Deck 7: Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Which organ(s) maintain acid-base balance by the regulation of hydrogen ions?

A)Lungs
B)Liver
C)Kidneys
D)Adrenal glands

Answer 1

C
Hydrogen ion excretion and retention is controlled through the kidneys.The kidneys also contribute to acid-base regulation through the excretion and retention of bicarbonate.The lungs are the other organs involved in acid-base regulation, and they do so by controlling the expiration of carbon dioxide.The liver and adrenal glands do not function in acid-base regulation, although their metabolic activities may contribute to acid or base production.

Question 2

When vasopressin is excessively secreted in the blood, which of the following effects occurs?

A)Low serum potassium because water is retained
B)Low serum sodium because water is retained
C)High serum potassium because water is excreted
D)High serum sodium because water is excreted

Answer 2

B
Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone, stimulates renal reabsorption of water.In syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormone, excessive secretion of vasopressin retains water and results in hyponatremia and low urine output.Aldosterone is the hormone that stimulates renal sodium retention, and when present, the kidneys excrete potassium in exchange for the sodium, which then attracts the retention of water

Question 3

Eating which of the following would most increase dietary potassium intake?

A)Fruits and vegetables
B)Saltwater fish
C)Grains
D)Cereals

Answer 3

A
Fruits and vegetables tend to be the richest sources of dietary potassium, with a number of them providing more than 300 mg per serving.Seafood, grains, and cereals do not contribute nearly the same amount of potassium available in fruits and vegetables.

Question 4

How does body water, as a percentage of body weight, change based on stage of the life cycle and lifestyle?

A)Decreases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than non-athletes
B)Decreases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than non-athletes
C)Increases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than non-athletes
D)Increases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than non-athletes

Question 5

For the average woman, _____ mL/day would meet fluid needs.

A)1500
B)1700
C)2700
D)3500

Question 6

Which of the following results from ingesting a large amount of sodium in a short time?

A)Hypotension
B)Muscular cramps
C)Increased urinary calcium excretion
D)Increased urinary output of potassium

Question 7

Which acid-base imbalance can result from diuretics use, vomiting, and loss of chloride?

A)Respiratory alkalosis
B)Respiratory acidosis
C)Metabolic alkalosis
D)Metabolic acidosis

Question 8

What is the primary disturbance when respiratory alkalosis occurs?

A)Increased bicarbonate
B)Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
C)Decreased bicarbonate
D)Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 9

The recommended fluid intake based on caloric intake is

A)2 mL/kcal for adults and 3 mL/kcal for infants.
B)0.5 mL/kcal for adults and infants.
C)2 mL/kcal for adults and 1 mL/kcal for infants.
D)1 mL/kcal for adults and 1.5 mL/kcal for infants.

Question 10

By what mechanism is thirst stimulated in the hypothalamus?

A)Increase in serum osmolality
B)Decrease in serum osmolality
C)Increase in both serum osmolality and in extracellular volume
D)Decrease in serum osmolality and an increase in extracellular volume

Question 11

What is the primary means by which hydrogen ions are generated in the body?

A)Normal tissue metabolism
B)Ingestion of highly acidic foods
C)Oxidation-reduction reactions
D)Reabsorption of bicarbonate

Question 12

What effect is of greatest concern in water intoxication?

A)Increased volume of the brain cells
B)Hypertension
C)Decreased circulating blood volume
D)Increased urinary output

Question 13

In the extracellular space, what is the primary buffer system?

A)Phosphate
B)Bicarbonate and carbonic acid
C)Hydrogen
D)Protein

Question 14

Where in the body is interstitial fluid located?

A)Within body cells and the lymphatic system
B)Within body cells
C)Between and around body cells
D)In the blood and the lymphatic system

Question 15

The kidneys compensate for a loss of body water by excreting

A)additional fluid and electrolytes.
B)additional electrolytes.
C)more concentrated urine.
D)more dilute urine.

Question 16

For a normal healthy adult, fluid balance is achieved when the amount of water taken in is

A)half the amount that is lost.
B)about equal to the amount lost.
C)twice the amount lost.
D)unrelated to the amount of water lost.

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of metabolic acidosis?

A)Accumulation of bicarbonate
B)Decreased ventilation and retention of carbon dioxide
C)Accumulation of acids from abnormal metabolism
D)Excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the lungs

Question 18

How does dehydration affect the specific gravity of urine?

A)Specific gravity of urine increases above normal.
B)Specific gravity of urine does not change during dehydration.
C)Specific gravity of urine decreases below normal.
D)Specific gravity of urine undergoes a threefold increase.

Question 19

How would the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?

A)Increased kidney excretion of bicarbonate
B)Increased ventilation of carbon dioxide
C)Decreased kidney excretion of bicarbonate
D)Decreased ventilation of carbon dioxide

Question 20

Sodium is increased the most by the intake of

A)fresh vegetables.
B)frozen vegetables.
C)fresh meats.
D)luncheon meats.