Deck 14: Social Psychology in the Clinic

Question 1

According to the text,professional clinicians are NOT LIKELY to

A)be the victims of illusory correlation.
B)suffer from confirmation bias.
C)consider opposing ideas and test them.
D)overestimate their clinical intuition.

Answer 1

consider opposing ideas and test them.

Question 2

In Rosenhan's study (1973),clinicians who dealt with pseudo-patients who had faked symptoms to get into mental hospitals demonstrated the error of

A)self-serving bias.
B)hindsight bias.
C)self-handicapping.
D)overjustification.

Answer 2

hindsight bias.

Question 3

Following the suicide of a friend or family member,feelings of guilt are often magnified by

A)illusory thinking.
B)the fundamental attribution error.
C)hindsight bias.
D)confirmation bias.

Answer 3

hindsight bias.

Question 4

Research indicates that when interviewers are instructed to test for a trait,they tend to ask questions that show evidence of

A)self-confirming diagnoses.
B)the illusion of control.
C)negative attributional styles.
D)illusory correlations.

Question 5

Research suggests that the prediction of someone's future academic success is best when the prediction is based on

A)statistics.
B)the judgments of trained admissions officers.
C)statistics plus the judgments of trained admissions officers.
D)letters of recommendation.

Question 6

Rosenhan and his colleagues (1973)faked schizophrenic symptoms to infiltrate mental hospitals.Once they had been admitted and no longer complained of any fake symptoms,

A)professional clinicians quickly distinguished them from the real patients and released them from the hospital.
B)the clinicians sought and found evidence in their histories and behavior to confirm their admitting diagnoses.
C)the pseudo-patients were ostracized by the hospital's real patients.
D)the pseudo-patients absorbed their "sick" roles and developed additional symptoms in the course of their treatment.

Question 7

Myers points out that hindsight can

A)lead you to feel overconfident.
B)lead you to judge yourself too harshly for not having foreseen outcomes.
C)lead to both overconfidence and the tendency to judge yourself too harshly.
D)be very helpful in developing hypotheses about personality traits.

Question 8

Myers suggests that we avoid self-confirming diagnoses by

A)looking for illusory correlations.
B)carefully monitoring the information that is consistent with our ideas.
C)considering opposing ideas and then testing them.
D)discarding opposing ideas that have not been testeD.

Question 9

Snyder and Swann (1984)gave interviewers some hypotheses to test concerning individuals' traits,and found that people often tested for a trait by

A)asking those being tested for a general self-evaluation.
B)looking for information that would contradict it.
C)looking for information that would confirm it.
D)asking very specific questions to disprove it.

Question 10

The study,assessment,and treatment of people with psychological difficulties is known as

A)developmental psychology.
B)comparative psychology.
C)social psychology.
D)clinical psychology.

Question 11

According to Renaud and Estess (1961),therapists who expect to find evidence of early childhood traumas are likely to uncover such experiences among

A)clients who are males.
B)clients who are real victims of childhood sex abuse.
C)clients who are healthy,successful adults.
D)all clients.

Question 12

April is going out on a first date with Nikos,whom her best friend says is funny and fun-loving.On the date April asks Nikos,"What is the most fun-loving thing you've ever done?" What is the likely effect of such questioning on Nikos?

A)He will act more fun-loving on the date than if not asked such questions.
B)He will act more reserved and shy than if not asked such questions.
C)He will resent such questions and become annoyed.
D)He will try to explain that there are times when he is not fun-loving.

Question 13

When psychologists were surveyed regarding intuition versus the statistical prediction,_______ were more likely to value intuition.

A)clinical psychologists
B)developmental psychologists
C)social psychologists
D)educational psychologists

Question 14

When researchers pit statistical prediction-such as predicting graduate school success using a formula that includes grades and aptitude scores-against interviewers' intuitive prediction,

A)statistical prediction is usually superior to expert intuition.
B)expert intuition is usually superior to statistical intuition.
C)statistical prediction and expert intuition do equally well.
D)both methods usually fare no better than chance.

Question 15

When Rosenhan and his research associates (1973)reported to mental hospital admissions offices that they were "hearing voices," most were

A)diagnosed with schizophrenia and hospitalized for two to three weeks.
B)not diagnosed with a mental illness,since they were in fact normal.
C)diagnosed with schizophrenia initially but never hospitalized.
D)diagnosed with schizophrenia initially,hospitalized,but then released after testing revealed that they were normal.

Question 16

Chapman and Chapman had college students and professional clinicians study the relationship between patients' test performances and diagnoses.They found that

A)if students or clinicians expected a particular association,they perceived it,regardless of whether the data was supportive.
B)students and clinicians only saw relationships that were supported by the data.
C)professional clinicians were more accurate than students in assessing relationships.
D)students and clinicians only recognized positive relationships if the actual correlations were greater than 0.75.

Question 17

Some physicians have/use _____ that help them take credit when things go well but not take blame for failure.

A)self-serving bias
B)illusory correlations
C)hindsight
D)intuition

Question 18

Alloy and Abramson (1979)had depressed and nondepressed students observe whether pressing a button was linked with a light blinking and found that depressed students

A)were too self-focused to complete the task.
B)were quite accurate at assessing their control.
C)exaggerated the extent of their control of the light.
D)underestimated the extent of their control of the light.

Question 19

The work of Alloy and Abramson (1979)examined how depressed individuals view the extent of their personal control over events.Their results provided evidence of the phenomenon known as

A)optimistic well-being.
B)pessimistic exaggeration.
C)depressive realism.
D)learned helplessness.

Question 20

According to the text,an important implication of the research on illusory thinking is that

A)intuition has no legitimate place in the field of science.
B)the scientific method is the only legitimate way to answer significant human questions.
C)psychologists must test their preconceptions before presenting them as truth.
D)conventional wisdom is almost always wrong.

Question 21

Which of the following best illustrates an internal attribution for a failure or setback?

A)"I'll never succeed."
B)"This ruins everything."
C)"It's my fault."
D)"The whole world is against me."

Question 22

When faced with a difficult situation,short-term depression protects us by

A)slowing us up.
B)redirecting our energy.
C)reassessing the situation.
D)All of the above

Question 23

Compared to nondepressed people,depressed people are more likely to attribute their failures and setbacks to causes that are

A)external.
B)specific.
C)internal.
D)situational.

Question 24

Compared to depressed people,nondepressed people

A)exaggerate their control of events around them.
B)have realistic perceptions of the good and bad things that the future holds.
C)readily accept responsibility for both successes and failures.
D)describe themselves with a fairly even mix of positive and negative qualities.

Question 25

"Explanatory style" refers to

A)the complexity of one's persuasive arguments.
B)one's habitual way of explaining life events.
C)the pitch and speed with which one communicates.
D)whether one relies primarily on reason or emotion when debating an issue.

Question 26

Strack and Coyne (1983)found that depressed people were realistic in thinking that other people

A)possessed more accurate self-concepts than they did.
B)did not appreciate their behavior and pessimism.
C)would welcome their friendship and trust.
D)were less influenced by fear of social disapproval than they were.

Question 27

Yvonne,a college senior,is mildly depressed.Asked to describe herself,she notes both her positive and negative qualities.She recalls both past successes and failures and takes personal responsibility for both.Yvonne clearly illustrates the _______ effect.

A)rose-colored-glasses
B)sadder-but-wiser
C)head-in-the-clouds
D)feet-on-the-ground

Question 28

Explaining failures and setbacks in terms of factors that are stable,global,and internal is a _______ explanatory style.

A)negative
B)positive
C)realistic
D)repressive

Question 29

College students who have depressed roommates tend to become

A)somewhat depressed themselves.
B)more accepting of people suffering from psychological disorders.
C)more optimistic about their own lives.
D)more studious and committed to achieving academic success.

Question 30

The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments is referred to as

A)the accurate explanatory style.
B)the Barnum effect.
C)realistic pessimism.
D)depressive realism.

Question 31

Compared to nondepressed people,depressed people

A)exaggerate their control of events around them.
B)have realistic perceptions of the good and bad things that the future holds.
C)readily accept responsibility for both successes and failures.
D)describe themselves with a fairly even mix of positive and negative qualities.

Question 32

Your roommate Joel is depressed.As a result,you will tend to become

A)somewhat depressed yourself.
B)more accepting of people suffering from psychological disorders.
C)more optimistic about your own life.
D)more studious and committed to achieving academic success.

Question 33

According to Lewinsohn and his colleagues (1985),which of the following does NOT belong in the vicious circle of depression?

A)negative experiences
B)self-blame
C)depressed mood
D)defensive pessimism

Question 34

Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or setback illustrates the stable quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?

A)"It's all my fault."
B)"It's going to last forever."
C)"The whole world is against me."
D)"It's going to affect everything I do."

Question 35

Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or a setback illustrates the global quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?

A)"It's my fault."
B)"It's going to last forever."
C)"It's going to affect everything I do."
D)"It's the same with everybody."

Question 36

Who is more likely to exhibit a negative explanatory style?

A)a teenager
B)a nondepressed person
C)an elderly person
D)a depressed person

Question 37

Maxwell,a college junior,suffers from chronic depression.After learning that he has performed poorly on his chemistry test,he is most likely to say,

A)"The test was not a fair assessment of what I actually know."
B)"My chemistry professor does not grade his tests fairly."
C)"I'm incompetent and probably always will be."
D)"I am sure most people did poorly on the test."

Question 38

Which statement is NOT true?

A)Moods modify memories.
B)Depressed moods cause negative thinking.
C)When we feel happy,we think happy.
D)Depressed moods don't affect behavior.

Question 39

The vicious circle of depression is usually triggered by negative experiences that lead directly to

A)self-focused rumination and self-blame.
B)depressed moods.
C)further negative experiences.
D)blaming others for the negative experiences.

Question 40

Vanessa is a mildly depressed college student.Considering the research findings presented in the text on depression,she probably

A)suffers from the better-than-average phenomenon.
B)assumes that her behavior is well accepted by others.
C)demonstrates the sadder-but-wiser effect.
D)is below average in intelligence.

Question 41

Beginning in adolescence,_____ is/are twice as likely to be at risk of depression as _____.

A)men;women
B)women;men
C)There is no difference between men and women.
D)the first born child;the second born child

Question 42

Loneliness is best described as a state created by the awareness that you

A)are alone most of the time.
B)have lost a significant relationship.
C)have fewer numerous or meaningful social relationships than you desire.
D)are not really respected even though you have many acquaintances.

Question 43

Shy,anxious people tend to

A)overpersonalize situations.
B)underestimate others' reactions.
C)not be self-conscious.
D)put themselves in social situations.

Question 44

According to Seligman (2002),near-epidemic levels of depression in America today,ironically,can be blamed in part on the promotion of attitudes that say,

A)"Everybody needs somebody sometime."
B)"You can make it on your own."
C)"You're nobody if nobody loves you."
D)"Eat,drink,and be merry,for tomorrow we die."

Question 45

Which of the following theories most clearly predicts that we will feel anxious when we are motivated to impress others but doubt our ability to do so?

A)social learning theory
B)self-presentation theory
C)self-perception theory
D)cognitive dissonance theory

Question 46

Brodt and Zimbardo (1981)found that shy women were no longer shy when they

A)were provided an alternative explanation for their social anxiety.
B)were provided alcohol before interacting with others.
C)discovered that most people feel shy.
D)were taught to blame their failures on circumstances beyond their control.

Question 47

Which statement is true in relationship to loneliness?

A)In modern cultures,close social relationships are more numerous.
B)Baby boomers are less lonely than earlier generations.
C)Baby boomers are lonelier than earlier generations.
D)After divorce,women tend to feel lonelier than men.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT an example of one of the components of a pessimistic explanatory style?

A)"This is all my fault."
B)"I've learned my lesson."
C)"This is going to ruin everything."
D)"Things are going to be terrible from now on."

Question 49

In comparison to those in Western cultures,depressed people in Japan are more likely to report feeling

A)guilt and self-blame over personal failure.
B)shame over letting down their family or co-workers.
C)sad about social problems such as poverty and discrimination.
D)hopeless and helpless.

Question 50

Larsen and her colleagues (1982)found that when beeped by an electronic pager at various times during a one-week period and asked to record what they were doing and how they felt,_______ were most likely to report feeling lonely when alone.

A)adolescents
B)adults
C)women
D)men

Question 51

Shy people tend to

A)make a good first impression.
B)depersonalize social situations.
C)become less well-liked over time.
D)be self-conscious.

Question 52

For most people,the tendency to be cautious and self-protective in some social situations can result in all of the following EXCEPT

A)talking less.
B)avoiding some topics we don't know about.
C)being guarded about ourselves.
D)being assertive.

Question 53

Chronically lonely people seem to have the same _______ as chronically depressed people.

A)unrealistic vision of the future
B)need to achieve perfection
C)illusion of control
D)negative explanatory style

Question 54

Which of the following explains the relationship between depression and negative thinking?

A)Depressed moods do not cause negative thinking.
B)Negative thinking always causes depressed moods.
C)Depression and negative thinking are unrelated in laboratory experiments.
D)Depressed moods can cause negative thinking and negative thinking can cause depressed moods.

Question 55

Chronically lonely people tend to blame _______ for their poor social relationships.

A)their parents and early childhood experiences
B)the uncaring attitudes of those presently around them
C)themselves
D)cultural patterns

Question 56

According to Dill and Anderson (1998),the primary cause-effect directions for the interplay of chronic shyness are

A)shyness to loneliness.
B)depression to shyness.
C)depression to loneliness.
D)loneliness to shyness.

Question 57

According to Seligman's (2002)analysis of the attitudes that promote near-epidemic levels of depression in America,most of us feel that,if we do not "make it" in today's world,we can blame

A)our parents.
B)the government.
C)the alienation of the modern world.
D)only ourselves.

Question 58

According to the text,shyness is a form of _______ characterized by self-consciousness and worrying about what others think.

A)loneliness
B)social anxiety
C)depression
D)social incompetence

Question 59

Brodt and Zimbardo (1981)found that shy women who were bombarded with loud noise and told that it would leave them _______ were subsequently _______ when interacting with a handsome male.

A)with a pounding heart;no longer so shy
B)unaffected;no longer so shy
C)with a pounding heart;even more shy
D)unaffected;unaffected

Question 60

According to the self-presentation theory,we will feel social anxiety when we are

A)motivated to impress others but have self-doubts.
B)motivated and able to impress others,but they ignore us.
C)in any circumstance in which we can be observed.
D)depresseD.

Question 61

Research investigating the nature of the connection between explanatory style and health has shown that people who routinely use the pessimistic style

A)are more likely to experience illness.
B)boost the morale of others via a contrast effect.
C)also tend to be impulsive and resistant to influence.
D)complain more but do not get sick more frequently than optimists.

Question 62

Dr.Jones is a psychologist who specializes in the causes and control of stress.Dr.Jones is most likely a(n)_________ psychologist.

A)consumer
B)educational
C)forensic
D)health

Question 63

Research has reported that newlywed couples who become angry while discussing problems

A)experience catharsis and have better long-term relationships with their spouses.
B)are subsequently more susceptible to problems of depression and loneliness.
C)suffer more immune system suppression the next day.
D)are more prone to develop colon cancer in the subsequent six months.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)People more often seek treatment if they believe their symptoms have a physical rather than a psychological cause.
B)Women are more often sick.
C)Women are more likely than men to visit a physician.
D)Men use fewer prescription and nonprescription drugs.

Question 65

Peterson and Seligman (1987)analyzed the press quotes of baseball's Hall of Famers and found that those who routinely offered pessimistic explanations for bad events,like losing big games,were more likely to

A)earn lower salaries.
B)experience divorce.
C)play aggressively.
D)die at younger ages.

Question 66

Mendonca and Brehm (1983)found that overweight children were more likely to lose weight and keep it off after an eight-week program if they

A)felt responsible for choosing their weight-loss program.
B)were regularly monitored and penalized for breaking rules.
C)were praised and rewarded for even minor weight loss.
D)had been assigned to their "least preferred" treatment program.

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT a therapy that utilizes the "attitudes-follow-behavior" principle?

A)assertiveness training
B)rational-emotive therapy
C)self-help groups
D)psychoanalysis

Question 68

In the industrialized world,at least _____ of all deaths are linked with behaviors that people choose to do,like smoking,drinking,and not exercising.

A)5 percent
B)25 percent
C)50 percent
D)75 percent

Question 69

Psychology's contribution to the interdisciplinary field of behavioral medicine is

A)clinical psychology.
B)psychiatry.
C)behavioral analysis.
D)health psychology.

Question 70

A growing body of evidence reveals that people who undergo highly stressful experiences become

A)more resistant to low-level illnesses like colds and flu.
B)more vulnerable to disease.
C)less self-disclosing and more socially isolated.
D)stronger and more socially skilled than less stressed people.

Question 71

Experiments that subject animals to mild but uncontrollable electric shocks have shown that such experiences

A)directly cause diseases like cancer.
B)lower the body's resistance to disease.
C)strengthen the animals' capacity to deal with future stressors.
D)lead to the animals becoming more aggressive in interacting with members of their own species.

Question 72

Which of the following is an interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medical knowledge about health and disease?

A)health psychology
B)behavioral medicine
C)applied psychology
D)clinical psychology

Question 73

Maggie wants advice on how to cope with the stress of a new job.She would be best advised to approach her new job with a sense of

A)passive resignation.
B)ambition and competitiveness.
C)urgency and time-consciousness.
D)optimism.

Question 74

Which is NOT an example of how emotions are linked with illness?

A)Heart disease has been linked with a competitive,anger-prone personality.
B)Depression is linked with heart disease.
C)Stress hormones enhance protein production that contributes to inflammation.
D)Sustained stress does not affect the immune system.

Question 75

People are more likely to use sunscreen or get an HIV test when the message is

A)framed attractively in terms of the potential gain in doing so.
B)framed negatively.
C)highly arousing.
D)framed in terms of shared goals.

Question 76

The _____ style people use to explain bad events makes illness _____ likely.

A)pessimistic;respond to a placebo effect more
B)pessimistic;more
C)pessimistic;less
D)optimistic;more

Question 77

Knowing that half or more heart attack victims die without seeking medical help can be explained by all of the following EXCEPT

A)we don't always listen to our body's symptoms.
B)sometimes it is hard to explain our body's signal that something is wrong.
C)we are not always sure if our symptoms are serious.
D)people are afraid to seek medical help.

Question 78

According to the text,which of the following is a social-psychological principle that can be applied to the treatment of some psychological difficulties?

A)attitudes-follow-behavior
B)we are cognitive thinkers
C)acceptance breeds compliance
D)behavior-follows-attitudes

Question 79

Both assertiveness training and rational-emotive therapy are cited in the text as examples of psychotherapeutic techniques that

A)utilize social support to change behavior.
B)utilize the attitudes-follow-behavior principle.
C)utilize the behaviors-follow-attitudes principle.
D)use counter-conditioning strategies.

Question 80

Having shy or anxious people observe,then rehearse,then try out more assertive behaviors in real situations is called

A)foot-in-the-door training.
B)rational-emotive therapy.
C)social skills training.
D)explanatory style therapy.