Deck 10: Developing Countries

Question 1

A system wherein a state extends its power in order to directly control territory,resources,and people beyond its borders is known as

A) imperialism.
B) unilateralism.
C) hegemony.
D) bipolarity.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

South Korea is among the Asian countries that pursued an export-oriented strategy known as

A) import substitution.
B) the industrial curve.
C) product peripheralism.
D) the product life cycle.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following was the initial,primary cause of lack of government capacity in postcolonial countries?

A) endemic corruption among governmental workers
B) control of most government programs by the military
C) absence of a professional bureaucracy
D) ethnic divisions among civil servants

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is a component of import substitution,an economic strategy followed by many developing countries in the post-World War II era?

A) poor enforcement of intellectual property rights
B) banning parastatal arrangements
C) privatizing nationalized industries
D) ending government business subsidies

Question 5

Import substitution is most closely related to which of the following political-economic systems?

A) social democracy
B) mercantilism
C) liberalism
D) communism

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes social identities in places under imperial control?

A) Ethnic and national identities largely withered as a result of the imposition of the modern state.
B) Neither strong national nor strong, specific ethnic identities were present before imperialism.
C) Strong national identities existed before imperialism but were suppressed.
D) Strong ethnic identities existed before imperialism but were suppressed.

Question 7

Policies supported by the IMF and World Bank to increase economic liberalization in less-developed countries are often referred to as the

A) Washington Consensus.
B) Multilateral Accord.
C) Millennium Action Accord.
D) United Nations Economic Compact.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDG)program is accurate?

A) Lack of proper, comprehensive data collection has left wide disagreement over whether the program has been a success.
B) The program and goals are a prime example of emphasis on allowing civil society to develop organically without heavy international intervention.
C) Compared to villages that received no aid, the Millennium Villages showed impressive progress.
D) Unexpected opposition to international aid by the target state governments dramatically reduced program effectiveness.

Question 9

Inequality under imperialism was exacerbated by

A) imperial obsessions with mass literacy.
B) imperial obsessions with religious differences and conversion.
C) imperial obsessions with forefronting racial differences.
D) imperial interest in suppressing nationalist sentiment.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the Washington Consensus is accurate?

A) In the 1980s it began to encourage countries to increase state power.
B) In the 1980s it began to encourage countries to limit regulation.
C) In the 1980s it began to encourage countries to restrict private industry.
D) In the 1980s it began to encourage state governments to relax the rule of law.

Question 11

Countries that are experiencing weak economic and political development are known as ________ countries.

A) newly developing
B) newly industrializing
C) peripheral
D) lower income

Question 12

Which of the following best describes modernization under imperialism in most colonial states?

A) incomplete transition between Western and traditional institutions
B) complete destruction of local institutions with no new ones to take their place
C) largely a successful implementation of governmental structures that mirrored the colonial power's government
D) complete transformation to modern social institutions but with economic modernization lagging behind

Question 13

Tariff and nontariff barriers are key tools most important to which economic strategy?

A) import substitution
B) centralized developmentalism
C) liberalism
D) export-oriented industrialization

Question 14

Some observers of less-developed countries use the term ________ to describe the unequal economic relationship between those countries and advanced democracies in the modern postcolonial era.

A) quasi-socialism
B) pseudocapitalism
C) protoliberalism
D) neocolonialism

Question 15

The concept of a "hothouse economy" is associated with

A) liberalization.
B) import substitution.
C) foreign direct investment.
D) communism.

Question 16

Why might the commonality of authoritarian regimes in the developing world fail to suggest high levels of autonomy,even though on the surface it appears that this should be the case?

A) The fear of revolution at the street level keeps these regimes beholden to the popular will of the people.
B) Neocolonialism transfers power over policy from these regimes to outside actors like developed democracies.
C) These regimes often lose their independence through corruption to groups that exploit them as a resource.
D) Very low levels of income for these regimes and their top officials reduce their ability to act independently.

Question 17

The term for the physical occupation of a foreign territory through military force,businesses,or settlers is

A) federalism.
B) democracy.
C) colonialism.
D) autonomy.

Question 18

The borders of most current African states were drawn by colonial powers according to

A) longitude and latitude.
B) the locations of natural resources.
C) ethnic divisions.
D) population groups.

Question 19

Countries that are experiencing rapid economic growth and democratization are generally known as ________ countries.

A) newly developing
B) less-developed
C) peripheral
D) middle income

Question 20

After World War II,many countries in Asia discarded import substitution and opted for a form of economic development known as

A) microfinance.
B) debt-based agriculturalism.
C) export-oriented industrialization.
D) centralized developmentalism.

Question 21

A small country has applied for membership in an economic union.Before membership is granted,the ruling body of the union requires that the applicant state reduce its budget deficit to a specific percentage of GDP.This type of arrangement could be classified as

A) structural reform.
B) conditionality.
C) neoliberalism.
D) export-oriented adjustment.

Question 22

Which of the following might be a Washington Consensus policy recommendation to a less-developed country that would be opposed by a supporter of import substitution policy?

A) investing heavily in domestic agriculture
B) raising tariffs to reduce foreign imports
C) reducing state power
D) promoting private domestic industry

Question 23

Which postcolonial region currently suffers the lowest rankings on the Human Development Index?

A) northern Latin America
B) central Asia
C) Africa
D) the Middle East

Question 24

Policies that require countries to privatize state-run firms,end subsidies,reduce tariff barriers,shrink the size of the state,and welcome foreign investment are sometimes known as

A) import substitution programs.
B) structural adjustment programs.
C) service-sector growth programs.
D) export industrialization programs.

Question 25

How did import substitution compare with export-oriented industrialization as a real-world strategy for economic development and modernization? How did the Washington Consensus propose to address the problems of both of these economic development strategies?

Question 26

Describe the motivating factors that began the process of European imperialism in the 1500s.Why were European states so proficient at expanding colonial structures in the less-developed world?

Question 27

One recent innovation to help alleviate poverty in poorer countries through small loans to small businesses is known as

A) macrofinance.
B) microcredit.
C) structural loans.
D) flexible funding.

Question 28

Why have less-developed countries had such difficulty in building effective states? What particular roles do ethnic and national identities contribute to this difficulty?

Question 29

One of the major criticisms of microfinance or microcredit is that the

A) loans are rarely repaid.
B) loans create a dependency on foreign handouts.
C) loans do not help grow businesses that can hire employees.
D) international community is not involved in making these investments.

Question 30

What is the role of civil society and political engagement in developing a more effective state?

Question 31

The untaxed,unregulated,and unprotected sector of the economy is known as the ________ economy.

A) unrestricted
B) informal
C) private
D) devolved

Question 32

Organized life outside of the state that is often seen as critical to democracy and political stability is known as

A) public goods.
B) free riders.
C) social circles.
D) civil society.

Question 33

Which of the following can be said about the effects of imperialism on gender roles?

A) It is difficult to generalize about the effects on gender roles, but in many countries imperialism likely made gender roles more fixed.
B) Imperialism dramatically reduced the number of economic roles for women.
C) Women in most countries that came under imperial control saw their political and social status rise slightly.
D) Western values imposed on countries under imperial control resulted in the liberation of many women from the domestic sphere.

Question 34

What is microcredit? Describe the potential benefits and drawbacks of this strategy for economic development?

Question 35

In comparing the development of postcolonial countries,which of the following pairs of factors have shown strong correlation with each other?

A) political stability and multiculturalism
B) abundant natural resources and weak economic development
C) deep ethnic divisions and strong economic growth
D) presidential systems and robust economic growth