Deck 6: Biology in the Present: The Other Living Primates

Question 1

Living lemurs are found only in

A)Asia.
B)Africa.
C)South America.
D)Madagascar.

Answer 1

Madagascar.

Question 2

________ is a fist-like grip in which the fingers and thumbs wrap around an object in opposite directions.

A)Hammer grip
B)Knitting grip
C)Power grip
D)Precision grip

Answer 2

Power grip

Question 3

Sagittal crests are pronounced in some primates with highly developed ________ .

A)shoulder muscles
B)masticatory muscles
C)hip muscles
D)ankle muscles

Answer 3

masticatory muscles

Question 4

The nose structure in all primates

A)is projecting (similar to dogs) and contributed to a decreasing sense of smell.
B)is projecting (similar to dogs) and contributed to an increasing sense of smell.
C)is flatter against the face and contributed to a decreasing sense of smell.
D)is flatter against the face and contributed to an increasing sense of smell.

Question 5

While at the zoo you see an exhibit with a small group of primates you have not seen in your textbook.However you notice they have wet, snout-like noses similar to a dog's.You tell your friend that this is

A)a species of prosimian, because they retain the rhinarium commonly found in other mammal species.
B)a species of anthropoid primate, because they retain the rhinarium commonly found in other mammal species.
C)a species of platyrrhine primate, because their nostrils do not point downward.
D)none of the above.

Question 6

In comparison to Prosimians, anthropoids

A)have a reduced sense of smell.
B)have an enhanced sense of smell.
C)have a reduced reliance on vision.
D)b and c only.

Question 7

Suspensory primates generally have what type of body structure?

A)longer legs than arms
B)longer arms than legs
C)longer thumbs than big toes
D)longer big toes than thumbs

Question 8

The suborder Prosimians includes

A)galagos and lorises only
B)tarsiers and lemurs only.
C)galagos and lemurs only.
D)galagos, lorises, tarsiers, and lemurs.

Question 9

The tarsiers belong to the taxonomic suborder of

A)Anthropoidea.
B)Prosimii.
C)sapiens.
D)Homo.

Question 10

Because of the enhanced sense of touch, most primate species have

A)claws on the forelimbs only.
B)nails on the forelimbs only.
C)claws instead of nails on all limbs.
D)nails instead of claws on all limbs.

Question 11

Primates' enhanced sense of vision stems from

A)eyes rotated forward.
B)tendency toward nocturnality.
C)color vision.
D)both a and c

Question 12

The genetic classification for apes and humans

A)includes three subfamilies within hominids: pongines, gorillines, and hominines.
B)uses the term "hominid" to describe only humans and their ancestors.
C)divides hominoids into hylobatids, pongids, and hominids.
D)none of the above.

Question 13

Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations including

A)opposable thumbs.
B)precision grip.
C)short digits.
D)expanded reliance on sense of smell.

Question 14

Unlike monkeys, apes

A)have no tails.
B)have long forelimbs, compared to their hind limbs.
C)have short lower backs.
D)are orthograde; that is, they walk upright.

Question 15

Which of the following are prosimians?

A)baboons
B)gibbons
C)lemurs
D)tamarins

Question 16

Primate dietary adaptation is facilitated by

A)highly specialized dentition.
B)expanded numbers of teeth.
C)four functionally distinctive tooth types.
D)none of the above.

Question 17

The two suborders of primates are

A)platyrrhine and catarrhine.
B)prosimians and anthropoids.
C)pongidae and hominidae.
D)tarsiers and anthropoids.

Question 18

Suspensory locomotion is characteristic of which primate?

A)macaques
B)vervets
C)baboons
D)gibbons

Question 19

Anthropoids include

A)monkeys, apes, and humans.
B)African and Asian apes.
C)tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.
D)lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.

Question 20

Primate females

A)invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals.
B)give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals.
C)give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
D)none of the above.

Question 21

The increased brain size observed in the order Primates

A)results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity.
B)results in shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size.
C)demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution.
D)both a and c

Question 22

The presence of a honing complex relates to

A)molar size.
B)canine size.
C)diet.
D)human reproduction.

Question 23

While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to move throughout the trees in its enclosure.This is most likely

A)an Old World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
B)a lesser ape, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
C)a New World monkey, because these are the only monkeys that live in trees.
D)a New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.

Question 24

Relative to body size, primate brain size

A)is proportional to human brain size.
B)is more or less the same in large and small primates.
C)is smaller than in other large mammals.
D)is larger among humans than among other primates.

Question 25

A skull with a foramen magnum located on the back, which positions the skull in front of the body, belongs to

A)an individual that is fully bipedal, such as a human.
B)an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.
C)an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a human.
D)none of the above (this trait is only observed in prosimians).

Question 26

The suborder Prosimians includes

A)New World and Old World monkeys.
B)lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.
C)great apes and lesser apes.
D)lemurs, lorises, and galagos.

Question 27

The Y-5 molar morphology is present in

A)colobus monkeys.
B)chimpanzees.
C)lemurs.
D)howler monkeys.

Question 28

Prehensile tails

A)are present in catarrhine primates.
B)are present in most primates.
C)are present only in some platyrrhines.
D)none of the above.

Question 29

Primate females invest more in their offspring

A)due to the relative high level of intelligence in primates.
B)because of giving birth to few offspring at a time.
C)due to the environmental constraints placed on primates.
D)none of the above.

Question 30

Anthropoids differ from prosimians in that they

A)have more teeth.
B)have better color vision.
C)are less dimorphic sexually.
D)none of the above.

Question 31

Colobine primates

A)are mostly frugivorous.
B)are usually terrestrial.
C)have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves.
D)are referred to as "cheek pouch" monkeys.

Question 32

The typical dental formula of lorises and lemurs is

A)2 / 1 / 3 / 3.
B)1 / 1 / 3 / 3.
C)2 / 1 / 3 / 2.
D)2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

Question 33

Humans are the only primates who lack a sectorial complex on the premolar.This is an example of

A)a primitive trait, because it is present in multiple species of a group.
B)a primitive trait, because it is present in only one or few species of a group.
C)a derived trait, because it is present in multiple species of a group.
D)a derived trait, because it is present in only one or few species of a group.

Question 34

Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include

A)an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.
B)larger brains.
C)reduced number of teeth.
D)smaller eye orbits.

Question 35

The rhinarium is present in

A)baboons.
B)gorillas.
C)ring-tailed lemurs.
D)howler monkeys.

Question 36

In your primate anatomy lab you are shown the mandible (lower jaw bone) of a species of primate.While looking at the teeth, you notice a large space between the canine and first premolar.In your lab book you note

A)that this is likely the lower jaw of a human due to the potential presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
B)that this may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth of the mandible suggests the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
C)that this is likely the lower jaw of a human, given the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
D)that this may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth suggests the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.

Question 37

The typical catarrhine dental formula is

A)1 / 1 / 2 / 3.
B)2 / 1 / 3 / 3.
C)2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
D)3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

Question 38

In class your professor shows you an MRI scan of a primate brain.The professor points out the relatively large size of the olfactory bulb beneath the frontal lobe.This suggests to you that

A)this primate shows a derived trait for an enhanced sense of smell as this trait is not commonly observed in mammal species.
B)this is a species of anthropoid because it has an increased reliance on vision.
C)this primate must be a species of prosimian, as that suborder of primates still relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.
D)none of the above.

Question 39

Which of the following prosimians spend considerable amounts of time on the ground?

A)lorises
B)bushbabies
C)ring-tailed lemurs
D)tarsiers

Question 40

You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution.You note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids.This implies that

A)the researchers are relying on genetic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.
B)the researchers are relying on anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.
C)the researchers are relying on genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term "hominid" to describe human ancestors.
D)both b and c

Question 41

Preadaptation is

A)the series of small adaptations that precedes the more observable adaptation.
B)the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function.
C)the use of an anatomical feature in the way it was originally intended.
D)none of the above.

Question 42

A feature unique only to human teeth and human ancestors' teeth is

A)the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
B)a canine that shows no wear on any surface.
C)the Y-5 cusp pattern.
D)a canine that shows wear on the tip.

Question 43

Describe similarities and differences in diet and dentition among prosimians, Old World monkeys, and apes.

Question 44

Discuss at least three features of the skeleton that differ between (bipedal) humans and (quadrupedal) apes.

Question 45

Tarsiers are unique among prosimians because they

A)are diurnal.
B)are vertical clingers and leapers.
C)have a fovea.
D)have a prehensile tail.

Question 46

The initial lack of opposability of the hallux in humans is most likely the result of

A)the need to use the hallux in terrestrial movement.
B)the transition to bipedalism.
C)the use of shoes.
D)both a and b

Question 47

Discuss anatomical characteristics that relate to primates' arboreal adaptation.

Question 48

A finger pad with primitive dermal ridges most likely belongs to which of the following?

A)only humans
B)pottos, lories, and other similar species
C)Old World monkeys, which rely heavily on precision-grip foraging
D)none of the above

Question 49

Baboons

A)have highly dexterous fingers.
B)live in habitats similar to early hominids.
C)may give anthropologists a glimpse into early human behavior.
D)all of the above.

Question 50

Describe distinctive features of primate parenting relative to that of other mammals.

Question 51

Compare and contrast both the anatomy and the special senses of prosimians and anthropoids.

Question 52

Which of the following were identified by Sir William le Gros Clark as tendencies of primates?

A)the presence of arboreal adaptations
B)increased parental investment
C)the presence of dietary plasticity
D)all of the above