Deck 24: Nutrition in Exercise and Sports Performance

Question 1

Athletes need to increase their water intake to

A)enhance renal excretion of waste products from muscle activity.
B)improve intestinal absorption of nutrients after digestion.
C)maintain water balance in the body as a whole and within cells.
D)increase skin evaporation of water as a cooling mechanism.

Answer 1

C
Depending on the type of physical activity performed, athletes need to have adequate water intake to prevent dehydration.Fluid loss through sweating is affected by the length and intensity of activity as well as by the environment.Sweating provides a cooling mechanism for the body; however, if fluid is not replaced, dehydration will impair the body's thermoregulation and the athlete's ability to perform.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT used as an ergogenic aid to build muscle?

A)Ephedra
B)Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)
C)Creatine
D)Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Answer 2

A
Ephedra, found in ephedrine and pseudoephedrine (ma huang), is a central nervous system stimulant that increases energy.Ephedra sales are banned by the FDA, and its use is banned by the NFL, NCAA, and IOC.HMB and creatine both promote increases in muscle mass.DHEA is a precursor of testosterone that could have a possible anabolic effect in regard to muscle.

Question 3

How much protein should be consumed daily by athletes in strength training?

A)0.8 to 1 g/kg
B)1 to 1.5 g/kg
C)1.2 to 2 g/kg
D)2 to 3 g/kg

Answer 3

C
The usual protein intake in the United States is above the RDA of 0.8 g/kg.If athletes in strength training continue with the usual protein intake of 1.2 to 2 g/kg (12%-20% of total calories), they should be taking in enough protein to promote muscle hypertrophy.Higher protein intakes can compromise adequate intake of carbohydrate for energy.Also, high-protein intake can promote diuresis, dehydration, and possible calcium imbalance.

Question 4

Which of the following activities relies heavily on the anaerobic pathway in muscle cells?

A)Jogging
B)Sprinting
C)Hiking
D)Dancing

Question 5

A daily intake of less than one-third of the RDA for thiamin, riboflavin, B6, and vitamin C can lead to a significant decrease in:

A)muscle tone.
B)glutathione peroxidase.
C)antioxidant levels.
D)VO2 max.

Question 6

Carbohydrate intake immediately after a training session is important because

A)energy stores are depleted.
B)carbohydrate is needed to reverse the feeling of fatigue.
C)hypoglycemia is a common end result of prolonged exercise.
D)the most effective glycogen replacement occurs after a training session.

Question 7

How does intensity of the exercise affect the use of fuel sources?

A)As intensity decreases, carbohydrate is the larger fraction of the energy source.
B)As intensity increases, fatty acids are the larger fraction of the energy source.
C)As intensity increases, carbohydrate is the larger fraction of the energy source.
D)As intensity decreases, fatty acids are the larger fraction of the energy source.

Question 8

________ can be the result of inappropriately low fluid replacement after athletic competition.

A)Impaired thermoregulation
B)Decreased calcium levels and fatigue
C)Cerebral edema and bradycardia
D)Diuresis and osmotic diarrhea

Question 9

Which of the following ergogenic aids is used to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity to increase VO₂ max and endurance?

A)Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)
B)Iron supplements
C)Steroids
D)Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 10

For athletes participating in events lasting more than 1 hour, what can a pre-event high-carbohydrate intake do?

A)It can cause hyperglycemia.
B)It can increase muscle glycogen stores.
C)It can cause hypotension.
D)It can improve strength during an event.

Question 11

During extended physical activity, such as endurance events, the major fuels used for cellular energy are

A)glucose and fatty acids.
B)glycogen and ketones.
C)amino acids and fatty acids.
D)glucose and ketones.

Question 12

Which of the following best characterizes the role of iron in exercise?

A)Low serum ferritin levels can have a detrimental effect on exercise performance.
B)Exercise performance is affected only in cases of severe iron-deficiency anemia.
C)Mild iron deficiency has no detrimental effects.
D)Iron plays no significant role in muscle activity.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT involved in the anaerobic production of ATP through the lactic acid pathway?

A)Pyruvic acid
B)Creatine phosphate
C)Nicotinic acid dehydrogenase
D)Adenosine diphosphate

Question 14

What is the first source of glucose for the exercising muscle?

A)Blood glucose
B)Liver glycogen
C)Muscle glycogen
D)Muscle protein

Question 15

Which of the following molecules is required in mitochondria of muscle cells to use fatty acids as energy resources?

A)Carbon dioxide
B)Acetyl CoA
C)Myoglobin
D)Lactic acid

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits of caffeine use as an ergogenic aid?

A)Enhances fatty acid mobilization
B)Facilitates calcium transport in muscle contractility
C)Reduces fatigue by reducing plasma potassium accumulation
D)Cleanses out metabolic end products by promoting diuresis

Question 17

What is the primary source of energy for exercise of low to moderate intensity?

A)Fatty acids
B)Glycogen
C)Amino acids
D)Glycerol

Question 18

Which of the following pathways is NOT used to generate energy in muscle cells during any type of exercise?

A)Glycogenolysis
B)Gluconeogenesis
C)Glycolysis
D)Beta oxidation

Question 19

A desirable pre-event meal 3 to 4 hours before competition is one that provides

A)high fiber and vitamin content.
B)200 to 350 g carbohydrates and low fat.
C)a equal mix of protein and carbohydrates.
D)200 to 350 g of protein and fat and low in carbohydrates.

Question 20

Which of the following is a potential androgenic effect of taking steroids?

A)Decreased body fat
B)Increased libido
C)Changes in genital size
D)Vocal cord changes