Deck 7: Psychology, Society, and Culture

Question 1

The humanist approach emphasizes:

A) the entire person.
B) the mind.
C) psychoanalysis and genetics.
D) negative reinforcement.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Freud originated a system of:

A) environmental categories.
B) personality testing called IQ.
C) psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis.
D) pop psychology.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In the nature/nurture debate, the cognitive approach focuses on:

A) nature.
B) nurture.
C) the entire being.
D) suggesting an alternative to nature or nurture.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Operant conditioning is often discussed in terms of:

A) superego development.
B) id identification.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) self-actualization.

Question 5

The psychoanalytic approach to understanding behavior focuses on:

A) Freud's theories of behavior.
B) ones conscious understanding of their environment.
C) cognitive science.
D) the actions one demonstrates.

Question 6

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy states that each level:

A) must be satisfied before the next is attempted.
B) is independent of the others.
C) alone is enough to make an individual self-actualized.
D) will require no further effort once attained.

Question 7

The ability of a person to understand situations and make adjustments depending on learning and thinking is called:

A) intelligence.
B) deviance.
C) illegitimate opportunity.
D) differential association.

Question 8

Judith Martin suggested that if the child acts perfect, the child:

A) is being deceptive.
B) is manipulative and dangerous.
C) is perfect.
D) is really not perfect.

Question 9

Mental tests indicate:

A) no differences in intelligence.
B) great differences in intelligence.
C) the infallibility of IQ tests.
D) that tests are the best and only way to study people.

Question 10

Cesare Lombroso claimed that criminals are:

A) recognized by their longer lower jaws.
B) known to be more sensitive to pain.
C) recognized by their heavy beards.
D) recognized by their short ears.

Question 11

IQ tests, like all tests, can be useful, but only if:

A) their limitations are kept in perspective.
B) they are given to all people many times.
C) seen as the way to control behavior.
D) we prevent any criticism of the tests.

Question 12

David Lykken and Auke Tellegen's study of pairs of identical twins found that regardless of their surroundings, their level of:

A) intelligence differed by only 10.5 percent.
B) happiness was the same.
C) insecurity was greatly overestimated for both.
D) depression were exactly opposite 80 percent of the time.

Question 13

The study of children who have been largely isolated demonstrates the importance of:

A) genetic determinism in behavior.
B) socialization.
C) feral phases in all children.
D) the need for isolation in normal development.

Question 14

Which approach to the explanation of behavior did Sigmund Freud pioneer?

A) cognitive approach
B) psychoanalytical approach
C) behavioralist approach
D) humanist approach

Question 15

Recent discussions of the nature/nurture debate have tended to emphasize the:

A) enormous importance of nurture and the environment.
B) complex interaction between the two.
C) inheritability of most intellectual behaviors.
D) importance of socialization reversals.

Question 16

Culture's role in shaping individual personality is:

A) minor.
B) unimportant.
C) unknown.
D) major.

Question 17

Good adjustment and normality:

A) have precisely the same meaning in all societies.
B) do not have precisely the same meaning when applied to personality.
C) are the same in all cultures.
D) are recognized as being not closely related.

Question 18

Freud's Oedipus complex received much:

A) widespread support because people found it easy to accept.
B) praise from the general public.
C) positive reaction from all psychologists.
D) publicity and aroused widespread opposition.

Question 19

Martin Seligman argues that couples who stay together happily are the ones who:

A) see each other as objects.
B) do not see each other every week of the year.
C) see their spouse objectively.
D) see their spouse through rose-colored glasses.

Question 20

Which approach to the explanation of behavior focuses on the unconscious and its relation to conscious thoughts and actions?

A) cognitive approach
B) psychoanalytic approach
C) behavioralist approach
D) humanist approach

Question 21

The nature-nurture debate focuses on whether heredity or environment is more important in determining personality.

Question 22

The total organization of the inherited and acquired characteristics of an individual as evidenced by human behavior is called personality.

Question 23

It is possible to find children who have been completely isolated from other human beings from the time of birth.

Question 24

Skinner argued that human behavior could be changed through operant conditioning.

Question 25

Piaget finds it useful to consider a child's life as one undivided period in personality development.

Question 26

Once personality has begun to form it becomes an independent force in the adjustment of the individual to the total environment.

Question 27

Two individuals can have exactly the same social environment and therefore be exactly identical in behavior.

Question 28

Labeling Theory is part of the broader theoretical perspective called the:

A) functionalist perspective.
B) symbolic interactionist perspective.
C) psycho analytical perspective.
D) historical perspective.

Question 29

Stories of feral children should be regarded with skepticism.

Question 30

The experiences of the young child within the family group seem to have little influence on human personality development.

Question 31

Strain theory argues that:

A) we are all deviants.
B) labels are self-fulfilling.
C) society creates crime and criminals.
D) crime is a product of individuals.

Question 32

Culture is external to the individual and not a part of personality.

Question 33

Each individual is an independent entity without dependency on culture.

Question 34

Personality bears the imprint of four things: inherited potentialities of the individual, natural environment, the culture of an individual's society, and unique personal experiences.

Question 35

A society is composed of individuals and as a whole society is:

A) equal exactly to the sum of these individuals.
B) is best understood as developing in the same way individuals develop.
C) known to have few adjustment problems.
D) more than the sum of those individuals.

Question 36

Differential association theory assumes that deviation or conformity is most influenced by:

A) genetics.
B) climate and geography.
C) skull shape and forehead dimensions.
D) group membership and interaction.

Question 37

B. F. Skinner strongly denied the influence of society on the individual.

Question 38

Richard Clower and Lloyd Ohlin suggest that distinct styles of crime are determined by:

A) social class differences.
B) aggressive genes.
C) brain chemicals.
D) inherited instincts.

Question 39

The human baby is a helpless creature at birth.

Question 40

The behavioralist approach focuses on thought as the determinant of behavior.

Question 41

Edwin Sutherland developed the Biological Predisposition Theory of Deviance.

Question 42

People with an IQ of less than 80 are considered retarded.

Question 43

The humanist approach emphasizes actions in shaping behavior rather than the mind.

Question 44

Strain theory sees deviance as a product of society, not of individuals.

Question 45

What is pop psychology? How is pop psychology different from the more scientific theories of psychology?

Question 46

Women are emotionally and psychiatrically disabled and have more symptoms of stress than men.

Question 47

The pop psychology of the early 2000s has a common theme - the gradual long-term solution to problems.

Question 48

Economists argue that exploring crime through a cost-benefit approach fully explains the issue.

Question 49

Abraham Maslow developed the Oedipus complex to explain personality development.

Question 50

How and why are the cognitive, psychoanalytic, behavioralist and humanist explanations of human behavior different? Give specific examples of a famous researcher for all of these approaches except cognitive.

Question 51

Answer and explain why the following question is important: What is the greater determinant of human behavior: nature or nurture?

Question 52

Functionalists argue that deviance is a necessary part of a society.

Question 53

How do sociological explanations of deviance differ from psychological and biological explanations of deviance? Compare and contrast specific theories from each perspective.

Question 54

Intelligence is measured without limitations because it is just mental manipulation.

Question 55

What is intelligence? How have psychologists tested for intelligence? Why did the book titled The Bell Curve cause a controversy among social scientists?