Question 1

According to Kohlberg's theory,teenagers tend to be located in one of the stages below. Which is it?&#10;A) Conventional&#10;B) Non-conventional&#10;C) Postconventional&#10;D) Preconventional

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, teenagers tend to be located in the Conventional stage. At this stage, individuals tend to conform to the norms and values of society and seek to maintain social order through their actions. They place a lot of emphasis on what others think of them and want to be seen as good people in the eyes of society. This stage usually begins in adolescence and continues into adulthood.

Question 2

Psychological theories of crime usually assume that:&#10;A) behaviour is shaped by class and gender relations&#10;B) genetic influence is greater than environmental influence&#10;C) offenders have special traits and deficits&#10;D) all criminal behaviour is curable

Accepted Answer

Psychological theories of crime assume that offenders have special traits and deficits that contribute to their criminal behavior. These traits may include impulsivity, low self-control, or a lack of empathy. The focus of psychological theories is on understanding what factors contribute to the development of these traits and how they can be addressed through therapy or other interventions. These theories do not necessarily assume that all criminal behavior is curable, but rather that understanding the underlying psychological factors can help to prevent future offending.

Question 3

Moral development theory stresses that&#10;A) sexual activity correlates with delinquency&#10;B) moral development is related to childhood issues that operate unconsciously&#10;C) moral development occurs automatically&#10;D) morals develop at different times in different individuals

Accepted Answer

Moral development theory suggests that morality develops at different times in different individuals. This is because moral development is influenced by various factors, including culture, family values, and life experiences. Therefore, individuals may develop their moral reasoning at different rates and stages, depending on their personal and environmental factors.

Question 4

Lack of feelings of guilt or remorse for violent and sadistic crimes is characteristic of:&#10;A) negative symbolic modeling&#10;B) delinquency&#10;C) extraversion&#10;D) psychopathy

Accepted Answer

Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of empathy and remorse, as well as impulsive and often violent behavior. This lack of guilt or remorse for violent and sadistic crimes is a defining trait of psychopathy.

Question 5

Which of the following terms refers to a measurement of the extent to which an individual's physical organism reacts to external stimuli.&#10;A) Operant pairing&#10;B) Autonomic reactivity&#10;C) Classical pairing&#10;D) limpic response

Accepted Answer

Autonomic reactivity refers to the measurement of an individual's physical organism's reactions to external stimuli. Operant pairing refers to the pairing of a behavior with a consequence, while classical pairing is the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditional response. Limpic response is a misspelling of limbic response, which refers to the response of the limbic system (a group of brain structures involved in emotions and motivations) to various stimuli.

Question 6

A test of someone's physical reaction to a particular stimulus provides an examination of their:&#10;A) subconscious guilt&#10;B) psychoticism&#10;C) autonomic reactivity&#10;D) expressive orientation

Accepted Answer

The answer of A test of someone's physical reaction to...

Question 7

The interactive process whereby individuals come to learn and internalize the culture of their society or group is&#10;A) Socialization&#10;B) Behaviourism&#10;C) Operant conditioning&#10;D) Moral development

Accepted Answer

Socialization is the process through which individuals acquire the values, norms, beliefs, and customs of their culture or society. It is a lifelong process that begins in early childhood and continues throughout the individual's life. The process of socialization enables individuals to adapt to their social environment and to develop a sense of self and identity. Behaviourism and operant conditioning are related to learning theory, while moral development focuses on the cognitive and moral aspects of growth and development, but they are not the best choices for the given question.

Question 8

The idea that criminal behaviour is caused by arrested or incomplete emotional development is linked to:&#10;A) a corrections orientation&#10;B) high rates of recidivism&#10;C) psychoanalytical theory&#10;D) community psychology

Accepted Answer

The answer of The idea that criminal behaviour is caused...

Question 9

The use of punishment and rewards to bring out a desired response in an individual is:&#10;A) autonomic reactivity&#10;B) social learning&#10;C) operant conditioning&#10;D) symbolic modeling

Accepted Answer

The use of punishment and rewards to bring out a desired response in an individual is known as operant conditioning. This involves reinforcing desired behavior with rewards or positive consequences and punishing undesirable behavior with negative consequences, in order to shape future behavior. Autonomic reactivity refers to an individual's physiological response to stimuli, while social learning and symbolic modeling refer to other types of learning and behavior modeling.

Question 10

Jean Piaget is associated with:&#10;A) the study of socialization&#10;B) moral development theory&#10;C) psychoanalysis&#10;D) operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget is a Swiss psychologist who is widely known for his theory of cognitive development, which focuses on the intellectual development of children. Piaget proposed that children go through stages of cognitive development, and that their abilities to understand and reason about the world around them change as they progress through these stages. Piaget's theory also includes a discussion of how moral reasoning develops in children, but the theory is primarily concerned with cognitive development, not socialization or other psychological concepts like psychoanalysis or operant conditioning.

Question 11

Which of the following is most closely associated with the view that offenders who break the law have some psychological shortcoming that distinguishes them from normal law-abiding citizens.&#10;A) Moral development&#10;B) Behavioural psychology&#10;C) Assumption of offender deficit&#10;D) Community psychology

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is most closely...

Question 12

Kohlberg has theorized that there are ____________________ stages of moral development.&#10;A) Eight&#10;B) Nine&#10;C) Three&#10;D) Six

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kohlberg has theorized that there are ____________________...

Question 13

Research on the association of aggressive behaviour by children with exposure to depictions of violence on television demonstrates:&#10;A) a strong correlation and clarity about the direction causation&#10;B) a weak correlation but lack of clarity about the direction of causation&#10;C) a weak correlation but clarity about the direction of causation&#10;D) no link

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on the association of aggressive behaviour...

Question 14

Which psychological perspective examines families,subcultures,and symbolic modeling as potential influences on aggressive behaviour?&#10;A) community psychology&#10;B) psychoanalytic&#10;C) social learning&#10;D) behavioural

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which psychological perspective examines families,subcultures,and symbolic modeling...

Question 15

Which of the following is a psychological theory of crime?&#10;A) theory of moral development&#10;B) differential association theory&#10;C) anomie theory&#10;D) patriarchal theory

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a psychological...

Question 16

Which of the following is a personality disorder that involves disregard for the rights of others,as well as impulsive,irresponsible,and aggressive behaviour.&#10;A) Extraversion&#10;B) Introversion&#10;C) amoralism&#10;D) Antisocial personality disorder

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a personality...

Question 17

Which of the following theoretical perspectives has most in common with sociology?&#10;A) moral development theory&#10;B) psychoanalytic theory&#10;C) Eyesenck's theory of personality&#10;D) community psychology

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following theoretical perspectives has...

Question 18

This is the perspective that analyses social problems,including crime,as largely a product of organizational and institutional characteristics of society.&#10;A) Psychoanalytic theory&#10;B) Operant conditioning&#10;C) Community psychology&#10;D) Corrections psychology

Accepted Answer

The answer of This is the perspective that analyses social...

Question 19

Which of the following is most closely associated with psychoanalytic theoy?:&#10;A) behavioural psychology&#10;B) concepts of id, ego, and superego&#10;C) the cultural shaping of consciousness&#10;D) analysis of brain neurochemistry

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is most closely...

Question 20

A basic form of learning whereby a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a certain response is known as&#10;A) Classical conditioning&#10;B) Operant conditioning&#10;C) Modelling&#10;D) Socialization

Accepted Answer

The answer of A basic form of learning whereby a...

Question 21

Which of the following terms refers to a personality characteristic associated with sociability,impulsiveness,and aggression is&#10;A) neuroticism&#10;B) psychopathy&#10;C) Antisocial Personality Disorder&#10;D) extraversion

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following terms refers to...

Question 22

The brutal murders committed by Paul Bernardo, Clifford Olson,and Charles Manson are cited as examples of&#10;A) Psychopathy&#10;B) Autonomic reactivity&#10;C) Autonomic personality&#10;D) Major depression

Accepted Answer

The answer of The brutal murders committed by Paul Bernardo,...

Question 23

The theorists Cleckley and Hare believed that psychopaths&#10;A) neither learn from their experiences nor fear the consequences of their behaviour&#10;B) learn from their experiences but do not fear the consequences of their behaviour&#10;C) fear the consequences of their behavior but do not learn from their experiences&#10;D) learn from their experiences and fear the consequences of their behaviour

Accepted Answer

The answer of The theorists Cleckley and Hare believed that...

Deck 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality