Deck 17: The Special Senses

Question 1

Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places?

A)portions of the larynx
B)anterior tip of the tongue
C)portions of the pharynx
D)surface of the tongue
E)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following is true of olfactory discrimination?

A)There are 6 primary smells known.
B)The number of olfactory receptors decline as we age.
C)All odorants require the same concentration to activate an olfactory receptor.
D)There are different types of olfactory receptor cells to detect each type of odorant.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following lingual papillae has the largest number of taste buds?

A)pharynx
B)larynx
C)filiform papillae
D)fungiform papillae
E)circumvallate papillae

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain?

A)frontal lobe
B)cerebellum
C)parietal lobe
D)cerebrum
E)medulla oblongata

Question 5

Stimulation of nociceptive receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of

A)intensely sweet.
B)intensely sour.
C)quite salty.
D)peppery hot.
E)decidedly bitter.

Question 6

Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant,it has to

A)contact a specialized olfactory cell.
B)bind to receptors in olfactory cilia.
C)gate open ion channels.
D)respond to applied pressure.
E)be transported to the olfactory bulbs.

Question 7

Gustatory receptors are located

A)in the eye.
B)in the ear.
C)on the surface of the tongue.
D)in the nose.
E)on the skin.

Question 8

Taste buds are monitored by which cranial nerve(s)?

A)glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
B)vagus nerve (X)
C)facial nerve (VII)
D)trigeminal nerve (V)
E)facial nerve (VII),vagus nerve (X),and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Question 9

An adult has approximately ________ taste buds.

A)30
B)3,000
C)300,000
D)300
E)30,000

Question 10

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate.They synapse on neurons in the

A)medulla oblongata.
B)medial geniculate.
C)cerebral cortex.
D)olfactory bulb.
E)olfactory tract.

Question 11

Olfactory glands

A)house the sense of smell.
B)support the olfactory epithelium.
C)react to aromatic molecules.
D)coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus.
E)group as olfactory bulbs.

Question 12

A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food.You should expect damage to cranial nerve ________.

A)VII
B)III
C)IX
D)V
E)XII

Question 13

Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons.Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors?

A)olfaction
B)hearing
C)equilibrium
D)proprioception
E)vision

Question 14

Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves

A)IX,X,XI.
B)VII,VIII,IX.
C)VII,IX,X.
D)V,VII,IX.
E)IX,XI,XII.

Question 15

The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of

A)light receptors in the eye.
B)mechanoreceptors in the ear.
C)olfactory receptors.
D)lamellated corpuscles.
E)Meissner corpuscles.

Question 16

How would a molecule that mimics cAMP affect an olfactory receptor?

A)It would increase sodium permeability.
B)It would open chemically-gated sodium channels.
C)It would depolarize the olfactory receptor.
D)It could trigger an afferent action potential.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

All of the following are true of olfactory pathways,except

A)they project first to the mamillary bodies and then to the thalamus.
B)primary afferents synapse in the olfactory bulb.
C)information flows to the olfactory cortex,hypothalamus,and limbic system.
D)they are the only sensory pathways to reach the forebrain without first synapsing in the thalamus.
E)they exhibit a considerable amount of convergence.

Question 18

A normal,relaxed inhalation carries about ________ of the inhaled air to the olfactory organs.

A)50 percent
B)8 percent
C)2 percent
D)35 percent
E)10 percent

Question 19

All of the following are terms describing the epithelial projections found on the tongue,except

A)fungiform papillae.
B)circumvallate papillae.
C)filiform papillae.
D)gustatory papillae.
E)lingual papillae.

Question 20

Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations?

A)sweet
B)peppery
C)sour
D)salty
E)umami

Question 21

All of the following are true of the fibrous tunic of the eye,except that it

A)consists of the sclera,limbus,and cornea.
B)provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye.
C)produces aqueous humor.
D)contributes substantial focusing power.
E)is where extrinsic eye muscles insert.

Question 22

The vitreous body

A)fills the posterior chamber.
B)helps to stabilize the eye and give physical support to the retina.
C)is replaced at the rate of 20 percent per year until middle age.
D)circulates through the pupil.
E)holds the retina against the lens for proper refraction.

Question 23

The palpebrae are connected at the

A)eyelids.
B)lateral and medial canthus.
C)lacrimal caruncle.
D)chalazion.
E)conjunctiva.

Question 24

All of the following are true of the lacrimal glands,except that they

A)produce a strongly hypertonic fluid.
B)produce most of the volume of tears.
C)produce lysozyme.
D)produce watery,slightly alkaline secretions.
E)are located in recesses in the frontal bones.

Question 25

The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye.

A)conjunctiva
B)cornea
C)iris
D)anterior chamber
E)canthus

Question 26

Which of the following produces a lipid-rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking together at their edges?

A)palpebra
B)lacrimal caruncle
C)chalazion
D)tarsal gland
E)conjunctiva

Question 27

A structure that is located at the medial canthus and contains glands that contribute to a gritty deposit is the

A)palpebra.
B)lacrimal caruncle.
C)chalazion.
D)Meibomian gland.
E)conjunctiva.

Question 28

The shape of the lens is controlled by the

A)pupillary sphincter muscles.
B)pupillary radial muscles.
C)ciliary muscles.
D)iris.
E)cornea.

Question 29

The space between the cornea and the iris is the

A)anterior chamber.
B)posterior chamber.
C)canal of Schlemm.
D)aqueous humor.
E)pupil.

Question 30

The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acid glutamate is known as

A)sweet.
B)umami.
C)salty.
D)peppery.
E)sour.

Question 31

The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by

A)moving up and down.
B)moving in and out.
C)changing shape.
D)opening and closing.
E)dilating and constricting.

Question 32

In the human eye,most refraction occurs when light passes through the

A)iris.
B)cornea.
C)lens.
D)aqueous humor.
E)vitreous humor.

Question 33

The palpebrae

A)are controlled by cranial nerves.
B)contain tarsal glands.
C)cover and protect the eye.
D)are lined with a palpebral conjunctiva.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 34

The neural tunic of the eye

A)contains ganglion cells.
B)contains the photoreceptor cells.
C)contains bipolar cells.
D)is the deepest layer of the eyeball.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

The transparent portion of the fibrous tunic is the

A)conjunctiva.
B)cornea.
C)iris.
D)pupil.
E)canthus.

Question 36

The opening in the iris through which light passes is the

A)conjunctiva.
B)cornea.
C)pupil.
D)anterior chamber.
E)posterior chamber.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of the vascular tunic of the eye?

A)provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply tissues of the eye
B)regulates the amount of light entering the eye
C)secretes and reabsorbs the aqueous humor
D)controls the shape of the lens
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 38

The part of the eye that determines eye color is the

A)conjunctiva.
B)cornea.
C)iris.
D)pupil.
E)canal of Schlemm.

Question 39

What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

A)aqueous humor
B)ciliary body
C)iris
D)extrinsic eye muscles
E)None,because the lens is rigid.

Question 40

The space between the iris and ciliary body and the lens is the

A)anterior chamber.
B)posterior chamber.
C)pupil.
D)canal of Schlemm.
E)vitreous body.

Question 41

During accommodation,the ciliary muscle ________ and the suspensory ligaments become ________ which,in turn,cause the lens to become ________.

A)contracts; loose; flat
B)relaxes; loose; flat
C)contracts; tight; round
D)contracts; loose; round
E)relaxes; tight; flat

Question 42

Why must accommodation occur to view objects closer than 20 feet from the eye?

A)The light rays are convergent and must be bent more.
B)It moves the retina into position to focus on the close object.
C)The light rays are divergent instead of parallel and require more refraction.
D)The iris is too dilated causing the light rays to be out of focus.
E)None of the answers are correct.are true. Accommodation occurs when looking at distant objects 20 feet or farther from the eye.

Question 43

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order?

A)conjunctiva → cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body → retina → choroid
B)vitreous body → retina → choroids → aqueous humor → lens → conjunctiva → cornea
C)cornea → aqueous humor → vitreous body → lens → conjunctiva → choroids → retina
D)conjunctiva → cornea → lens → aqueous humor → vitreous body → retina → choroid
E)cornea → aqueous humor → conjunctiva → lens → vitreous body → retina → choroid

Question 44

The gelatinous material that gives the eyeball its basic shape is the

A)vitreous humor.
B)aqueous humor.
C)ora serrata.
D)perilymph.
E)posterior cavity.

Question 45

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "7."

A)choroid
B)optic disc
C)sclera
D)retina
E)cornea

Question 46

Trace the circulation of aqueous humor from the site of production to the site of where it is reabsorbed: 1. posterior chamber
2) anterior chamber
3) ciliary body
4) canal of Schlemm
5) pupil

A)4,3,1,5,2
B)2,1,5,3,4
C)1,3,4,5,2
D)3,1,5,2,4
E)5,2,4,1,3

Question 47

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS.Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________,and sympathetic activation causes ________.

A)dilation; constriction
B)dilation; dilation
C)constriction; dilation
D)constriction; constriction
E)vasoconstriction; vasoconstriction

Question 48

An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the

A)outer segment.
B)inner segment.
C)fovea.
D)optic disc.
E)tapetum lucidum.

Question 49

What structure regulates the amount of light that passes to the photoreceptors of the eye?

A)vitreous body
B)cornea
C)ciliary muscle
D)iris
E)lens

Question 50

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the space labeled "1."

A)posterior cavity
B)posterior chamber
C)pupil
D)anterior chamber
E)vitreous chamber

Question 51

If your vision is 20/15,this means that you can

A)see 20-point type at 15 feet.
B)see objects at 20 feet that individuals with normal eyesight can see at 15 feet.
C)see objects at 15 feet that individuals with eye problems see at 20 feet.
D)see all 15 eye chart letters from 20 feet.
E)see objects that are 20 feet or less away.

Question 52

A sty ________

A)is often caused by bacteria.
B)is a painful swelling in an eyelash.
C)may involve a sebaceous gland.
D)may involve a tarsal gland.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 53

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term aqueous humor?

A)gelatinous fluid that fills anterior chamber
B)secreted in bright light
C)excessive production may lead to glaucoma
D)converts to vitreous humor with age
E)provides the liquid component of lacrimal secretions

Question 54

During accommodation,the ciliary muscle ________ causing the ciliary body to move ________ and apply ________ tension on the lens.

A)relaxes; forward; more
B)contracts; forward; less
C)contracts; back; more
D)relaxes; inward; less
E)contracts; back; less

Question 55

The optic disc is a blind spot because

A)there are no photoreceptors in that area.
B)the retina lacks nerves in the optic disc .
C)humans are unable to focus light on that area of the retina.
D)the vitreous body is too thick in this area for the passage of light.
E)the fovea prevents light from striking the optic disc.

Question 56

Which of the following is a function of tears?

A)lubricate the eye
B)wash away debris
C)provide oxygen
D)nourish the cornea and conjunctiva
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 57

The cornea is part of the

A)iris.
B)fibrous tunic.
C)neural tunic.
D)uvea.
E)choroid.

Question 58

Which of the following description applies to the term myopia?

A)farsightedness
B)nearsightedness
C)normal vision
D)astigmatism
E)age-related decline in accommodation

Question 59

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "9."

A)suspensory ligaments
B)optic disc
C)sclera
D)fovea
E)pupil

Question 60

The ciliary muscle contracts to

A)control the amount of light reaching the retina.
B)adjust the shape of the lens for distant vision.
C)adjust the shape of the lens for near vision.
D)control the production of aqueous humor.
E)adjust the shape of the cornea and vitreous.

Question 61

Which of these anatomical sequences is correct?

A)tympanumincusmalleusstapesoval windowround window
B)tympanumincusmalleusstapesround windowoval window
C)tympanummalleusincusstapesoval windowround window
D)tympanumincusstapesmalleusoval windowround window
E)tympanummalleusincusstapesround windowoval window

Question 62

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "12."

A)pupil
B)optic disc
C)sclera
D)fovea
E)retina

Question 63

A pigment synthesized from vitamin A is

A)retinal.
B)opsin.
C)rhodopsin.
D)transducin.
E)cGMP.

Question 64

The first step in the process of photoreception is

A)the bleaching of rods.
B)the bleaching of cones.
C)absorption of a photon by a visual pigment.
D)inhibition of the sodium pumps.
E)release of neurotransmitter.

Question 65

An elongate outer segment containing membranous discs and a narrow connecting stalk that attaches the outer segment to the inner segment describes

A)a bipolar cell.
B)a photoreceptor.
C)a ganglion cell.
D)an amacrine cell.
E)a horizontal cell.

Question 66

The external acoustic meatus ends at

A)the tympanic membrane.
B)the auditory ossicles.
C)the cochlea.
D)the pinna.
E)the vestibule.

Question 67

Where are the visual pigments located in the rods and cones?

A)in the inner segment of photoreceptors
B)in mitochondria located in the outer segment
C)inside membrane discs stacked in the outer segment
D)inside a photosensitive nucleus
E)sandwiched in the cell membrane of the photoreceptors

Question 68

Under which condition would the release of neurotransmitter by photoreceptors be greatest?

A)under normal room light
B)in a pitch-black room after 30 minutes
C)immediately after going outside in bright sunlight
D)focusing intently on a close object
E)focusing intently on a distant object

Question 69

Which of the following statements about the retina is true?

A)Ganglion cells send axons to the brain as cranial nerve II.
B)Axons carrying its output synapse in the thalamus.
C)It has photoreceptors that do not respond to dim light.
D)It has photoreceptors that do not respond to red light.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 70

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "14."

A)pupil
B)optic disc
C)sclera
D)fovea
E)suspensory ligaments

Question 71

The following steps occur in rods when they are excited by photons of light. 1.Membrane sodium channels close.
2)Increased phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP.
3)Retinal changes from the 11-cis form to the 11-trans form.
4)The membrane hyperpolarizes and the rate of neurotransmitter release declines.
5)Opsin activates transducin.
6)Opsin activation occurs.
The proper sequence for these steps is

A)1,6,5,2,4,3.
B)3,6,5,2,1,4.
C)6,3,5,2,1,4.
D)3,6,5,1,2,4.
E)1,3,4,5,6,2.

Question 72

The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear,which contains auditory ossicles

A)inner; middle
B)outer; middle
C)outer; inner
D)middle; inner
E)superficial; deep

Question 73

When all three cone populations are stimulated equally,we perceive

A)red.
B)blue.
C)green.
D)white.
E)blackness.

Question 74

In the light-adapted state,

A)photoreceptors are much more sensitive to stimulation.
B)photoreceptors are much less sensitive to stimulation.
C)we can only see color,and not black and white.
D)we would see better in the dark.
E)colors are dull.

Question 75

Having to adjust to a dark room after walking in from bright light is because

A)the breakdown of rhodopsin to opsin occurs slowly.
B)the lens requires time to accommodate dim light.
C)rods exposed to strong light need time to regenerate rhodopsin.
D)rhodopsin does not function in dim light.
E)only cones function in dim light.

Question 76

There are three different types of cones,each one sensitive to different light energies.These cones are designated

A)red,yellow,blue.
B)red,green,blue.
C)red,green,yellow.
D)yellow,red,blue.
E)red,white,blue.

Question 77

Which of the following is true about rhodopsin?

A)called visual purple
B)is bleached during photoreception
C)is the visual pigment in rods
D)consists of opsin + retinal
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 78

When a rod is stimulated by light,

A)the plasma membrane becomes hyperpolarized.
B)the retinal changes from the 11-cis to the 11-trans form.
C)less neurotransmitter is released.
D)cGMP decreases and sodium channels close.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 79

A sudden increase of light into the eye would cause

A)contraction of the sphincter pupillary muscles.
B)contraction of the radial pupillary muscles.
C)conversion of 11-trans to 11-cis retinal.
D)a decrease in the size of the pupil.
E)parasympathetic stimulation to the pupil.

Question 80

Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound

A)retinal.
B)opsin.
C)rhodopsin.
D)transducin.
E)cGMP.