Deck 2: Biology and Psychology

Question 1

Which of the following is correct concerning instinctive behavior?

A)It is not modifiable.
B)It can be modified to some degree by learning.
C)It can only be modified through genetic mutation.
D)It cannot be found among humans.

Answer 1

It can be modified to some degree by learning.

Question 2

Most psychologists agree that human behavior is too complex to be instinctual because it is greatly influenced by

A)altruism.
B)learning ability.
C)personal choice.
D)specific traits.

Answer 2

learning ability.

Question 3

Dr. Barnes is researching the brains of alcoholics who also have a history of alcoholism in their families. She is probably a

A)neurosurgeon.
B)substance abuse counselor.
C)brain surgeon.
D)behavioral geneticist.

Answer 3

behavioral geneticist.

Question 4

Each cell in the body contains ______ chromosomes, arranged in ____ pairs.

A)44; 22
B)46; 23
C)42; 21
D)45; 23

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of instinctive behavior?

A)Whistling when you are afraid.
B)Not liking tomatoes when everyone else in your family does.
C)Birds whistling a species-specific song even when raised in isolation.
D)Chimps learning sign language with the same techniques used to teach hearing impaired adults.

Question 6

The ________ refers to the concept that the goal of a species is to reproduce.

A)struggle for existence
B)survival of the fertile
C)natural selection
D)all these are true

Question 7

According to the theory of evolution, random genetic variations are called

A)selections.
B)mutations.
C)corrections.
D)affections.

Question 8

Which of the following would not be a topic of study in evolutionary psychology?

A)Organizational effectiveness
B)Aggression
C)Strategies of mate selection
D)Altruism

Question 9

According to evolutionary psychology, a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation is called a(n)

A)reflex.
B)perceptual set.
C)instinct.
D)gestalt.

Question 10

Harry has blue eyes, is 5'6'', has black hair, and wears glasses. These are part of Harry's

A)genotype.
B)phenotype.
C)genetic code.
D)chromotype.

Question 11

One of the reasons dogs have a better sense of smell than humans is because of differences in our

A)environment.
B)heredity.
C)experience.
D)ancestors.

Question 12

An extra chromosome on the 21st pair would cause which of the following?

A)Monozygotic twins
B)Down syndrome
C)DZ twins
D)Nothing out of the ordinary to happen

Question 13

According to the theory of evolution, some species prosper and others do not. This is called

A)natural selection.
B)one for all and all for one.
C)regression to the mean.
D)biological imperative.

Question 14

Professor Lupin was checking Ron's DNA by examining a specimen of his blood. Professor Lupin was able to observe Ron's

A)genotype.
B)phenotype.
C)chromotype.
D)molecular code.

Question 15

Nature is to nurture as heredity is to

A)environment.
B)genetics.
C)biology.
D)instincts.

Question 16

Gene is to chromosome as DNA is to

A)gene.
B)cell.
C)molecule.
D)electron.

Question 17

Behavioral geneticists are attempting to sort out the relative importance of heredity and

A)environmental influences.
B)nature.
C)nutrition.
D)behavior.

Question 18

When a trait is influenced by a combination of genes it is called

A)polygenic.
B)monogenic.
C)intergenic.
D)intragenic.

Question 19

Female is to male as X is to

A)boy.
B)man.
C)Y.
D)Z.

Question 20

Which of the following statements best represents the area of evolutionary psychology? The study of

A)behaviors that lead to success in school.
B)behavior patterns that are correlated with psychological dysfunction.
C)behavior patterns that help an organism survive and reproduce.
D)the development of mental processes and cognitive representation.

Question 21

Axons ____ and dendrites ____.

A)send; receive
B)receive; send
C)send; send
D)receive; receive

Question 22

Kinship studies show us that heredity is a more important determinant of happiness than money and other social factors. What else have these studies shown us?

A)People's levels of cheerfulness or grumpiness are not consistent.
B)Identical twins separated at birth and raised by other people are similar to their natural parents in some traits.
C)There is very little evidence for a genetic role in the appearance of some traits.
D)None of these are true

Question 23

Certain behaviors may have a genetic component if

A)they are shared by close blood relatives.
B)they are not shared by close blood relatives.
C)only parents share the trait.
D)none of these are true

Question 24

Adoptive parents are to biological parents as

A)nurture is to nature.
B)nature is to nurture.
C)nature is to nature.
D)nurture is to nurture.

Question 25

When a zygote divides into two cells that separate,

A)the pregnancy will end.
B)monozygotic twins will be born.
C)dizygotic twins will be born.
D)a Down syndrome baby will be born.

Question 26

The part of the cell that receives messages from a neighboring cell is the

A)dendrite.
B)terminal.
C)soma.
D)axon.

Question 27

________ remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and direct their growth.

A)Schwann cells
B)Neurons
C)Glial cells
D)Myelin sheaths

Question 28

You and your team of behavioral geneticists are studying schizophrenia. One effective way to conduct your research would be to study

A)MZ twins reared together whose biological mother is schizophrenic.
B)MZ twins reared apart whose biological mother is schizophrenic.
C)DZ twins reared apart whose biological mother is schizophrenic.
D)DZ twins reared together whose biological mother is schizophrenic.

Question 29

Most individuals with Down syndrome have

A)one less chromosome on the 21st pair.
B)one extra chromosome on the 21st pair.
C)one less chromosome on the 23rd pair.
D)one extra chromosome on the 23rd pair.

Question 30

Which of the following is correct concerning the human brain?

A)The human brain is larger than any other mammalian brain.
B)The human brain is smaller than any other mammalian brain.
C)We only use 1/10th of our brain.
D)The human brain weighs 3 pounds.

Question 31

Amanda and Miranda are monozygotic twins. Which of the following statements is correct about Miranda and Amanda?

A)They have different phenotypes.
B)They have different genotypes.
C)They have very similar genotypes.
D)Their phenotypes and genotypes are unrelated.

Question 32

When we compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins, we can

A)examine the relative influences of nature and nurture.
B)understand the exact percentage of genetic versus environmental influences.
C)examine exactly how much behavior is due to nature and how much is due to nurture.
D)show which is more important, nature or nurture.

Question 33

Katlin's aunt has green eyes and her cousin has blue eyes. Which eye color is Katlin more likely to demonstrate?

A)Blue
B)Green
C)Brown
D)Pink

Question 34

Dizygotic twins

A)develop when two ova are fertilized.
B)share 100% of their genes.
C)are referred to as identical twins.
D)demonstrate differences that are the result of nurture.

Question 35

A(n) _________ is a nerve cell.

A)axon
B)neuron
C)dendrite
D)glial cell

Question 36

The axons of many neurons are wrapped in fatty tissue called

A)neurotransmitters.
B)glial cells.
C)myelin.
D)oxidize.

Question 37

Suki's parents both play in the local symphony and have provided violin lessons for Suki since she was 3 years old. Suki's outstanding musical ability may be due to

A)inheritance.
B)an interaction between her genes and inheritance.
C)her enriched environment.
D)genetic-environmental correlation.

Question 38

The term that refers to the bidirectional interaction between one's genetic heritages and the environment is known as

A)epigenesis.
B)genetic-environmental correlation.
C)genes and heredity interaction.
D)epikenesis.

Question 39

The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart demonstrated that monozygotic (MZ) twins reared apart

A)are significantly different than MZ twins reared together.
B)are very similar to MZ twins reared together.
C)are less similar than dizygotic twins reared apart.
D)are less similar than dizygotic twins reared together.

Question 40

____________ studies are ways in which psychologists compare the presence of traits and behavior patterns in people who are biologically related or unrelated to help determine the role of genetic factors in theory occurrence.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Natural observational
C)Kinship
D)Cross-cultural

Question 41

A neuron relays its messages to other neurons over a junction or space called the

A)synapse.
B)cell body.
C)soma.
D)terminal bud.

Question 42

Immediately after neurons fire, they are insensitive to messages from other neurons and will not fire. This is called the

A)all-or-none principle.
B)refractory period.
C)polarization effect.
D)resting potential effect.

Question 43

Chloride is to ____ as potassium is to _____.

A)negative; positive
B)positive; negative
C)neutral; positive
D)neutral; negative

Question 44

The polarization of a neuron results in a resting potential of about -70 millivolts. This is followed by depolarization, resulting in an action potential of +110 millivolts. This brings the membrane voltage to

A)+ 40 millivolts.
B)-40 millivolts.
C)+180 millivolts.
D)-180 millivolts.

Question 45

Your hand is withdrawn from the hot stove through the action of

A)afferent neurons.
B)efferent neurons.
C)pain cells.
D)pressure cells.

Question 46

The inside of the cell at the disturbed area has an action potential of about __________ millivolts.

A)-70
B)+70
C)-40
D)+110

Question 47

Neural impulses are ______ than electrical current.

A)faster
B)slower
C)about the same
D)neural impulses cannot be measured

Question 48

The __________ minimizes leakage of electrical current traveling along the axon.

A)nodes of Ranvier
B)synaptic cleft
C)myelin sheath
D)soma

Question 49

When a section of a neuron is stimulated by neighboring neurons, the cell membrane becomes __________ to sodium ions.

A)positive
B)permeable
C)polarized
D)impermeable

Question 50

The disease multiple sclerosis is caused when

A)dendrites and axons reverse their function.
B)fibers along the axons get tangled.
C)myelin is replaced with a hard fibrous tissue.
D)too much myelin prevents the action of axons and dendrites.

Question 51

Key is to neurotransmitter as lock is to

A)axon.
B)terminal bud.
C)receptor site.
D)synaptic cleft.

Question 52

If someone steps on your toes, resulting in pain when moving your foot, which of the following describes this process?

A)Afferent neurons transmit the sensation of pain to the spinal cord and to the brain, followed by efferent neurons sending the message to your foot to move.
B)Efferent neurons transmit the sensation of pain to the spinal cord and to the brain, followed by afferent neurons sending the message to your foot to move.
C)Efferent neurons transmit the sensation of pain to the spinal cord and to the brain, followed by efferent neurons sending the message to your foot to move.
D)Afferent neurons transmit the sensation of pain to the spinal cord and to the brain, followed by afferent neurons sending the message to your foot to move.

Question 53

The myelin sheath

A)protects the neuron from trauma.
B)allows the neurons to move freely around the body.
C)slows down the neural reactions.
D)minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon.

Question 54

Neurons contain positive and negatively charged atoms called

A)neurotransmitters.
B)ions.
C)glial cells.
D)myelin cells.

Question 55

A polarized neuron has a _______ resting potential.

A)negative
B)positive
C)neutral
D)magnetic

Question 56

During his rain storm experiment, Luigi Galvani discovered that

A)electricity is easily conducted by metal.
B)lightning overcooks frogs.
C)neural impulses that travel along neurons are electrochemical in nature.
D)neural impulses are only electrical in nature.

Question 57

Which of the following is not true regarding a synapse?

A)A synapse is bordered by an axon terminal from the transmitting neuron.
B)A synapse is bordered by a dendrite.
C)The neural impulse jumps across the synapse.
D)The synaptic cleft is the fluid-filled gap between an axon terminal and a dendrite.

Question 58

Either a neuron fires or it does not. This is known as the

A)live-or-die effect.
B)negative resting potential effect.
C)chemical principle.
D)all-or-none principle.

Question 59

The resting potential of a neuron is about

A)-40 millivolts.
B)+40 millivolts.
C)-70 millivolts.
D)+70 millivolts.

Question 60

The electrochemical discharge of a nerve cell or neuron is called a(n)

A)neural impulse.
B)synapse.
C)neurotransmitter.
D)afferent impulse.

Question 61

One theory of schizophrenia is that people who suffer from it may have more receptor sites or hyperresponsive receptor sites for what neurotransmitter?

A)Noradrenaline
B)Dopamine
C)Acetylcholine
D)Serotonin

Question 62

Norepinephrine, which elevates heart rate and other vital signs, is operating when the __________ nervous system is activated.

A)somatic
B)somatosensory
C)parasympathetic
D)sympathetic

Question 63

If there were a drug that blocked the reuptake of norepinephrine, we would expect that the effect would most likely be

A)sleeplessness.
B)too much sleep.
C)drowsiness.
D)psychomotor retardation.

Question 64

______________ is the neurotransmitter involved in muscle contractions.

A)Acetylcholine
B)Dopamine
C)Serotonin
D)GABA

Question 65

Dr. Kelly Earls, a neuropsychologist, was sitting next to an individual on a train who was exhibiting uncontrollable movement. Dr. Earls assumed that this individual had an imbalance in which of the following neurotransmitters?

A)Acetylcholine
B)Noradrenaline
C)Serotonin
D)Dopamine

Question 66

Phenothiazines, a group of drugs used to treat schizophrenia, block the action of the neurotransmitter

A)dopamine.
B)acetylcholine.
C)endorphins.
D)noradrenaline.

Question 67

Jack just finished a 26.2-mile marathon. In spite of the physical strain, he feels euphoric and elated due to the release of

A)serotonin.
B)dopamine.
C)endorphins.
D)acetylcholine.

Question 68

While visiting the jungles of South America in the early part of the 20th century, Eugene was shot with a poison dart. He immediately became paralyzed. The toxin in the dart most likely blocked the action of

A)acetylcholine.
B)serotonin.
C)dopamine.
D)noradrenaline.

Question 69

Minutes after eating a few bites of food in a local restaurant, Mary was unable to breathe and began to experience muscular paralysis. She had ingested food contaminated with botulism, which blocked the action of

A)serotonin.
B)acetylcholine.
C)dopamine.
D)noradrenaline.

Question 70

Underavailability of dopamine is to ____ as overutilization of dopamine is to _______.

A)schizophrenia; depression
B)depression; Parkinson's disease
C)Parkinson's disease; schizophrenia
D)depression; schizophrenia

Question 71

According to research cited in your text, a reduction of acetylcholine in the hippocampus of rats resulted in a decrease in

A)arousal during a task.
B)overproduction of sugar
C)memory.
D)hunger.

Question 72

Jeff is very aggressive and exhibits alcoholism and depression. More than likely, he has a

A)serotonin deficiency.
B)serotonin abundance.
C)dopamine deficiency.
D)none of these

Question 73

Serotonin is primarily

A)inhibitory.
B)excitatory.
C)endogenous.
D)exogenous.

Question 74

Botulism spores, which have the same effect as the toxin curare, result in _________ because they prevent __________ from being released into the synapse.

A)stomach cramps; dopamine
B)coma; noradrenaline
C)paralysis; acetylcholine
D)hallucinations; serotonin

Question 75

Deficiencies of dopamine are linked to

A)memory problems.
B)Parkinson's disease.
C)increased libido.
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 76

Neurotransmitters find their way to __________ and subsequently trigger firing of that neuron.

A)receptor sites
B)terminal buttons
C)synaptic vesicles
D)transmitter sites

Question 77

Since dopamine is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movement, individuals who are deficient in dopamine would exhibit

A)controllable movement.
B)uncontrollable movement.
C)coordinated movement.
D)smooth movement.

Question 78

Some neurotransmitters ____, while other neurotransmitters ____ .

A)excite; inhibit
B)fire; do not fire
C)are chemicals; are electronic particles
D)are released from the axon; released from the dendrite

Question 79

Deficiencies in __________ have been linked to anxiety, mood disorders, eating disorders, and insomnia.

A)noradrenaline
B)acetylcholine
C)serotonin
D)dopamine

Question 80

At the synapse, acetylcholine will be

A)excitatory.
B)inhibitory.
C)either excitatory or inhibitory.
D)neither excitatory nor inhibitory.