Deck 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Question 1

Gender is not one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Across cultures, girls are preferred to boys, especially when the number of children that parents can have is limited by law or economic conditions.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

A lack of official statistics makes it difficult to determine how many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT).

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Society distinguishes between males and females, yet evaluates each according to the same standards.

Question 5

Eating disorders only affect women.

Question 6

A person's earnings depend a great deal on where the person is located in the occupational structure of the labor market.

Question 7

Intersexed anatomy is always apparent at birth.

Question 8

Sexism is interwoven with patriarchy-a hierarchal system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.

Question 9

During adolescence, adults are more effective agents of gender socialization than peers.

Question 10

The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in housing against members of the LGBT community.

Question 11

Research shows that unintentional gender bias occurs in virtually all educational settings.

Question 12

Gender inequality and male dominance are uncommon in the twenty-first century.

Question 13

Gender belief systems, which are made legitimate by religion, science, law, and social values, may change over time as gender roles change.

Question 14

Gender refers to the socially and socially constructed differences between males and females.

Question 15

As societies begin to industrialize, women's status tends to decline further.

Question 16

Having engaged in a homosexual behavior does not necessarily classify a person as homosexual.

Question 17

Most cross-dressers are homosexual men.

Question 18

Most of the world's population no longer lives in agrarian societies.

Question 19

A transgender person is an individual whose gender identity does not match the person's assigned identity.

Question 20

Men and women can both be victims of sexism.

Question 21

__________ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.

A) ​Sex
B) ​Primary distinctions
C) ​Gender
D) ​Secondary distinctions

Question 22

Christianity and Islam are both on the rise because they provide a moral code, spiritual reassurance, and orderliness to people who are in the throes of chaos and the immorality around them.

Question 23

At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by __________, the genitalia used in the reproductive process.

A) ​tertiary sex characteristics
B) ​primary sex characteristics
C) ​cultural tendencies
D) ​secondary sex characteristics

Question 24

Islamic feminism is based on the belief that greater gender equality can be possible in the Muslim world if the teachings of Islam is followed more closely.

Question 25

Women's increased participation in paid employment has resulted in radical changes in the division of household labor.

Question 26

A chromosomally normal (XY) male was born with a penis just one centimeter long and a small opening similar to that of a female vagina. This individual would be referred to as __________.

A) ​transsexual
B) ​bisexual
C) ​intersexed
D) ​transvestite

Question 27

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An "XX" chromosome pairing is associated with __________.

A) ​a hermaphrodite embryo
B) ​a male embryo
C) ​a heterosexual embryo
D) ​a female embryo

Question 28

The term __________ refers to individuals whose appearance, behavior, or self-identification does not conform to their assigned sex and identification by others as male or female.

A) ​multigender
B) ​transvestite
C) ​transsexual
D) ​transgender

Question 29

At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of __________, the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual's sex.

A) ​primary sex characteristics
B) ​hormonal correlates
C) ​secondary sex characteristics
D) ​tertiary sex characteristics

Question 30

Islamic feminism holds that their religion discriminates against women and, therefore, women should abandon Islam.

Question 31

Some people may be genetically of one sex but have a gender identity of the other. These people are termed __________, in which the sex-related structure of the brain that defines gender identity is opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body.

A) ​hermaphrodite
B) ​transgendered
C) ​transvestite
D) ​homosexual

Question 32

Although men's average wages vary depending upon age, women's average wages are always lower than those of men in the same age group, and the older that women get, the greater the gap.

Question 33

The term __________ refers to the process of treating people as if they were things, not human beings. Typically, this occurs when we judge people on the basis of their physical appearance rather than on the basis of their individual qualities or actions.

A) ​objectification
B) ​reification
C) ​mechanization
D) ​rationalization

Question 34

Hijra, xanith, and berdache are all examples of a __________.

A) ​"third sex"
B) ​transvestite
C) ​homosexual
D) ​intersexed person

Question 35

An example of a primary sex characteristic in women is__________________.

A) ​enlarged breasts
B) ​wider hips
C) ​menstruation
D) ​the vagina

Question 36

The text uses the term __________ for men or women who do not alter their genitalia but who live as members of the opposite sex.

A) ​cross-dresser
B) ​transsexual
C) ​transgender
D) ​homosexual

Question 37

Sex is not always clear-cut. Occasionally, a hormone imbalance before birth produces a person who is __________, in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete.

A) ​transsexual
B) ​intersexed
C) ​transvestite
D) ​homosexual

Question 38

An example of a primary sex characteristics in men is____________________.

A) ​the penis
B) ​a more muscular build
C) ​a deeper voice
D) ​more body and facial hair

Question 39

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An "XY" chromosome generally means __________.

A) ​a heterosexual embryo
B) ​a male embryo
C) ​a hermaphrodite embryo
D) ​a female embryo

Question 40

One dimension of the objectification of women is that________________.

A) ​women tend to be responded to as "females," and their personal qualities and accomplishments are of secondary or very little importance
B) ​women are seen as being "all different," with an emphasis on their unique body parts
C) ​women are seen as independent, aloof, and without regard for the needs of others.
D) ​women are seen as difficult to ignore, dismiss, or trivialize

Question 41

Most cross-dressers are __________.

A) ​lesbian women
B) ​gay men
C) ​heterosexual women
D) ​heterosexual men

Question 42

The text points out that a macrolevel analysis of gender examines structural features, external to the individual, that perpetuate gender inequality. These structures have been referred to as __________, meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society.

A) ​gendered institutions
B) ​gendered structures
C) ​gendered correlates
D) ​gendered determinants

Question 43

__________ is a person's perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept.

A) ​Gender identity
B) ​Sexual identity
C) ​Gender role
D) ​Body consciousness

Question 44

Which of these would be the subject of a microlevel analysis of gender?​

A) ​the way gender is embedded in language
B) ​policies for gender roles in social institutions such as the military
C) ​the messages a mother or father gives to his or her child about "being a man"
D) ​religious doctrine that addresses gender

Question 45

__________ refer(s) to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).

A) ​Sexism
B) ​Gender identity
C) ​Sexual identification
D) ​Sexual orientation

Question 46

__________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.

A) ​Sexual identity
B) ​Gender identity
C) ​Body consciousness
D) ​Gender role

Question 47

The term __________ refers to all the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society.

A) ​sexual norms
B) ​gender belief system
C) ​gender identity
D) ​body consciousness

Question 48

What is the term for extreme prejudice directed at gays?​

A) ​homophobia
B) ​heterophobia
C) ​sexism
D) ​transgenderism

Question 49

__________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."​

A) ​Gender
B) ​Primary sexual identifiers
C) ​Sex
D) ​Secondary sexual identifiers

Question 50

__________ in the social world is/are gendered.

A) ​Virtually everything
B) ​Nothing
C) ​Only institutions
D) ​Only families

Question 51

Which of these would the subject of a macrolevel analysis of gender?​

A) ​how two female best friends talk to each other
B) ​the messages a father gives his son about being a man
C) ​how a mother discusses menstruation with her daughter
D) ​how gender is embedded in language

Question 52

The social significance of gender stereotypes is illustrated by eating disorders such as __________, which refers to a person binge-eating followed by purging the food by induced vomiting, excessive exercise, laxatives, or fasting.

A) ​anorexia
B) ​obesity
C) ​bulimia
D) ​gestation

Question 53

__________ is the term for the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

A) ​Sexism
B) ​Homophobia
C) ​Patriliny
D) ​Sexual orientation

Question 54

In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s, researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual. Which of the following is not one of the criteria they identified?​

A) ​sexual attraction to persons of one's own gender
B) ​having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age
C) ​sexual involvement with one or more persons of one's own gender
D) ​self-identification as a gay, lesbian, or bisexual

Question 55

Pushing women into nontraditional occupations and sports activities is an aspect of_______________________.

A) ​sexism
B) ​homophobia
C) ​patriliny
D) ​sexual orientation

Question 56

Various organizations of gays, lesbians, and transgendered persons have been unified in their desire to reduce hate crimes and other forms of __________-the extreme prejudice directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.

A) ​homosexism
B) ​homophobia
C) ​heterophobia
D) ​misogyny

Question 57

Which of these countries does not have national legislation to permit gays and lesbians to be married?​

A) ​Netherlands
B) ​Spain
C) ​Canada
D) ​United States

Question 58

__________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.

A) ​Sexual role
B) ​Gender identity
C) ​Gender role
D) ​Sexual identity

Question 59

When sexual harassment is reported to supervisors,_____________________.

A) ​immediate legal action usually follows
B) ​the problem is often ignored
C) ​the status of women in the workplace rises
D) ​the federal government must get involved

Question 60

In the United States, males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness and toughness, whereas females have been expected to be passive and nurturing. This illustrates the concept of __________.

A) ​sexual identity
B) ​gender role
C) ​sexual role
D) ​gender identity

Question 61

In most hunting and gathering societies,___________________________.

A) ​men dominate because they have the ability to provide all of the food necessary for survival
B) ​women are subordinate economic partners with men
C) ​relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian
D) ​women control the food surplus in these societies

Question 62

__________ refers to the domestication of large animals as the primary means of subsistence.

A) ​Agrarianism
B) ​Horticulture
C) ​Pastoralism
D) ​Industrialization

Question 63

Gender-appropriate behavior is __________.

A) ​acquired at birth
B) ​fixed and inalterable by age 5
C) ​learned through the socialization process
D) ​difficult for some people to learn

Question 64

In __________ societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe.

A) ​horticultural
B) ​agrarian
C) ​industrial
D) ​pastoral

Question 65

In __________, the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on​ whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast food restaurant counter help or health care work.

A) ​industrial societies
B) ​postindustrial societies
C) ​agricultural societies
D) ​preindustrial societies

Question 66

In postindustrial societies such as the United States, approximately __________ of adult women are in the labor force. The demands of work, child care, and helping aging parents continue to place a heavy burden on women, despite living in an information- and service-oriented economy.

A) ​25 percent
B) ​33 percent
C) ​50 percent
D) ​60 percent

Question 67

The __________ is the level of technology and the organization of the economy in a given society.

A) ​subsistence
B) ​division of labor
C) ​technoeconomic base
D) ​adaptive strategy

Question 68

In which of these types of societies do women have relative equality with men?​

A) ​hunting and gathering
B) ​horticultural
C) ​agrarian
D) ​industrial

Question 69

The term __________ refers to a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women. Few, if any, societies have been organized in this way.

A) ​oligarchy
B) ​patriarchy
C) ​matriliny
D) ​matriarchy

Question 70

Parents are involved in gender socialization through______________________.

A) ​the purchase of children's toys that reflect the parents' gender expectation
B) ​responding more quickly to the cries of male babies
C) ​interacting with boy and girl children in the same ways
D) ​giving more gentle treatment to boy babies

Question 71

__________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls.

A) ​Industrialization
B) ​Agriculturalism
C) ​Postmodernism
D) ​Horticulturalism

Question 72

__________ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing.

A) ​Technoeconomic base
B) ​Division of labor
C) ​Subsistence
D) ​Pastoralism

Question 73

Morgan Stanley, a Wall Street bank, allegedly hired females less frequently than males and often passed over females for promotion. These practices are examples of __________.

A) ​institutional discrimination
B) ​institutional prejudice
C) ​individual discrimination
D) ​individual prejudice

Question 74

__________ are societies in which technology supports a service-based and information-based economy.

A) ​Preindustrial societies
B) ​Agricultural societies
C) ​Postindustrial societies
D) ​Industrial societies

Question 75

The earliest known type of division of labor between women and men is found in __________ societies.

A) ​pastoral
B) ​horticultural
C) ​agrarian
D) ​hunting and gathering

Question 76

Sexism is interwoven with __________, which is a hierarchical system of social organization where cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.

A) ​patriarchy
B) ​polyarchy
C) ​matriarchy
D) ​monoarchy

Question 77

A(n) __________ is one in which factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture as the major form of economic activity.

A) ​commerce society
B) ​industrial society
C) ​pastoral society
D) ​agrarian society

Question 78

According to the text, three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society, including ________________________.

A) ​the type of subsistence base
B) ​the percentage of governance that is female
C) ​the product being produced by society
D) ​the presence of a second shift

Question 79

One of the characteristics of agrarian societies that contributes to gender inequality is_________________________.

A) ​public ownership of property
B) ​female control over distribution of food surplus and the kinship system
C) ​women's production of domestic goods
D) ​the need for legitimate heirs for private property

Question 80

For a variety of reasons, more postindustrial society households are headed by women with no adult male present. In 2010, about __________ of African American children lived with their mother only.

A) ​10 percent
B) ​23 percent
C) ​50 percent
D) ​67 percent