economic production of Turkish women:

A)Is slight and has little impact on the overall economy.
B)Is best understood in terms of their social obligations and relations of reciprocity.
C)Is clearly demonstrated in women's basket weaving.
D)Is best understood through the lens of market exchange.
E)Is believed to have high monetary value in Turkish society.

Question 23

When discussing anthropological research,Francisco Aguilera states that:

A)Anthropologists often have difficulty incorporating their beliefs into the corporate world.
B)Anthropologists do not use their participant-observer methodology outside of work conducted in the field.
C)Disciplines in the social sciences have little to offer corporate businesses.
D)Anthropologists are more apt at talking about culture than people from other disciplines.
E)Anthropologists have better analytical skills than people from other disciplines.

Question 24

The difference between a productive resource and a capital resource is:

A)Capital resources can exist only in modern industrialized nations.Productive resources exist everywhere.
B)Capital resources can exist only in modern industrialized nations.Productive resources exist only in traditional societies.
C)The ownership of capital resources makes one wealthy,but the ownership of productive resources does not.
D)Capital resources are used to generate profit for their owners,while productive resources do not necessarily have this function.
E)Capital resources can be sold or inherited,productive resources cannot.

Question 25

Today's market exchange system can be characterized by the phrase,"caveat emptor," which means:

A)"Let the buyer beware."
B)"All trade is equal."
C)"You break it,you buy it."
D)"Fair trade is empty trade."
E)"Heed all warnings."

Question 26

When a group collects goods and then gives them out to their own members or members of other groups,they are participating in:

A)Reciprocity
B)A market economy.
C)Redistribution
D)The institutionalization of unequal wealth.
E)The kula trade.

Question 27

Generalized reciprocity is the dominant form of exchange in:

A)Foraging societies.
B)Pastoral societies.
C)Chiefdoms.
D)Peasant agricultural societies.
E)State societies.

Question 28

Which of the following best describes the economics of potlatch of the tribes of the Pacific Northwest Coast?

A)An irrational destruction of valuable property.
B)An imitation of European parties and feasting.
C)The most fundamental reason why these tribes have such a low standard of living.
D)A method increasing productivity and distributing food and goods to a large dispersed population.
E)An expression of a cultural value that emphasizes charity and helping the poor.

Question 29

Leveling mechanisms are ways of evening out the distribution of wealth in society.Which of the following is not an example of a leveling mechanism?

A)The Mexican cargo system whereby wealthy adults take turns in sponsoring religious feasts.
B)The inheritance pattern by which all of a man's children share equally in his property.
C)Witchcraft accusations against especially prosperous persons.
D)The welfare and social security systems of modern industrialized nations.
E)A public stock offering by a private firm in a capitalist society.

Question 30

Anthropologist Eleanor Wynn's work in a corporation demonstrates:

A)The ease of using anthropological skills outside of an academic setting.
B)How anthropologists are able to achieve independent status and recognition when conducting research for a corporation.
C)The difficulty anthropologists experience when trying to find jobs outside of academia.
D)The limited area of research available to anthropologists.
E)How anthropological skills are essential at the corporate level.

Question 31

Because formal government is not present in the kula trading groups:

A)It is important that relations between partners remain friendly to reinforce the close ties of the participants.
B)Disorder often disrupts the stability of the trade networks.
C)Some groups are able to achieve economic dominance over others.
D)Participants are able to trade without fear of government laws and prohibitions.
E)It is often difficult for trading networks to remain stable and maintain reciprocal relationships.

Question 32

In Mexico,a cargo is:

A)The amount of a handicraft that can be produced in a single day.
B)The requirement that women carry water and cook food for the family.
C)The quantity of a crop that can be carried from field to village.
D)The obligation of a son-in-law to provide for his wife's parents.
E)A religious office held for a year and requiring substantial financial outlay.

Question 33

Kluckhohn showed when the Navajo traded with outsiders:

A)They were extremely careful to be honest and fair.
B)They engaged in silent trade,placing the goods they wanted to trade in the open and accepting whatever their trading partners gave.
C)They were particularly interested in jewelry and less interested in money.
D)It was considered morally acceptable to deceive.
E)They generally got taken.

Question 34

Which of the following best describes capitalism?

A)An economic system that has become predominant in the last 300 years.
B)A system designed to provide equal life-chances for all.
C)A system designed to minimize differences in wealth among people.
D)A critical means governments use to control the economy.
E)An idea present in all societies.

Question 35

There are many people in the United States who resist capitalism.Some common ways they do so are:

A)Joining unions.
B)Telecommuting.
C)Becoming college professors.
D)Starting their own small companies.
E)Garage sales,hunting,and gardening.

Question 36

Which of the following is one of the fundamental attributes of capitalism?

A)People in capitalist societies sell their labor for wages in order to survive.
B)Government plays a very little role in the regulation of the economy.
C)All people in capitalist societies are involved in capitalism.
D)Ownership of capital resources is spread roughly evenly throughout the population.
E)People receive approximately the full value of their labor.

Question 37

Which of the following might a chief at a potlatch be likely to do?

A)Ask God for forgiveness of his sins.
B)Brag about his wealth and power.
C)Praise the wealth and power of the people he has invited.
D)Demand that his followers worship him.
E)Demand that those whom he invited give him gifts.

Question 38

All of the following were part of historical moments in the development of Belizean cuisine except:

A)Settlement by European Baymen that introduced processed and preserved breads and meats.
B)Migration of Belizeans to the U.S.where they developed a more distinct national Belizean cuisine that they then re-introduced to Belize.
C)Increasing numbers of tourists to Belize that cause development of more international cuisine to cater to the tourists' needs.
D)Reliance on an economy of slavery in which the slaves were fed on large amounts of imported rations.
E)Growing numbers of indigenous peoples in Belize beginning to market local products and foods.

Question 39

In a system of balanced reciprocity,giving a gift to someone:

A)Carries no obligations for either the giver or the receiver.
B)Starts a pattern in which the giver will continue to present gifts and the recipient will show gratitude.
C)Requires that the recipient return a more-or-less equivalent gift at a later date.
D)Demands a counter-gift if the recipient is the same gender as the giver.
E)Is only permitted if the giver is an adult and the recipient a child.

Question 40

For the Trobriand Islanders,the central part of the Kula trade is:

A)The opportunity to prove their manhood by taking long sea voyages.
B)Trading for types of food that are unavailable on their home island.
C)Trading for bracelets and armbands.
D)The opportunity to meet potential mates.
E)The after-parties that accompany all trading.

Question 41

Exchanging one's labor for a wage is a fundamental component of capitalism.

Question 42

A leveling mechanism is a practice or form of social organization that evens out wealth in a society.

Question 43

Industrialization and specialization have limited the access people have to goods and services.

Question 44

A capital good is anything that is used to make something else.

Question 45

Research in Zinacantan shows that the obligations to take on cargoes (or religious offices)generally prevents anyone from becoming wealthy.

Question 46

It is not necessary for every society to have an economic system.

Question 47

All individuals living in a capitalist society must participate in this economic system.

Question 48

In Belize,there is a long tradition of national cuisine.

Question 49

Balanced reciprocity is typical of trading relationships among non-industrialized people without market economies.

Question 50

There are three types of reciprocity: generalized,neutral,and balanced.

Question 51

The potlatch is an example of negative reciprocity.

Question 52

A household is similar to a firm because both are defined as groups that are united by kinship and have goals to increase their size indefinitely.

Question 53

The objective of negative reciprocity is to gain material advantage without having to give anything in return.

Question 54

One universal aspect of the division of labor is that women have the major responsibility for child care.

Question 55

Capital is the productive resources that can be used to increase financial wealth.

Question 56

Foraging societies are likely to have rigid boundaries and defend them against encroachers.

Question 57

All economic behavior can be explained by financial profit and gain.

Question 58

Since they can be used in gardening,the key items exchanged in the Kula trade have great economic value.

Question 59

In modern capitalist societies,people rarely get much of their identity through work.

Question 60

Productive resources are goods,natural resources,or information that is used to create other goods.

Question 61

Describe the ceremonial exchange that takes place in kula.

Question 62

The competitive feast of the Kwakiutl at which chiefs distribute and destroy goods to validate their claims to prestige is called a(n)__________.

Question 63

How does generalized reciprocity also serve as a social mechanism in foraging societies?

Question 64

Under what conditions do we expect to find foragers defending their territory?

Question 65

Name three leveling mechanisms that exist in the Chiapas district of Mexico.

Question 66

Belize has long been affected by global economic forces.Recently,however,two contradictory trends have developed in Belize cuisine.What are these?

Question 67

What are the three types of reciprocity?

Question 68

Name three distinctions between a household and a firm.

Question 69

Under what conditions do we expect an increasingly specialized and complex division of labor?

Question 70

The predominant form of exchange in capitalist societies is __________.

Question 71

Anthropologist Francisco Aguilera argues that anthropologists bring three unique capacities to the corporate community.What are these?

Question 72

A practice,value,or aspect of social organization that results in a lessening of the true disparities of wealth in a society is called a(n)__________.

Question 73

Present and discuss two examples of anthropological work in the corporate world.

Question 74

What are the two most critical resources for pastoralists?

Question 75

What are the three fundamental attributes of capitalism?

Question 76

What is meant by the term "productive" resources?

Question 77

Describe how gift-giving creates a social relationship,according to Marcel Mauss.

Question 78

What is meant by the term "new product ethnography"?

Question 79

What are the three components of economics?

Question 80

What do anthropologists mean by economizing behavior? Is this always linked to financial gain?