Deck 18: Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Question 1

Prenatal and perinatal factors that result in the onset of schizophrenia include:

A)viral infection.
B)maternal depression.
C)maternal smoking.
D)exposure to toxic waste.

Answer 1

viral infection.

Question 2

Loci on chromosomes 18 and 22 have been linked to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A)Blunted affect
B)Auditory hallucinations
C)Poverty of speech
D)Lack of social interaction

Answer 3

Auditory hallucinations

Question 4

What data confer the link between bipolar disorders and schizophrenia?

A)Bipolar individuals who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits in reelin expression linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 22.
B)Schizophrenic individuals who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits in serotonin linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 16.
C)Bipolar individuals who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 20.
D)Schizophrenic individuals who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits in reelin expression linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 18.

Question 5

People with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who have been exposed to trauma-related stimuli generally exhibit increased activation of the amygdala and diminished activity in some prefrontal cortical areas.

Question 6

People with schizophrenia commonly experience incoherent speech, delusions, and hallucinations during a psychotic episode.

Question 7

From 20% to 30% of individuals with depression have dysregulated:

A)sleep cycles.
B)pituitary function.
C)eating patterns.
D)thyroid function.

Question 8

A decrease in receptor binding for which neurotransmitter is found in depressed individuals?

A)Norepinephrine
B)Serotonin
C)Dopamine
D)Acetylcholine

Question 9

The dopamine hypothesis suggests that a depletion of dopaminergic transmission contributes to the onset of schizophrenia.

Question 10

What is the link between major depression and cortisol secretion?

A)Individuals with depression show suppression of plasma cortisol when given dexamethasone.
B)Individuals with depression have a decreased plasma cortisol level despite administration of exogenous corticosteroids.
C)Individuals with depression continue to exhibit elevated plasma cortisol levels throughout the evening and early morning.
D)Individuals with depression have normal plasma cortisol levels throughout the day when they take antidepressant medication as prescribed.

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is reduced in people with schizophrenia?

A)Dopamine
B)Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
C)Acetylcholine
D)Serotonin

Question 12

Which neurotransmitter receptors are blocked by antipsychotic drugs?

A)Norepinephrine
B)Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
C)Serotonin
D)Dopamine

Question 13

Exposure to a terrifying event may result in an onset of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Question 14

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system abnormalities exist in a large percentage of individuals with:

A)schizophrenia.
B)major depression.
C)mania.
D)panic disorder.

Question 15

Alterations in which part of the brain are linked to hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders associated with schizophrenia?

A)Parietal lobe
B)Limbic system
C)Temporal lobe
D)Hypothalamus

Question 16

The common property among the three types of medications used to treat depression is that they:

A)increase neurotransmitter levels within the synapse.
B)increase neurotransmitter levels in the presynapse.
C)decrease neurotransmitter levels in the postsynapse.
D)decrease neurotransmitter levels within the synapse.

Question 17

Individuals with panic disorder are effectively treated with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Question 18

Mania is the most common mood disorder.

Question 19

In schizophrenia, the lateral and third ventricles of the brain are smaller than normal.

Question 20

Schizophrenia is believed to develop as a result of neurodevelopmental defects occurring during fetal life.

Question 21

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Inability to have emotional experiences

A)Delusions
B)Formal thought disorder
C)Anhedonia
D)Hallucinations
E)Alogia
F)Avolition

Question 22

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Fluent speech that is difficult to comprehend

A)Delusions
B)Formal thought disorder
C)Anhedonia
D)Hallucinations
E)Alogia
F)Avolition

Question 23

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Involves psychotic episodes

A)Schizophrenia
B)Mania
C)Depression
D)Panic disorder
E)Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 24

What is a notable complication in panic disorder?

A)Avolition
B)Anhedonia
C)Alogia
D)Agoraphobia

Question 25

Which neurotransmitter is inhibited in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A)Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
B)Serotonin
C)Dopamine
D)Norepinephrine

Question 26

Hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and bizarre behavior occur with alterations in the:

A)temporal lobe.
B)parietal lobe.
C)hypothalamus.
D)cerebral cortex.

Question 27

What is thought to be the alteration produced by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) when treating individuals with depression?

A)It produces an alteration in the monoamine systems.
B)It produces an alteration in serotonin.
C)It produces an alteration in norepinephrine.
D)It produces an alteration in the limbic system.

Question 28

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Repetitive, intrusive thoughts

A)Schizophrenia
B)Mania
C)Depression
D)Panic disorder
E)Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 29

What are the most common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

A)Orthostatic hypotension and weight gain
B)Dry mouth and sexual dysfunction
C)Sleep disturbances and nausea
D)Hypertensive crisis and agitation

Question 30

Which neurotransmitter is inhibited in panic disorders?

A)Norepinephrine
B)Serotonin
C)Dopamine
D)Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 31

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Perceptions are experienced without external stimulation of the sense organs

A)Delusions
B)Formal thought disorder
C)Anhedonia
D)Hallucinations
E)Alogia
F)Avolition

Question 32

Persistent symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder include:

A)depression.
B)hypertension.
C)difficulty sleeping.
D)poor nutrition.

Question 33

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is diagnosed when a person spends _____ months worrying excessively.

A)3
B)6
C)9
D)12

Question 34

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Persistent beliefs are contrary to educational and cultural background

A)Delusions
B)Formal thought disorder
C)Anhedonia
D)Hallucinations
E)Alogia
F)Avolition

Question 35

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used to treat depression:

A)in pregnant women.
B)to enhance the effect of antidepressants.
C)as a first-line treatment before medications.
D)that is unipolar.

Question 36

Which electrolyte imbalance contributes to lithium toxicity?

A)Hypernatremia
B)Hyponatremia
C)Hyperkalemia
D)Hypokalemia

Question 37

Individuals who eat cheese, sour cream, liver, and avocado when taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may experience:

A)kidney damage.
B)hypertensive crisis.
C)orthostatic hypotension.
D)weight gain.

Question 38

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Characterized by a deficit in spontaneous or goal-directed activities

A)Delusions
B)Formal thought disorder
C)Anhedonia
D)Hallucinations
E)Alogia
F)Avolition

Question 39

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Characterized by elevated levels of euphoria

A)Schizophrenia
B)Mania
C)Depression
D)Panic disorder
E)Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 40

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Absence of spontaneous speech

A)Delusions
B)Formal thought disorder
C)Anhedonia
D)Hallucinations
E)Alogia
F)Avolition

Question 41

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Intensive autonomic arousal including lightheadedness, dyspnea, generalized sweating, and racing heart

A)Schizophrenia
B)Mania
C)Depression
D)Panic disorder
E)Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 42

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Unremitting feeling of sadness and despair

A)Schizophrenia
B)Mania
C)Depression
D)Panic disorder
E)Obsessive-compulsive disorder