Question 1

Which of the following statements about both interviews and questionnaires as data collection methods is true?&#10;A) Both seek to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings of participants.&#10;B) Both are analyzed by statistical methods.&#10;C) Both require extensive researcher training.&#10;D) Both are paper-and-pencil tests.

Accepted Answer

Both interviews and questionnaires are methods of collecting data to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings of participants. However, they differ in terms of the mode of administration, the type of questions asked, and the level of control the researcher has over the data collection process. The other options (B, C, and D) are incorrect because not all interviews and questionnaires are analyzed by statistical methods, require extensive researcher training, or are paper-and-pencil tests.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about physiological,or biological,measures of data is accurate?&#10;A) They involve the use of specialized equipment.&#10;B) Data collection error is reduced with their use.&#10;C) They can be used for both qualitative and quantitative studies.&#10;D) Instruments that measure physiological phenomena represent the &#34;gold standard&#34; and eliminate the need to verify instrument reliability and validity.

Accepted Answer

Physiological measures often require specialized equipment to accurately capture biological data.

Question 3

In a study conducted at a large long-term care facility,two data collectors examined 56 pressure ulcers on 40 different subjects.The examinations were independently performed but on the same day.A comparison of the results indicated that the data collectors,who used the Braden Scale for pressure ulcer assessment,had identical scores for 54 of the 56 ulcers.What can be determined from this finding?

A) Interrater reliability between the two data collectors was high.
B) Interrater reliability between the two data collectors was low.
C) The data collection method was inappropriate for the phenomenon under investigation.
D) In order to establish interrater reliability, both data collectors should have examined each pressure ulcer at the same time.

Accepted Answer

The fact that the data collectors had identical scores for 54 of the 56 ulcers indicates a high level of agreement or interrater reliability between them. This means that they were consistent in their use of the Braden Scale for pressure ulcer assessment and reduces the likelihood of measurement error or bias. Therefore, choice A is the best answer. Choices C and D are not supported by the given information, and choice B is contradicted by the high level of interrater reliability observed.

Question 4

Which of the following factors or issues are most important in deciding on a method of data collection for a specific research study?&#10;A) The number of hypotheses or research questions and the experience of the investigator&#10;B) The nature of the research question and the specific population to be studied&#10;C) The cost of the instrument and the amount of research effort involved&#10;D) The number of co-investigators on the study and the educational preparation of the primary investigator

Accepted Answer

The nature of the research question and the specific population to be studied are the most important factors in deciding on a method of data collection. Different research questions and populations may require different methods of data collection. For example, a study on the effects of a new medication may require clinical trials and surveys, while a study on the attitudes of college students may require focus groups or interviews. The number of hypotheses or research questions and the experience of the investigator, the cost of the instrument and the amount of research effort involved, as well as the number of co-investigators on the study and the educational preparation of the primary investigator, may be important factors to consider but are not as critical as the nature of the research question and the specific population.

Question 5

What is the most important issue in the data collection phase of research?&#10;A) Flexibility in data collection&#10;B) Consistency in data collection&#10;C) Accurate interpretation of the data collected&#10;D) Averaging of numerical scores to reduce the effect of outliers

Accepted Answer

Consistency in data collection is crucial in ensuring that the data collected is reliable and valid. If the data is not collected consistently, then it may not accurately reflect the phenomenon being studied, leading to inaccurate conclusions. While flexibility is important, it should not come at the expense of consistency. Accurate interpretation of the data and averaging of numerical scores are important, but they depend on having consistent and reliable data in the first place.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the interview method of data collection is true?&#10;A) It is of value only in qualitative studies.&#10;B) It allows subjects to report data directly.&#10;C) Consistency is sacrificed for objectivity.&#10;D) Objectivity is sacrificed for consistency.

Accepted Answer

The statement "It allows subjects to report data directly" is true for the interview method of data collection.

Question 7

What is the most appropriate method of data collection the researcher can use to gather information from 1,000 people?&#10;A) Field notes&#10;B) Structured interview&#10;C) Unstructured interview&#10;D) Survey

Accepted Answer

A survey would be the most appropriate method to gather information from 1,000 people as it allows for standardized questions to be asked to a large number of participants in a relatively short amount of time. Field notes and interviews are more suited for smaller sample sizes and may not provide the same level of generalizability to a larger population. A structured interview could also be a possibility, but it would likely require more time and resources than a survey.

Question 8

Which of the following types of observational role is exemplified by the use of a focus group interview and audiotaping of group interactions?&#10;A) Concealment with intervention&#10;B) Concealment without intervention&#10;C) No concealment with intervention&#10;D) No concealment without intervention

Accepted Answer

No concealment without intervention is exemplified by the use of a focus group interview and audiotaping of group interactions because the participants are aware of the researcher's presence and the purpose of the study, but the researcher does not intervene in the group's interactions.

Question 9

Which of the following terms describes the process of translating the researcher's concepts of interest into observable and measurable phenomena?&#10;A) Analysis&#10;B) Objectivity&#10;C) Consistency&#10;D) Operationalization

Accepted Answer

Operationalization is the process of defining measurable variables and indicators that can be observed and measured objectively, based on the researcher's concepts of interest. It involves identifying the specific steps or procedures that will be used to measure a concept or construct. Analysis refers to the process of examining data and making sense of it. Objectivity refers to the principle of being unbiased and impartial in research. Consistency refers to the degree of similarity or agreement between multiple measurements or observations of the same phenomenon or construct.

Question 10

When are records or data-available methods of data collection appropriate?&#10;A) When the research subjects are illiterate&#10;B) When the participants are not reliable historians&#10;C) When the goal of research is to analyze trends and change over time&#10;D) When the researcher suspects that the subject may be attempting to alter responses in an attempt to please the researcher

Accepted Answer

Records or data-available methods of data collection are appropriate when the goal of research is to analyze trends and change over time. This is because these methods provide data that has already been recorded and can provide a longitudinal perspective of the phenomena being studied. It is not appropriate to use these methods when research subjects are illiterate, unreliable historians, or when the researcher suspects that the subject may be attempting to alter responses in an attempt to please the researcher.

Question 11

What term is used to describe the process that informs subjects after an observation that they have been included in a research study and allows them the opportunity to refuse to have their data included in the study?

A) Debriefing
B) Concealment
C) Unauthorized research
D) Scientific misconduct

Accepted Answer

The answer of What term is used to describe the...

Question 12

What are the advantages of physiological data collection methods?&#10;A) Low cost and subject acceptance&#10;B) Reduced duration of data collection&#10;C) Objectivity and sensitivity&#10;D) No need for interrater reliability determination

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the advantages of physiological data...

Question 13

Which of the following is the most appropriate data collection method for measuring postoperative pain during the first 24 hours after coronary artery bypass graft surgery?&#10;A) Assessment of arterial blood gas values&#10;B) Unstructured interview&#10;C) Visual analogue pain scale&#10;D) Pain questionnaire

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the most...

Question 14

Which of the following terms is used to describe a change in a subject's behaviour because he or she is being observed?&#10;A) Reactivity&#10;B) Instability&#10;C) Therapeutic&#10;D) Interventionist

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following terms is used...

Question 15

When are structured,forced-response questionnaires most appropriate?&#10;A) When the participant is confused&#10;B) When the questions asked have a finite number of possible responses&#10;C) When data collection must take place in a public environment&#10;D) When the responses will reflect an opinion that cannot be interpreted as &#34;right&#34; or &#34;wrong&#34;

Accepted Answer

The answer of When are structured,forced-response questionnaires most appropriate?&#10;A) When...

Question 16

Which data collection method would be most appropriate in studying &#34;death anxiety&#34; in preschool children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)?&#10;A) An unstructured interview&#10;B) Asking parents about their children's fear of death&#10;C) Children's responses on a paper-and-pencil death anxiety scale&#10;D) Children's verbal responses to pictures depicting various issues related to death

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which data collection method would be most...

Question 17

Which of the following methods of data collection has the lowest refusal rate?&#10;A) Closed-ended questionnaire&#10;B) Open-ended questionnaire&#10;C) Physiological measurement&#10;D) Interview

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following methods of data...

Question 18

Which of the following data collection methods is most at risk of researcher bias?&#10;A) Questionnaires&#10;B) Available data&#10;C) Observation methods&#10;D) Physiological measurement

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following data collection methods...

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a physiological measurement?&#10;A) Definition of a type &#34;A&#34; behaviour pattern&#10;B) Description of self-care abilities in patients with dementia&#10;C) Ranges of values on two consecutive arterial blood gas analyses&#10;D) Adjusted scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Scale

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an example...

Question 20

A nurse researcher is developing a new instrument based on the caring behaviours of nurses.Put the process of this instrument's development in the appropriate order.
A.Generating the caring instrument items
B.Identifying the nurse population
C.Assessing caring items for content validity
D.Developing user instructions
E.Defining caring behaviours of nurses

A) a, b, c, d, e
B) e, d, c, b, a
C) e, b, a, c, d
D) c, d, a, b, e

Accepted Answer

The answer of A nurse researcher is developing a new...

Deck 13: Data-Collection Methods