Deck 5: Biology in the Present: Living People

Question 1

The postnatal stage in humans consists of

A)the neonatal period.
B)the neonatal period through the end of lactation.
C)infancy, childhood, juvenile period, puberty, adolescence, and adulthood.
D)the neonatal period, infancy, juvenile period, puberty, and adolescence.

Answer 1

the neonatal period, infancy, juvenile period, puberty, and adolescence.

Question 2

Which of the following is the expansion of blood vessels near the body's surface in response to excessive heat?

A)vasoconstriction
B)vasodilation
C)arterial flow
D)venous flow

Answer 2

vasodilation

Question 3

________ states that heat-adapted mammals will have long limbs, which maximize the body's surface area.

A)Thermoregulation rule
B)Darwin's rule
C)Bergmann's rule
D)Allen's rule

Answer 3

Allen's rule

Question 4

Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) consists of

A)general energy requirements.
B)basal metabolic requirements plus all other energy requirements.
C)basal metabolic requirements only.
D)requirements to maintain gamete production.

Question 5

Which of the following is key to maintaining internal homeostasis?

A)Bergmann's rule
B)Allen's rule
C)mutations
D)adaptations

Question 6

Franz Boas

A)was a big supporter of the race concept.
B)created racial categories based on living populations in the United States.
C)showed that U.S.-born children had the same head shapes as their immigrant parents.
D)showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes than their immigrant parents.

Question 7

A cline

A)is continuous variation that follows a continuum.
B)is variation that falls into discrete categories.
C)describes the pattern of occurrence of trisomy 18.
D)describes the number of sweat glands common in a population in relation to latitude.

Question 8

Which of the following are related to the biological process of homeostasis?

A)senescence
B)Wolff's law
C)osteoporosis
D)both a and b

Question 9

Functional adaptations in humans during their lifetimes are usually associated with ________ .

A)human linguistic changes
B)human genotypes
C)environmental conditions
D)contact between different populations

Question 10

Sweating evolved in humans as a response to what?

A)humans learning how to use fire
B)humans migrating to warmer climates
C)changes in human cultural behavior to include wearing clothing
D)thermoregulatory adaptation to hair loss in humans

Question 11

Results from anthropomorphic measurements of Turkana pastoralists indicate long limbs.This suggests which of the following?

A)The population is one point on the continuum of variation observed in Allen's rule.
B)The population represents the variability that results from Wolff's law of skeletal replacement.
C)The population has body proportions that are not well adapted to warmer climates.
D)According to Allen's rule, pastoralist populations are well adapted for life at high latitudes.

Question 12

The fact that Turkana children are often initially shorter than American children is indicative of

A)the growth acceleration and deceleration associated with this life stage.
B)the fact that growth is often related to nutrition and other environmental factors.
C)the relationship between genes and the environment.
D)all of the above.

Question 13

C.Loring Brace argued that the race concept

A)was first used by Marco Polo as he recorded huge amounts of information during his travels in Asia.
B)has been present throughout human history.
C)can be traced to the Renaissance, when seafaring travelers observed differences between people from distant lands.
D)originated in ancient Egypt.

Question 14

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

A)discovered the existence of three races.
B)categorized skulls into five racial types.
C)used blood types and skin colors to create a racial taxonomy for humans.
D)showed that skull shape changed over time.

Question 15

Race is not a valid biological concept because

A)races account for only a small amount of biological variation.
B)the distribution of biological traits follow a cline.
C)traits do not agree with their frequency and distribution.
D)all of the above.

Question 16

R.C.Lewontin found that human "races" have no taxonomic significance.He demonstrated this

A)through research indicating that most genetic variation is found among human races.
B)through research indicating that most genetic variation is found across human populations.
C)through the examination of variation in multiple human skull characteristics.
D)through research that examined genetic diversity across different species of mammals.

Question 17

According to the text, females are less able to tolerate heat than males because

A)males have a higher body fat content.
B)females have a higher body fat content.
C)females are shorter.
D)males sweat more.

Question 18

DNA

A)largely determines development from conception through death.
B)schedules growth, but environment and events influence actual development.
C)is the sole influence on growth and development.
D)none of the above.

Question 19

Which of the following can lead to cardiovascular disease?

A)type 2 diabetes
B)overnutrition
C)undernutrition
D)b and c only

Question 20

Global studies on human thermoregulation have revealed

A)populations adapted to hot climates have more efficient reactions to heat stress.
B)populations living in hot climates have more sweat glands.
C)populations living in hot climates have less body hair.
D)a and b only.

Question 21

Osteoporosis is

A)less common in postmenopausal women with low amounts of estrogen.
B)more common in men than in women because of testosterone.
C)decreased susceptibility to bone fracture that comes with changes in bone mass.
D)a main cause of hip fractures in older women.

Question 22

In an anatomy lab you are shown both of the upper arm bones of a single individual.You note in your lab book that the diameter of the left arm bone is significantly larger than that of the right arm bone.From this you infer that

A)the individual was likely ambidextrous, lacking the dominant arm required for athletics.
B)this particular individual is a good example of the properties of Allen's rule.
C)this individual predominantly used his or her left arm for either sporting activities or daily use.
D)this individual predominantly used his or her right arm for either sporting activities or daily use.

Question 23

The average heights of European-American males in the United States fluctuated between 1710 and 1970 and

A)were not affected by improvements in sanitation.
B)were positively affected by increasing population density.
C)were mostly influenced by shifts in immigrants' geographic origins.
D)were positively affected by access to medical care.

Question 24

When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses,

A)long bone growth is slowed.
B)full adult height is attained.
C)the adolescent growth spurt begins.
D)the fusion is largely determined by the environment.

Question 25

The growth potential of populations

A)has been reached worldwide thanks to improvements in genetic technology.
B)has not yet been reached in most wealthy countries.
C)has been reached even in less wealthy populations where growth periods are slow.
D)can be achieved with improvements in disease control and nutrition.

Question 26

Puberty is marked by

A)menarche in girls.
B)similar body size in boys and girls.
C)completion of brain growth.
D)adult social roles.

Question 27

Infancy ends

A)at 36 months.
B)before deciduous dentition has completely erupted.
C)with completion of brain growth.
D)with weaning, which occurs at the same time across cultures.

Question 28

The life stage of senescence in humans is characterized by

A)cognitive transitions in increased ability to learn.
B)a growth spurt.
C)the end of the reproductive years.
D)none of the above.

Question 29

Ethnographic evidence from around the world shows that postmenopausal women do all of the following except

A)die young.
B)play important roles in provisioning grandchildren.
C)act as repositories of information about culture and society.
D)contribute to their daughters' reproductive success.

Question 30

Exercise improves physical fitness by contributing to all of the following except

A)increased bone strength.
B)increased heart and lung function.
C)increased cholesterol.
D)lower blood pressure.

Question 31

Although Bergmann's and Allen's rules most often explain body shape and morphology, we occasionally see variations from the correct patterns.This indicates that

A)the long-term association between body shape and climate is an example of acclimatization.
B)body shape and morphology reflect both evolutionary and developmental processes.
C)the association between body shape and morphology does not respond to environmental stressors.
D)the association between body shape, morphology, and the environment is not a result of natural selection.

Question 32

Human brain growth is completed by age

A)three.
B)eighteen months.
C)six.
D)ten.

Question 33

While conducting a study on hypoxia among individuals living in the Peruvian Andes, you have been able to show that individuals in the population have likely suffered hypoxia and/or resided there for long periods of time.You know this because

A)individuals in your sample have a smaller chest cavity than do individuals who live in the village at the base of the mountains.
B)individuals who moved to the region as children have greater lung volumes than individuals who moved to the area as adults.
C)individuals in the population have very low red blood cell counts.
D)none of the above.

Question 34

Relative to people with a history of living in temperate climates, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations

A)have lower basal metabolic rate.
B)consume more carbohydrates.
C)reduce peripheral body temperatures to maintain core temperatures.
D)none of the above.

Question 35

Unlike other animals, humans acquire resources such as food and reproductive partners

A)only by way of survival of the fittest.
B)only by way of a dominance hierarchy.
C)entirely within the contexts of culture and society.
D)none of the above.

Question 36

Before adulthood, height deficits can be made up by

A)rapid growth following disruption.
B)longer duration of growth.
C)neither a nor b.
D)both a and b.

Question 37

Research has shown that human growth and development

A)start off with a blueprint from an individual's DNA.
B)are strongly influenced by the environment.
C)are exactly the same as other primates.
D)both a and b

Question 38

Functional adaptations to high altitude include all of the following except

A)smaller diameter of blood vessels.
B)greater lung volume.
C)more efficient use of oxygen.
D)high oxygen saturation in hemoglobin.

Question 39

Children living at high altitudes develop a larger chest cavity by adulthood than children living at lower altitudes.This is an example of

A)developmental adaptations that occur at the population level.
B)acclimatization at the individual level.
C)developmental adaptations that occur at the level of the individual during critical life stages.
D)none of the above.

Question 40

For women with very low body weight, high amounts of exercise can result in

A)increased female fertility.
B)increased ovarian function.
C)reduced ability to conceive relative to women who do not exercise.
D)higher rates of conception than in women who do not exercise.

Question 41

Dark skin (a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples) is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation, because UV radiation can cause

A)skin cancer.
B)hypoxia.
C)rickets.
D)none of the above.

Question 42

While reading an ethnography of women living in a rural African community, you notice that women in this community have a significantly greater workload than men.The data shows that women spend more time clearing and planting fields than men of an equivalent age.What influence will this have on the overall population?

A)The population size will rapidly increase because women show greater fitness.
B)The population may remain the same or decrease due to lowered birth rate of women.
C)The population will remain the same because gendered difference in workload has no relationship to fluctuations in population size.
D)The population will only increase if the workload of women remains the same.

Question 43

Discuss the significance of workload adaptation for skeletal function and maintenance of bone strength.

Question 44

Discuss how adaptations to local environments have likely influenced the evolution of skin color in different geographic regions of the world.

Question 45

Inherited human adaptations include all of the following except

A)genetic adaptation at the population level.
B)acclimatization.
C)more efficient use of oxygen.
D)none of the above.

Question 46

Is race a valid, biologically meaningful concept? Why or why not?

Question 47

How does human life history (prenatal stage, infancy, childhood, juvenile stage, adolescence, adulthood, old age) shed light on the interaction between genes and environment?

Question 48

Wolff's law

A)is the principle that the lengths of limb bones are related to environmental conditions.
B)applies to the maintenance of the endocrine system.
C)accounts for the remodeling of bone when it is under stress.
D)says that bone mass is taken away where it is needed and produced where it is not needed.

Question 49

Reports show that in the last forty years, the average weight of six- to eleven-year-old children has gone from 65 to 74 pounds.We know that

A)a weight increase can lead to physiological conditions that put the children at greater risk of heart disease among other conditions.
B)a weight increase of this amount is likely related to increased consumption of foods high in micronutrients.
C)these children will have no adverse effect from being overweight or obese.
D)none of the above.

Question 50

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach categorized humans into the following races

A)Negroids, Caucasoids, and Mongoloids.
B)Mongoloids, Negroids, Inuit, and Caucasoids.
C)Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and Caucasoids.
D)Mongoloids, Negroids, Malays, Europeans, and Caucasoids.

Question 51

Hypoxia has been shown to be an agent of natural selection because Tibetan women

A)at high altitudes had fewer surviving children.
B)with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had more surviving children.
C)with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had fewer surviving children.
D)have poor nutrition.

Question 52

Low birth weight can result from a mother's

A)malnutrition.
B)excessive alcohol consumption.
C)smoking.
D)all of the above.

Question 53

Discuss the problems and consequences of undernutrition and overnutrition around the world.

Question 54

The strength and mass of bone

A)do not affect the tendency to fracture.
B)are entirely genetically determined.
C)vary with an individual's level of physical activity.
D)none of the above.