Deck 15: Culture, change, and the Modern World

Question 1

About what percentage of the world's population currently lives in cities?

A)Under 15 percent.
B)About 30 percent.
C)Somewhat more than 50 percent.
D)About 60 percent.
E)About 75 percent.

Answer 1

Somewhat more than 50 percent.

Question 2

Studies of Chinese workers who have migrated to cities in search of factory jobs have demonstrated that:

A)They prefer factory labor,even under harsh conditions,and rarely return to the countryside if they lose their jobs.
B)They are "target workers." They work to earn a certain amount of money,and once they achieve that target,they return to the countryside.
C)They are only held in urban areas by specific jobs.When these jobs end,they return rapidly to the countryside.
D)They advance rapidly,earning higher salaries and greater status within 18-24 months.
E)They are generally dissatisfied with working conditions and often engage in strikes.

Answer 2

They prefer factory labor,even under harsh conditions,and rarely return to the countryside if they lose their jobs.

Question 3

All of the following are common violations cited to Foxconn in its sweatshops in China,Brazil,Mexico,and other countries except:

A)Improper disposal of hazardous waste.
B)Closing the factory without notifying the workers.
C)Under-aged workers.
D)Crowded dorms and living conditions.
E)Falsification of records.

Answer 3

Closing the factory without notifying the workers.

Question 4

According to the World Bank,about how many people in the world in 2006 were living on less than $1 per day?

A)65 million
B)187 million
C)650 million
D)994 million
E)1 billion

Question 5

The success of Gerald Murray's forestry projects in Haiti was based on:

A)Effective lobbying that caused American corporations to buy Haitian lumber.
B)Treating trees as a cash crop.
C)The support of key Haitian politicians.
D)The use of a key informant.
E)The fact that Murray was of Haitian ancestry.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about sweatshop labor is correct?

A)Sweatshop labor has been eliminated in Europe and America.
B)Sweatshop laborers are rarely subject to psychological or verbal abuse.
C)Western economists agree that sweatshops are generally good for developing countries,even though the conditions are challenging.
D)America and European nations made extensive use of sweatshop labor in the past.
E)Western economists agree that most attempts to end sweatshop labor harm the very people they are aimed at helping.

Question 7

Which of the following correctly characterizes Dalva,one of the informants in Mary Kenny's study of the favela of Olinda?

A)Like many other children,she will use her formal schooling to escape conditions of poverty.
B)A victim of child abuse,she will most likely have to spend the rest of her life in an institution.
C)Although her family is poor,she receives strong support from her parents,particularly her mother.
D)She works 12 hours a day sewing shirts for American corporations but barely makes enough money to feed herself,let alone her brothers and sisters.
E)Although only 12,by organizing younger children and generating income,she has become the head of her household.

Question 8

Why is Apple Corporation not cited more frequently for labor abuses in the production of its goods?

A)Apple is very strict about following good labor standards and has never been cited for labor abuse.
B)Apple does not outsource any of its production.It is an American company.
C)Apple outsources all of its production to another corporation that does engage in labor exploitation,but Apple is not directly involved.
D)Apple has employed labor supervisors who regulate the industry and they have decided not to cite Apple for violations.
E)Apple has been cited numerous times for violations and runs sweatshops all over the United States.

Question 9

According to Jim Igoe,who worked with the Maasai,a critical problem with development is that:

A)Many projects are based in Western understandings that seem logical to the people who design the projects but less plausible to their recipients.
B)Many projects assume a level of education that is just not present among the project recipients.
C)Projects that are designed by local communities are often unacceptable to the people who have to fund them.
D)Western project managers are rarely accepted by project recipients in poor nations.
E)Although major donors want to fund large projects,the kinds more likely to work are small projects.

Question 10

In her study of AIDS education in Nepal,Stacy Pigg found that:

A)Although people knew what AIDS was,they did not associate it with sexual behavior.
B)AIDS prevention programs had been ineffective in the past because they assumed that a large percentage of the population could speak English.
C)Strict taboos in Nepalese society made it impossible to talk directly about homosexual behavior.
D)Traditional methods of sexual regulation could be used to control the spread of AIDS.
E)Even though most Nepalese do not speak English,information about AIDS was more effectively conveyed in English than in Nepalese.

Question 11

A key difference between a colonial government and an independent government is:

A)Colonies need to be made productive for their owners.Independent nations need to be prosperous in their own right.
B)Colonial governments are much more likely to regulate freedom of speech than are independent governments.
C)Colonial governments generally attempt to control as much of the economy of the colonized nation as possible.Independent governments generally exercise less control over the economy.
D)Colonial governments never return any value to their subjects;even oppressive independent governments return some work of value to their citizens.
E)Independent governments in the third world invariably had higher levels of corruption than their colonial predecessors.

Question 12

In the next four decades,almost all the growth in urban populations is expected to occur:

A)In South America.
B)In Europe.
C)In the Southern Hemisphere.
D)In the wealthiest nations.
E)In the world's poor nations.

Question 13

The total value of all goods and services produced in a country is known as:

A)Gross export value.
B)Gross national product.
C)Gross national production.
D)Gross national income.
E)Gross productive income.

Question 14

Which of the following correctly describes neoliberalism?

A)The belief that American style representative democracy is the best form of government for all people.
B)The belief that government should provide a social net for all citizens.
C)The belief that major industries serve a country best if their ownership is socialized.
D)The belief that the laws of a nation should apply equally to all its citizens.
E)The belief that governments should be small and should promote free trade,and individual initiative.

Question 15

In her study of the favela of Olinda in Brazil,Mary Kenny found that social relations among residents were characterized by:

A)Solidarity and mutual support.
B)General hostility and suspicion.
C)Strong bonds of friendship among women only.
D)Unusually strong ties between members of the same family.
E)A critical reliance on membership in one of three street gangs.

Question 16

In many cases,multinational corporations have effects on gender roles in society.These effects:

A)Generally favor men at the expense of women.
B)Generally favor women at the expense of men.
C)Are generally the same on both men and women.
D)Might favor either men or women depending on the circumstances.
E)Generally improve the positions of both men and women but largely at the expense of children.

Question 17

An MNC is:

A)A type of role playing game.
B)A bilateral aid and development organization.
C)A corporation that owns businesses in more than one nation.
D)A type of treaty designed to preserve the rights of indigenous people.
E)A joint defense treaty between mutually antagonistic nations.

Question 18

One of the problems with efforts at development based on recreating the historical experience of the wealthy nations is that:

A)They generally fail to consider the biologically based differences among human beings.
B)They often fail to consider that much of the wealth of the industrialized nations was based on exploiting the poor nations.
C)They assume that people are motivated solely by the pursuit of wealth and that education is not necessary to development.
D)They fail to understand the true extent of poverty in the world's poorest nations.
E)They assume that there is no connection between development programs and the political objectives of the wealthy nations.

Question 19

Which development approach focuses on projects aimed at giving the poorest people in the world access to clean water,education,and health care?

A)Structural adjustment.
B)Basic human needs approaches.
C)Modernization.
D)Post-modernization.
E)Neoliberalism.

Question 20

Which of the following best characterizes the history of development projects in the years since independence?

A)They have generally not been successful.
B)After a poor start,their success improved dramatically in the mid 1960s.
C)They were highly successful until the end of the Cold War but have generally failed since that time.
D)They have been highly successful in Latin America and Africa but failed elsewhere in the world.
E)Though there have been a few failures,development efforts have generally been highly successful.

Question 21

During the 1994 genocide in Rwanda:

A)United Nation troops moved forcefully to stop the violence and re-establish representative government.
B)French government officials tried to protect the victims of the genocide.
C)Priests and other religious officials sheltered victims from the genocidal wrath of their neighbors.
D)More than 800,000 people were killed and every level of society was involved.
E)Men promoted the massacre of their neighbors but were held back from even greater killings by the actions of women and children.

Question 22

John Grey,a critic of Thomas Friedman's notion that the world is flat,argues that:

A)Friedman downplays the role of race in understanding wealth and poverty.
B)Friedman does not fully realize the potential of the internet to transform relationships among people.
C)Friedman overstates the degree to which trade and communication promote peace and stability.
D)Friedman does not understand the degree to which current conflicts express ancient ethnic hatreds.
E)Friedman does not understand the degree to which the current world is the result of imperialism and colonialism.

Question 23

According to the text,which of the following is most important in controlling population?

A)Distribution of birth control.
B)Educating the people.
C)Getting religious authorities to support birth control.
D)Getting government authorities to support population control programs.
E)Improving the life-chances of people in poor countries.

Question 24

During the Cold War of 1945-1989:

A)The economic problems of people in poor nations were largely ignored.
B)Peace was maintained almost everywhere in the world by the balance of power between the United States and the Soviets.
C)People in the world's poor nations fought proxy wars with money and weapons supplied by the United States and the Soviet Union.
D)People in the poor nations were largely free to construct their own economic and political systems in response to local tradition and condition.
E)The Soviet Union and the United States focused almost all their attention on Asia and only rarely intervened in African nations.

Question 25

According to Caroline Brettell,migrants often come to their new nations with an "ideology of return." This means that:

A)They desire to send money back to the countries they have left.
B)They believe that their migration is temporary and that they will one day return to their country of origin.
C)They wish to bring other members of their families to live in their new countries.
D)They generally have an "eye for eye" philosophy that is likely to result in success in their new countries.
E)They have a commitment to the political beliefs of their old country that they rarely shed.

Question 26

Elites in poor nations are often opposed to population control programs because:

A)Such programs often run contrary to religion.
B)Elites believe that their own chances of economic success are best with a very large family.
C)Elites fear the social unrest that could result from attempts to force the poor to control their population.
D)They suspect that wealthy nations promote population control in poor nations for their own self-interest.
E)They believe their continued prosperity rests upon the fact that the poor of their nation remain poor because they have large families.

Question 27

Probably the most important way that migrants contribute to the places they leave are:

A)Remittances sent to family back home.
B)Reducing population pressure in these places.
C)Opening new possibilities for education in the places they leave.
D)Increasing the political stability of the places they leave.
E)Allowing traditional culture to continue in the places they leave.

Question 28

E.B.Tylor argued that anthropology was a "reformer's science." By this he meant that:

A)Anthropologists had a duty to reform their own practices.
B)The purpose of anthropology was ultimately to create a better world.
C)Anthropologists should fight against bureaucratic corruption.
D)Anthropologists should focus their attention on enforcing codes of inductive reasoning in science.
E)Anthropologists should always support the notion that all cultures are equally worthy of respect.

Question 29

A critical thing that anthropology teaches us is:

A)To the greatest degree possible,indigenous cultures should be preserved intact for future generations.
B)Efforts at global development will ultimately fail because of human nature.
C)In general,traditional people had better ways of doing things than modern people do.
D)Problems we face are ultimately not the result of human nature,and thus,solutions are possible.
E)Ultimately,and inevitably,people will solve the problems and dilemmas that face modern cultures.

Question 30

The total population of the world as of 2012 is approximately:

A)2.7 billion.
B)4.53 billion.
C)6.84 billion.
D)10.74 billion.
E)12.5 billion.

Question 31

Voluntary associations are most likely to emerge:

A)In hunting and gathering societies.
B)Among newly urbanized populations in agricultural societies.
C)As men's cults in patrilineal societies.
D)In pastoral societies where farmers and pastoralists fight over land.
E)As groups fighting for women's rights in male-dominated societies.

Question 32

In a well known book,Thomas Friedman argued that the world is flat.By this he meant that:

A)Absolute wealth is currently spread approximately equally around the world.
B)Columbus got it wrong.
C)Even though racism and ethnocentrism continue to exist,we should behave as if they do not.
D)Economic and social opportunities are increasingly available to all people no matter where they live.
E)The collective talents of any one group of people is approximately the same as the collective talents of any other group of people.

Question 33

One important result of China's one child policy has been:

A)The skewing of the sex ratio in favor of boys.
B)The skewing of the sex ratio in favor of girls.
C)An increase in the speed with which people have migrated from rural to urban areas.
D)A new emphasis on increasing the population in rural areas relative to urban areas.
E)The total population of China has decreased slightly over the past 10 years.

Question 34

Multinationals play an important role in pollution because:

A)They are frequently at the forefront of efforts to clean up the environment.
B)They are more susceptible to public pressure than other corporations.
C)They are wealthy and powerful enough to circumvent national laws designed to control pollution.
D)They are particularly able to create and market products that can control pollution.
E)Factories of multinationals tend to pollute more per unit of goods they produce than factories of locally owned companies.

Question 35

A critical problem for indigenous people has been that as world population increases:

A)The percentage of the world composed of indigenous people decreases.
B)Indigenous people are less able to make their voices heard in local and regional governments.
C)There is increased pressure on them to increase their family size and this often destabilizes their production system.
D)Land shortages have resulted in changes to traditional practices or,sometimes,the virtual disappearance of traditional livelihoods.
E)The problems of indigenous people matter less and less to others.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about the past 100 years is correct?

A)It has seen less bloodshed and suffering than most previous eras.
B)It is probably the bloodiest century in human history.
C)There has been little bloodshed in the wealthy countries but a great deal in the poor nations.
D)There has been little bloodshed in the poor nations but a great deal in the wealthy nations.
E)There was a great deal of bloodshed during the cold war but international levels of violence have greatly declined since then.

Question 37

In her study of China's one-child policy,Anthropologist Susan Greenhalgh worries that:

A)The policy might not be sufficient to prevent China's population from increasing rapidly.
B)Chinese children will be very smart but very self-centered and,as adults,will not make very sophisticated leaders.
C)The policy is not very effective because it is rarely enforced.
D)China's rural families might not have sufficient workers to generate adequate levels of agricultural production.
E)The high number of abortions required by the policy will have a devastating emotional effect on Chinese women.

Question 38

Saami herders base their pastoral livelihood on what animal?

A)Cows.
B)Horses.
C)Reindeer.
D)Yaks.
E)Llamas.

Question 39

What is the source of the problem between the indigenous Saami herders and the Norwegian government?

A)The government of Norway wants to intervene in Saami herding and animal ownership to make changes that they believe will be more efficient for both the Saami and Norway.
B)The Norwegian government wants to conscript the Saami into their national army and force them to become citizens of Norway.The Saami do not consider themselves to be citizens.
C)The Saami do not want to continue their indigenous lifestyle and the Norwegian government wants them to remain as herders for tourist purposes.
D)The Saami are trying to relocate to Sweden,which has better pastureland and better land use laws,but the Norwegian government will not let them leave.
E)The Saami are reproducing at very high rates and the Norwegian government wants to control for population pressure.

Question 40

Which of the following correctly compares energy consumption and environment in wealthy and poor countries?

A)Wealthy countries consume more energy but have less polluted environments than poor countries.
B)Poor countries consume less energy and have less polluted environments than wealthy nations.
C)Wealthy nations consume more energy and have more polluted environments than poor nations.
D)Poor nations consume more energy than wealthy nations but have more polluted environments.
E)Poor and wealthy nations consume vastly different amounts of energy but have environments that are approximately equally polluted.

Question 41

Modernization theory resulted in foreign advice and financial aid designed to alter the structural,cultural,and psychological features of poor nations.

Question 42

There may be some benefits to global warming,particularly in nations of the northern hemisphere.

Question 43

Although,in the 1960s,many anthropologists were employed by development organizations such as the United States Agency for International Development,by the 1980s,this number dropped precipitously.

Question 44

A typical "extended" family in rural Asia is unlikely to include more than five people.

Question 45

According to Susan Greenhalgh,among newly prosperous urban Chinese,girls are now considered as good as or even preferable to boys.

Question 46

In many places,multinational corporations employ large numbers of female workers because they are seen as more easily controllable than males.

Question 47

Thomas Friedman has argued that the result of globalization will be a more unequal and more violent world.

Question 48

Based on her study of the favela of Olinda,Mary Kenny argues that ending child labor will help to end poverty.

Question 49

Some anthropologists are critical of development because they do not believe that people should buy into the practices of governments and other agencies behind development programs.

Question 50

Population scientists have accurately estimated the human carrying capacity of the world.

Question 51

Even though many urban dwellers live in slums,they often have more amenities than they had in the rural areas they left.

Question 52

The economic downturn of 2008-2009 led some governments to offer cash rewards for immigrants who wished to leave and return to their countries of origin.

Question 53

Because conditions in factories are difficult,Chinese workers take almost any opportunity to leave them and return to the countryside.

Question 54

An accurate anthropological understanding of the current condition of the world suggests that human beings are unlikely to survive the next two centuries.

Question 55

One thing that anthropologists working in development do is try to counter the tendency of economists to believe that everyone thinks alike and responds to the same incentives.

Question 56

In the 1980s,most Ju/'hoansi foragers ended up fighting for the freedom of Namibia with the Southwest African People's Organization (SWAPO).

Question 57

The World Bank does not work frequently with poorer nations.

Question 58

More than 1 billion of the world's population live on less than $1 a day but a meal for two at a good restaurant in a major wealthy city can easily top $100.

Question 59

Even though populations have increased dramatically,in most places traditional subsistence strategies are still able to provide enough food for people.

Question 60

Apple Corporation is the only one in the U.S.that has never been cited for labor abuses.

Question 61

Define neoliberalism.

Question 62

How has political instability affected the Ju'hoansi?

Question 63

Why is global warming expected to be more harmful to poorer nations than wealthier ones?

Question 64

More than a century ago,E.B.Tylor called anthropology a "reformer's science." What did he mean by this?

Question 65

What is meant by "brain drain" in immigration research?

Question 66

What is the World Bank?

Question 67

What are sweatshops?

Question 68

Among the poor in many urban areas there has been a development of voluntary associations.What are these and what purpose do they serve?

Question 69

Do sweatshops operate currently in the U.S.? Explain your answer.

Question 70

Describe the ambiguous position of the Norwegian government toward the Saami herders.

Question 71

What are three critical problems facing poor nations today?

Question 72

What is a "high fertility country"? What national conditions would we expect in that country?

Question 73

Why were poor nations forced to accept structural adjustment?

Question 74

Why is it difficult to measure the "carrying capacity" of the earth?

Question 75

Name three social changes that have occurred in China because of the shortage of women.

Question 76

What is China's "one-child policy"?

Question 77

Name three different types of development approaches that were used in the post-colonial era.

Question 78

What role does the Grameen Bank play in development projects?

Question 79

Why do some anthropologists reject development projects?

Question 80

What jobs are available to people in the Brazilian favela of Olinda?