Deck 10: Stress and Disease

Question 1

The _____ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the GAS?

A)adrenal cortex
B)hypothalamus
C)anterior pituitary
D)limbic system

Answer 1

hypothalamus

Question 2

Stress-induced norepinephrine results in:

A)decreased blood flow to the brain and skin.
B)peripheral vasoconstriction.
C)increased glycogen synthesis in the liver.
D)decreased muscle contraction as a result of an energy depletion.

Answer 2

peripheral vasoconstriction.

Question 3

Stress-induced sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes the secretion of catecholamines, which include:

A)epinephrine and aldosterone.
B)norepinephrine and cortisol.
C)epinephrine and norepinephrine.
D)acetylcholine and cortisol.

Answer 3

epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 4

Stress has no effect on the development of cancer.

Question 5

Perceived stress elicits an emotional, anticipatory response that begins in the:

A)prefrontal cortex.
B)anterior pituitary.
C)limbic system.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 6

Cortisol circulates in the plasma free (unbound) and bound to protein.

Question 7

For catecholamines to be immunosuppressive, their levels must be chronically elevated.

Question 8

Studies have shown a relationship between depression and reduction in lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer (NK) cell activity.

Question 9

"Flight or fight" occurs in the exhaustion stage in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

Question 10

The decrease in insulin during a stress response prevents glucose from being taken up by peripheral tissue so that more glucose will be available for the CNS.

Question 11

During a stress response, which hormone decreases lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages and prostaglandin?

A)ACTH
B)Cortisol
C)Prolactin
D)Growth hormone

Question 12

Although stress generally inhibits the female reproductive system, it increases the production of testosterone.

Question 13

During an anticipatory response to stress, the response from the limbic system is stimulated by the:

A)retronucleus of the anterior pituitary.
B)anterior nucleus of the hippocampus.
C)paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D)prefrontal nucleus of the amygdala.

Question 14

A person does not have a stress reaction unless the stress exceeds his or her coping abilities.

Question 15

Exhaustion occurs if stress continues and _____ is not successful.

A)flight or fight
B)alarm
C)adaptation
D)arousal

Question 16

The effect that low serum albumin has on the central stress response is to:

A)impair circulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
B)impair wound healing.
C)lessen circulation of cortisol.
D)diminish oncotic pressure.

Question 17

The effect epinephrine has on the immune system during stress response is to increase:

A)NK cells.
B)immunoglobulins.
C)cytokines.
D)helper T cells.

Question 18

Lymphocytes secrete growth hormone (GH), prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and endorphins.

Question 19

Stress and negative emotions have not been associated with the production of increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines.

Question 20

During a stress response, increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal is prompted by:

A)norepinephrine.
B)epinephrine.
C)cortisol.
D)ACTH.

Question 21

Match the hormone with its effects during a stress response. Hormones may be used more than once.
Constricts peripheral vessels to increase blood pressure

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol

Question 22

What is the effect of increased secretions of epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone?

A)Hyperglycemia
B)Hypertension
C)Bronchodilation
D)Pupil dilation

Question 23

Match the hormone with its effects during a stress response. Hormones may be used more than once.
Increases gastric secretions

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol

Question 24

The action of which hormone helps explain increases in affective anxiety and eating disorders, mood cycles, and vulnerability to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in women as a result of stimulation of the CRH gene promoter and central norepinephrine system?

A)Progesterone
B)Cortisol
C)Estrogen
D)Prolactin

Question 25

Which statement is true about the differences between stress-induced hormonal alterations of men and women?

A)After injury, women produce more proinflammatory cytokines than men, a profile that is associated with poor outcomes.
B)Androgens appear to reduce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis following injury, creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than women.
C)Psychologic stress associated with some types of competition decreases both testosterone and cortisol especially in athletes older than 45 years of age.
D)After stressful stimuli, estrogen is increased in women, but testosterone is decreased in men.

Question 26

Which immune cells are suppressed by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

A)B cells and eosinophils
B)Cytokines and neutrophils
C)Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
D)Helper T cells and monocyte-macrophage cells

Question 27

Match the hormone with its effects during a stress response. Hormones may be used more than once.
Increases cardiac output by increasing heart rate and myocardial contractility

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol

Question 28

Which hormone increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and free fatty acids?

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol
D)Growth hormone

Question 29

Stress-age syndrome results in decreased:

A)catecholamines.
B)ACTH.
C)cortisol.
D)immune system.

Question 30

What effect does estrogen have on lymphocytes?

A)Depression of B cells and enhancement of T cells
B)Depression of T cells and enhancement of B cells
C)Depression of B cells and T cells
D)Enhancement of B cells and T cells

Question 31

What effect do androgens have on lymphocytes?

A)Suppression of B cells and enhancement of T cells
B)Suppression of T cells and enhancement of B cells
C)Suppression of B cells and T cells
D)Enhancement of B cells and T cells

Question 32

Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

A)IL-1 and IL-6
B)IL-2 and TNF-a
C)IFN and IL-12
D)TNF-ß and IL-4

Question 33

The release of which cytokines is triggered by bacterial or viral infections, cancer, and tissue injury that in turn initiate a stress response?

A)IL-1 and IL-2
B)IL-12, TNF-a, and colony-stimulating factor
C)IFN, TNF-ß, and IL-6
D)IL-4 and IL-24

Question 34

The _____ (gland) regulates the immune response and mediates the apparent effects of circadian rhythms on immunity.

A)anterior pituitary
B)adrenal
C)basal ganglia
D)pineal

Question 35

Stress-induced cortisol released from the adrenal cortex results in:

A)stimulation of gluconeogenesis.
B)increased lipolysis.
C)stimulation of glycogenolysis.
D)increased peripheral uptake and use of glucose.