Deck 5: Making a Living

Question 1

The main constraint on the Pintupi foragers of Australia is:

A)healthcare.
B)shelter.
C)animals.
D)vegetables.
E)water.

Answer 1

water.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about global warming is incorrect?

A)It has affected modern-day foraging practices among the Inuit.
B)The pelts of fox and marten are now thicker than they used to be.
C)Melting ice has made it difficult for dog sleds to be used.
D)Polar bears are now much thinner than they were generations ago.
E)Walruses sometimes mistake whale hunters' boats for ice floes.

Answer 2

The pelts of fox and marten are now thicker than they used to be.

Question 3

Which subsistence strategy supports the lowest population density?

A)foraging
B)nomadic pastoralism
C)transhumant pastoralism
D)intensive cultivation
E)horticulture

Answer 3

foraging

Question 4

Which of the following is not a major area where pastoralism is found today?

A)Eastern North America
B)Central Asia
C)the Sub-Arctic
D)East Africa
E)North Africa

Question 5

The agricultural revolution began with:

A)the development of the plow.
B)the use of irrigation.
C)the domestication of plants and animals.
D)the advent of class societies.
E)the development of urban areas.

Question 6

All of the following are results of the Industrial Revolution and industrialization except:

A)decreasing consumer choices.
B)decreased food supply to traditional foragers.
C)high levels of environmental degradation.
D)development of global warming.
E)increasing carbon emissions.

Question 7

The key to the pastoralist economy is:

A)the availability of technology.
B)the extent of grazing rights shared among all people.
C)herd growth.
D)agricultural crops.
E)global markets.

Question 8

The productivity of any given environment is directly related to:

A)the amount of available biofuels.
B)the amount of genetic diversity in the species present in the environment.
C)the number of people living in an area.
D)the technology used to exploit it.
E)the availability of resources within specific climate zones.

Question 9

Subsistence strategies are defined best as:

A)ways that societies transform the material resources of the environment into food.
B)ways that a society uses the environment to produce food surplus.
C)food choices that each family in a society makes.
D)inheritance that is passed from generation to generation.
E)access to an environment and its food choices.

Question 10

What is the staple food of the Yarahmadzai?

A)alfalfa
B)corn
C)meat
D)wheat
E)milk

Question 11

The domestication of plants and animals led directly to:

A)less stratified societies.
B)better control of diseases.
C)increases in health and nutrition.
D)slowed population growth rates.
E)a sedentary lifestyle.

Question 12

What is the primary different between nomadic and transhumant pastoralism?

A)the amount of foraging practiced
B)the types of money used for exchange
C)the amount of direct competition that exists between pastoral and agricultural groups
D)the types of animals that are herded
E)the existence of permanent villages

Question 13

The yield per person per hour of labor invested is called:

A)labor.
B)efficiency.
C)productivity.
D)population density.
E)sedentism.

Question 14

During the "hungry time," to what lengths do the Pintupi go in order to nourish weak individuals?

A)They go to government mission stations to get food.
B)They begin to slaughter their own animals in order to provide to those in need.
C)They feed them blood from stronger and healthier individuals.
D)Some stronger members leave their groups in order to work in the cities for money.
E)They eat leather and other animal products that are available.

Question 15

All of the following societies are classified as foraging societies except:

A)the Pintupi of Australia.
B)the Yarahmadzai of Iran.
C)the Inuit of the Arctic.
D)the Gwich'in of Northwest Canada.
E)the Aborigines of the Great Australian Desert.

Question 16

Which of the following statement best describe the Yarahmadzai subsistence strategy?

A)They herd camels,cattle,goats,and sheep,and they depend on the global market for trade.
B)They herd only camels and live exclusively on camel products.
C)They herd cattle and camels,but their primary source of food is wheat.
D)They herd various types of animals,but their main source of protein is milk.
E)They herd various types of animals,but their main source of protein is camel meat.

Question 17

Which of the following is not classified as a subsistence strategy?

A)foraging
B)agriculture
C)tribe
D)pastoralism
E)horticulture

Question 18

Which of the following is the oldest form of human subsistence?

A)transhumant pastoralism
B)horticulture
C)agriculture
D)foraging
E)industrialism

Question 19

The Gwich'in peoples of the Arctic are classified as:

A)horticulturalists.
B)industrialists.
C)agriculturalists.
D)pastoralists.
E)foragers.

Question 20

The yield per person per unit of land is known as:

A)population density.
B)labor input.
C)Efficiency.
D)productivity.
E)subsistence.

Question 21

Which of the following has suffered most directly from the spread of meatpacking and poultry-processing industries?

A)multinational corporations
B)global trade networks
C)rural communities
D)urban areas
E)government bureaucracies

Question 22

Population densities among horticultural populations rarely exceed ________ people per square mile.

A)150
B)10
C)75
D)50
E)5

Question 23

The central structure of traditional peasant agriculture is:

A)the farm cooperative.
B)the church.
C)the household.
D)the bank.
E)the government.

Question 24

Which of the following statements about the Lua' of northern Thailand is true?

A)Although they practice some horticulture today,the Lua' are primarily pastoralists who travel seasonally.
B)Today,the Lua' have become intensive agriculturalists because of land scarcity and government involvement.
C)In the past,the Lua' lived by foraging,but government subsidies and land scarcity have drawn the Lua' into industrial wage labor.
D)The Lua' lived very well as pastoralists,but since the 1960s they have worked as wage laborers.
E)The Lua' no longer exist as a cultural group.

Question 25

The oldest form of human subsistence is foraging.

Question 26

Pastoralism is a self-sufficient and autonomous subsistence strategy.

Question 27

A society can extend its resource base through trade.

Question 28

What term do we use to identify the environmental impact that individual products have in our food chain?

A)fossil fuel impact
B)oxygen footprint
C)carbon impact
D)carbon footprint
E)erosion force

Question 29

How has subsistence changed in the village of Musha,Egypt,in the past several decades?

A)Farmers have suffered years of drought and have begun to leave agricultural for pastoralist subsistence.
B)Farmers have become more dependent on hired labor and equipment.
C)Farmers have become more dependent on the government to regulate the pricing of rice.
D)Farmers have begun to use more advanced technology and are now beginning to migrate to urban areas.
E)Farmers now control the global cotton markets.

Question 30

Not all human societies are engaged in food production.

Question 31

Which of the following forms of technology is specifically related to the practice of agriculture?

A)nets
B)rifles
C)digging sticks
D)plows
E)hoes

Question 32

The Lua' in northern Thailand most commonly practice what form of subsistence strategy?

A)pastoralism
B)foraging
C)industrialism
D)agriculture
E)horticulture

Question 33

Most Inuit today now base their livelihoods solely on the cash economy.

Question 34

The high productivity and efficiency of the meat-packing industries is primarily made possible by cheap:

A)labor.
B)land.
C)communication networks.
D)water resources.
E)technology.

Question 35

Unlike the other subsistence strategies,in industrialism the focus:

A)moves away from food to the production of goods and services.
B)of production is on fast and available food.
C)moves away from local food production to globalized trading networks.
D)is on forces of transportation and communication only.
E)remains only on the market and not on individual families.

Question 36

In comparison with horticulture,the greater productivity associated with agriculture comes from all of the following except:

A)the use of plows.
B)more intensive use of labor.
C)techniques of fertilization.
D)more capital investment.
E)leaving farm land fallow every 5 years.

Question 37

There is a severe crisis of plant species disappearance in the United States.One study found that _____ percent of the vegetable varieties available in the early 20th century are extinct today.

A)63
B)47
C)97
D)77
E)58

Question 38

The main subsistence crop of the Lua' people of northern Thailand is:

A)millet.
B)corn.
C)rice.
D)sugar cane.
E)wheat.

Question 39

Swidden cultivation is a type of:

A)industrialism.
B)nomadic pastoralism.
C)agriculture.
D)horticulture.
E)foraging.

Question 40

All of the following characterize contemporary industrial and postindustrial societies except:

A)greater mobility in the work force.
B)decreased emphasis on skill and education.
C)increasing importance of government bureaucracies.
D)well-coordinated specialized labor forces.
E)shrinking elite and managerial class.

Question 41

What are the five basic types of subsistence strategies found in human societies?

Question 42

Pastoralism is a subsistence strategy that is likely to continue to exist in tropical wetland areas.

Question 43

The proliferation of meat-eating in the West has had little effect on the rest of the world.

Question 44

How has global warming affected the subsistence strategy of the Inuit peoples in the Arctic?

Question 45

What do you believe is the primary impact of globalization on our food networks and subsistence strategies? Give examples.

Question 46

How does horticulture differ from agriculture?

Question 47

Subsistence and politics go hand in hand.Discuss the ways that politics affect our food options and health strategies.

Question 48

The highest levels of inequality are generated by industrialized societies.

Question 49

What is a "peasant?"

Question 50

How did industrialized agriculture change America's rural culture over the last 100 years?

Question 51

Compare and contrast the five basic types of subsistence strategies.Describe a human society currently practicing the subsistence strategy.

Question 52

Agriculturalists are more vulnerable to environmental changes than are horticulturalists.

Question 53

In agriculture,the same piece of land is permanently cultivated.

Question 54

_______________ was the sole form of subsistence used by human societies until about 10,000 years ago.

Question 55

Globalization involves the integration of three primary components.Name them.