Deck 5: Gender Identity and Gender Roles

Question 1

Testosterone is a type of

A)gonad.
B)androgen.
C)gene.
D)chromosome.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The twenty-third pair of chromosomes determines

A)sex.
B)eye colour.
C)height.
D)weight.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true?

A)The "natural course" of embryonic development is male.
B)The absence of a Y chromosome alters the developmental course from male to female.
C)The presence of only one X chromosome, instead of two, will result in a male fetus.
D)The presence of a Y chromosome alters the developmental course from female to male.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In male sexual differentiation, each Wolffian duct differentiates into

A)the penis.
B)an epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle.
C)each of the two testes.
D)the scrotum.

Question 5

Enrico has a genetic condition that has rendered him infertile because he cannot produce any sperm. In addition, he exhibits mild mental retardation and poor motor coordination. Enrico most likely suffers from

A)Turner's syndrome.
B)Klinefelter's syndrome.
C)androgen insensitivity syndrome.
D)androgenital syndrome.

Question 6

Turner's syndrome

A)occurs when a male has an extra X chromosome.
B)occurs when a genetic (XX)female possesses masculinized external genitals.
C)occurs when a female has one rather than two X chromosomes.
D)occurs when a male possesses an extra Y chromosome.

Question 7

Failure of the testes to descend is called

A)Klinefelter's syndrome.
B)Turner's syndrome.
C)pseudo hermaphroditism.
D)cryptorchidism.

Question 8

An embryo at five to six weeks is, on average,

A)1/2 to 1 cm long.
B)1 to 2 cm long.
C)1/8 cm long.
D)2 to 3 cm long.

Question 9

The basic blueprint of the human embryo is

A)male.
B)neither male nor female.
C)female.
D)both male and female.

Question 10

In males, the testes develop in the

A)scrotal sac.
B)inguinal canal.
C)abdominal cavity.
D)vas deferens.

Question 11

If it weren't for ________, we would all develop__________.

A)androgens; female external organs
B)estrogen; male external organs
C)progesterone; female external organs
D)FSH; male external organs

Question 12

Sexual differentiation of gonads, genital ducts, and external genitals begins about

A)seven weeks after conception.
B)nine weeks after conception.
C)twelve weeks after conception.
D)fifteen weeks after conception.

Question 13

In female sexual differentiation, which statement is correct?

A)The Müllerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper two-thirds of the vagina.
B)The Müllerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes and the Wolffian ducts develop into the uterus.
C)The Müllerian ducts degenerate and the Wolffian ducts develop into the labia majora, labia minora, and the vaginal opening.
D)The Wolffian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, and the vagina.

Question 14

During the first six weeks of development, embryonic structures of both genders resemble

A)primitive male structures.
B)primitive female structures.
C)both male and female structures.
D)neither male nor female structures.

Question 15

Sexual differentiation means

A)the process by which males and females develop distinct reproductive anatomy.
B)the complex behaviour patterns deemed masculine or feminine in a particular culture.
C)differences in the preconceptions held regarding men and women.
D)the process by which children distinguish between expectations of girls and of boys.

Question 16

Which one of the following examples demonstrates Turner's syndrome?

A)Rick is sterile and was born with XXY-patterned chromosomes.
B)Beth was born with XX chromosomes and identifies as male.
C)Shane possesses both testicular and ovarian tissues.
D)Pat has one X chromosome and has never developed breasts.

Question 17

In the fertilization process, chromosomes from each parent combine to form

A)23 chromosomes.
B)23 pairs of chromosomes.
C)46 pairs of chromosomes.
D)92 chromosomes.

Question 18

A fertilized ovum is called a

A)formation.
B)zygote.
C)embryo.
D)fetus.

Question 19

Differentiation of fetal tissues into external male genitals occurs under the influence of

A)testosterone.
B)Müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS).
C)H-Y antigen.
D)dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Question 20

Males that are born with an extra X chromosome are said to have

A)Turner's syndrome.
B)Down's syndrome.
C)cryptorchidism.
D)Klinefelter's syndrome.

Question 21

Consider a child that is born with XY chromosomes. This child has undescended testicles and a small vagina but no uterus or vas deferens. At puberty, the child does not develop pubic hair. This condition is known as

A)androgen insensitivity syndrome.
B)Dominican Republic syndrome.
C)acquired gender dysphoria.
D)congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Question 22

Mathus was born a male, but insists on wearing dresses and wants to be referred to as Martha. He is very distressed when his parents ask him to wear pants and act like a boy. Mathus's experience is characteristic of

A)gender dysphoria.
B)cisgenderism.
C)cryptorchidism.
D)hermaphroditism.

Question 23

Imagine a child who is born with XY chromosomes, and has one external testicle and one testicle within the abdomen. This condition is known as

A)cryptorchidism.
B)cisgenderism.
C)vulvo-androgyny.
D)transgenderism.

Question 24

Jaime is sexually aroused by fantasies that he has a woman's body. Jaime would be categorized as

A)autogynephilic.
B)gender dysphoric.
C)transgender.
D)phallophobic.

Question 25

Which of the following is a genetic enzyme disorder preventing masculinization of the external genitals?

A)Dominican Republic syndrome
B)Klinefelter's syndrome
C)Turner's syndrome
D)Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 26

According to the text, transgender people usually

A)show cross-gender preferences in play and dress early in childhood.
B)have very rigid notions of gender and the behaviours associated with gender.
C)are aware of their transgender feelings very early in childhood.
D)do not show cross-gender preferences in play or dress until adolescence.

Question 27

Which is true regarding gender reassignment surgery for female to male reassignment?

A)Many FTM individuals do not bother to have phalloplasty.
B)The ovaries are removed but the uterus and vagina are kept intact.
C)An artificial penis is constructed that can become naturally erect.
D)The uterus and breasts are removed but the ovaries are kept intact.

Question 28

Gwen was born with XX chromosomes and identifies as female. This exemplifies the experience of someone who is

A)intersexed.
B)transgendered.
C)cisgender.
D)androgynous.

Question 29

Margot was born with XY chromosomes and male genitals, but assumes a feminine gender role and identifies as neither male nor female. In Samoan culture, Margot would be known as

A)homosexual.
B)a ladyboy.
C)fa'afafine.
D)berdache.

Question 30

The concept of "third gender" or "third sex" refers to

A)individuals who are considered neither male nor female.
B)individuals who undergo gender reassignment surgery.
C)cross-dressers.
D)transgendered people.

Question 31

Cryptorchidism is

A)a condition characterized by a lack of testosterone in males.
B)a condition characterized by undescended testes
C)a condition wherein an individual possesses both ovarian and testicular tissue.
D)a condition characterized by an enlarged clitoris.

Question 32

An infant is born with the following characteristics: XX chromosomes, ovaries, and a large clitoris that resembles a penis. This condition is known as

A)androgen insensitivity syndrome.
B)Dominican Republic syndrome.
C)acquired gender dysphoria.
D)congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Question 33

Most children acquire a firm sense of gender identity by the age of

A)one.
B)two.
C)three.
D)four.

Question 34

According to research by Smith et al. (2005), most reports of postoperative adjustment of transgender people

A)indicate that many regret their decisions.
B)indicate that individuals are no happier than they were prior to surgery.
C)indicate that most were content with the results of their surgeries.
D)indicate that many experience psychological problems.

Question 35

The psychological awareness of being male or female is referred to as

A)sex assignment.
B)sex-role adoption.
C)gender differentiation.
D)gender identity.

Question 36

Which one of the following exemplifies Dominican Republic syndrome?

A)An infant initially resembled a female at birth, but developed physical male characteristics after puberty.
B)A genetic male is born with feminine external genitals but lacks developed internal reproductive organs.
C)An XX child is born with feminine internal reproductive organs but masculinized external genitalia.
D)An individual is born with both male and female internal reproductive organs but without any external genitals.

Question 37

Hermaphroditism describes an individual who

A)has a genetic pattern of either XXY or XYY.
B)is a genetic (XX)female with masculinized external genitals.
C)has both ovarian and testicular tissue.
D)is a genetic male (XY)with feminized external genitals.

Question 38

In a study of 326 Dutch candidates for gender reassignment surgery, of 222 receiving hormone treatment, ______ dropped out before surgery.

A)about 90%
B)64%
C)15%
D)none

Question 39

Erica was born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. She has female internal organs but a clitoris so enlarged it resembles a small penis. What is the cause of her masculinized external genitals?

A)Excessive levels of androgens
B)A higher-than-normal sensitivity to androgens
C)A lower-than-normal sensitivity to estrogens
D)Excessive production of estrogen and progesterone

Question 40

In the absence of testosterone, the hypothalamus of a female fetus develops sensitivity to

A)androgens.
B)Müllerian-inhibiting substance.
C)FSH.
D)estrogen.

Question 41

Mykos is a one-year-old boy. Given this information, we might expect him to

A)have acquired and internalized a male gender identity.
B)have preferences for stereotypically male toys.
C)believe that girls should only play with dolls.
D)be able to solve the psychosexual conflict of the phallic stage.

Question 42

According to psychoanalytic theory, appropriate gender typing occurs when

A)the Oedipus complex is resolved.
B)a child enters the Electra stage.
C)the psychosexual stage is completed.
D)a child enters adolescence.

Question 43

Cognitive-developmental theory entails a concept of

A)gender availability, gender stability, and gender identity.
B)gender constancy, gender stability, and gender identity.
C)gender constancy, gender flexibility, and gender identity.
D)gender constancy, gender comprehension, and gender identity.

Question 44

Julia is two years old. She knows that she is a girl, but she talks about growing up and being a daddy. She does not yet have an understanding of

A)gender identity.
B)gender stability.
C)gender constancy.
D)gender permanence.

Question 45

Tom is a six-year-old boy who believes that his father turns into a woman when he shaves his beard. This is because Tim has not yet developed the concept of gender

A)identity.
B)stability.
C)schemata.
D)constancy.

Question 46

Which statement is true regarding postoperative adjustment for transgender individuals?

A)Postoperative adjustment is more favourable for male-to-female transgender individuals.
B)Postoperative adjustment is more favourable for female-to-male transgender individuals.
C)Postoperative adjustment does not differ between male-to-female and female-to-male transgender individuals.
D)Postoperative adjustment is more favourable for younger transgender individuals.

Question 47

Gender roles can be described as

A)developmentally appropriate male and female behaviour.
B)culturally determined expectations for male and female behaviour.
C)biologically determined male and female behaviour.
D)male and female sexual roles.

Question 48

Gender typing is

A)education and legislation on gender.
B)how children interact with others.
C)the process by which children acquire behaviour that is deemed appropriate to their gender.
D)all of the above. pin this answer option

Question 49

According to the ________ perspective, the story of the survival of our ancient ancestors is etched in our genes.

A)biological
B)evolutionary
C)psychological
D)social-learning

Question 50

Prenatal sexual differentiation of the brain may explain why

A)females have a larger right hemisphere and are more verbal.
B)males have a larger left hemisphere and are superior at visual-spatial tasks.
C)females have a larger hypothalamic region than males.
D)males have more growth in the right hemisphere than in the left.

Question 51

According to Freud, gender typing is best explained in terms of

A)the oral stage of psychosexual development.
B)identification with the same-gender parent.
C)the modelling of sex-role behaviours children witness from parents.
D)socialization.

Question 52

Five-year-old Tyler plays dress-up in his sister's clothes. His father is furious, orders his son to immediately wash off the makeup, and will not allow Tyler to play dress-up again. What process is Tyler's father using to teach gender typing?

A)Modelling
B)Identification
C)Observational learning
D)Socialization

Question 53

According to research, infants as young as three to eight months

A)indicate a preference for female faces.
B)indicate a preference for female voices.
C)show gender-typed visual preferences.
D)are aware of gender roles.

Question 54

In Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory, gender constancy

A)develops in most children by age seven or eight.
B)develops in most children by age three or four.
C)does not fully develop until adolescence.
D)does not develop until sexual maturity.

Question 55

Which statement would be disputed by critics of the evolutionary theory?

A)Men are better suited for hunting because of upper-body strength.
B)Women are better suited for childcare since they are more nurturing and empathetic than men.
C)Prenatal sex hormones may predispose men to be more aggressive than women.
D)Girls are encouraged to imitate caretaking behaviour at an early age

Question 56

Dr. Jameson believes that males are better suited to hunting because of physical attributes such as greater upper-body strength. He further believes that this attribute was selected to increase survival. What perspective is Dr. Jameson advocating?

A)Biological
B)Evolutionary
C)Cross-cultural
D)Psychological

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true with regard to gender differences when considering higher education?

A)More men than women attend university.
B)There is a general decline in enrolment to universities for both genders.
C)Over half of students enrolled in university are women.
D)The number of women enrolled in university has remained steady since 1990.

Question 58

The prejudgment that a person will possess certain traits because of their gender is called

A)gender typing.
B)sexism.
C)gender role assignment.
D)gender misconception.

Question 59

The view that stereotypical gender roles reflect a natural order to things is central to

A)the psychoanalytic theory.
B)the evolutionary perspective.
C)the social-cognitive theory.
D)the gender-schema theory.

Question 60

Mario sees women as incapable of making intellectual decisions and believes that their emotions will always cause them to buckle under pressure. Mario's ideas regarding women exemplify

A)gender identity.
B)gender roles.
C)sexism.
D)machismo.

Question 61

Research on heterosexual behaviours indicates that

A)men are much more likely to have engaged in oral sex.
B)differences in the numbers of men and women who have engaged in oral sex are small.
C)men are much more sexually permissive than women.
D)men report many more lifetime sexual partners than women.

Question 62

Which of the following exemplifies the sexual double standard?

A)Terry prefers to pay for her date's dinner, but will occasionally let her date pay.
B)Marna thinks that everyone should wait until marriage before having sex.
C)Gord dates four women at once, but will not date a woman with multiple boyfriends.
D)Nolan feels that it is unfair that women expect men to approach them for a date.

Question 63

The belief that "it is natural for men to sow their wild oats," but that women who choose to do so are "nymphomaniacs," is evidence of

A)a double standard.
B)a sexual schema.
C)gender differentiation.
D)a reverse double standard.

Question 64

The model of psychological androgyny has been criticized by some feminist writers because it

A)stereotypes masculine and feminine sex roles.
B)perpetuates masculine and feminine gender roles.
C)excludes the concept of bisexuality.
D)does not address gender inequity issues.

Question 65

Five-year-old Anika believes that girls do not play football, climb trees, or hit each other. Instead, girls play dress-up, draw, and like to dance. According to Sandra Bem, Anika

A)is sexually differentiated.
B)has a self-concept that is inconsistent with cultural views of femaleness.
C)has acquired a gender schema.
D)has low self-esteem.

Question 66

Research on the differences in sexual attitudes and behaviours between men and women has found that

A)men are more accepting of masturbation than women.
B)women enjoy casual sex more than men.
C)men are more likely to view sexually explicit material on the Internet than women.
D)men are much more likely to have masturbated than women.

Question 67

Gender reassignment surgery is the leading recommended treatment for gender non-conforming children.

Question 68

Boys with Dominican Republic syndrome resembled girls at birth and were reared as females.

Question 69

An individual with hermaphroditism would be considered a "third gender" in Thailand.

Question 70

A 2001 study of Canadian men and women regarding sexual freedom and gender found that

A)more men believe that women have greater sexual freedom.
B)more men believe that men have greater sexual freedom.
C)more men believe that sexual freedom is equal between men and women.
D)more women believe that women have greater sexual freedom.

Question 71

Klinefelter's syndrome is a disorder caused by an extra Y sex chromosome.

Question 72

Sandeep is an assertive leader in his workplace, but is a nurturing and sensitive father at home. Sandeep is demonstrating

A)psychological androgyny.
B)the sexual double standard.
C)sexually divided labour.
D)a traditional family role.

Question 73

Evolutionary theory would predict that men are more likely than women to

A)wait until marriage to have sex.
B)desire same-sex sexual encounters.
C)have multiple concurrent sex partners.
D)be sexually faithful to their spouse.

Question 74

We would all develop female sexual organs if male sex hormones were not present during critical stages of prenatal development.

Question 75

Imagine you are a researcher who wants to examine the perceptions of women with multiple sexual partners. You hypothesize that participants will rate these women negatively because of societal expectations. What could you do to compensate for potential social desirability bias?

A)Recruit psychologically androgynous participants.
B)Assess attitudes with an implicit association task.
C)Measure stereotype endorsement with a questionnaire.
D)Require participants to think deeply about the question.

Question 76

Psychological androgyny is a term used to describe

A)males who display more feminine than masculine traits.
B)males and females who display high assertion and instrumental skills.
C)females who display more masculine than feminine traits.
D)males and females who display both masculine and feminine traits.

Question 77

The complex cognitive network of ideas through which a child interprets and organizes information about gender is called a

A)sex role.
B)gender stereotype.
C)gender pattern.
D)gender schema.

Question 78

Which region of the world has the highest percentage of men wanting more than one sexual partner?

A)South America
B)North America
C)Western Europe
D)Africa

Question 79

It is impossible for a male to be affected by Turner's syndrome.

Question 80

Differentiate between Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, androgen insensitivity syndrome, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia in terms of causes and effects.